SR.

TYPE OF BEAM FORMULA

1 Simple beam-uniform load R=WL/2
2 Simply supported beam
(concentrated beam)
3 Fixed beam-uniform load
4 Fixed beam
(concentrated beam)
5 Regular cantilever beam
Mmax=WL2/8(at center)
∆max=5wl4/384EI(at center)
R=F/2
Mmax=FL/4(at center)
∆max=FL3/48EI(at center)
R=WL/2
Mmax=WL2/12(at center)
∆max=wl4/384EI(at center)
R=F/2
Mmax=FL/8(at center)
∆max=FL3/192EI(at center)
∆=FL3/3EI
M=FL
θ=FL2/2EI

6 Hoop stress Sh=Pd/2t

7 Longitudinal stress Sl = Pd/4t
8 Stress (s) = Force / Cross-sectional area
9 Strain (e) = dl / L (Lateral strain)

10 Bending Stress Sb= M / Z

Where,
M = Bending moment
Z = Section modulus of pipe
SR. FORMULA P=internal design pressure
D=OD of pipe
t=PD/2(SEW+PY) S=allowable stress
E=weld quality factor
1 Y=factor from code
t=PD/2(SEW-P(1-Y)), t =PD/2SE W=weld joint strength reduction factor
c=sum of mechanical allowance, corrosion, erosion
min required thickness tm= t+c
The resistance of the anchor generates force on the anchors from which the same force is reflected back to the pip
2 equal to Δ = aL(T2 - T1) =eL= SL/E=FL/AE

F =EAα(T2 T1), S =Eα(T2 T1)

3 where E is the modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, A is the cross-sectional
area of the pipe, F
is the anchor force, and S is the axial stress. where α is the thermal
expansion rate of the pipe

4
. The stress at each leg is mainly the beam bending stress caused by the expansion displacement. From the cantile

S =M/Z=1/Z*6EI/L2 *∆=3ED/L2*∆

With stress relaxation

At creep range, it will be the sum of the cold yield strength and the creep strength at expected plant life. Markl [1
5 the cold yield strength and 160% of the stress producing 0.01% creep in 1000 hours at the operating te

Syc = yield strength at cold condition

SEB = (Syc + Syhx)

Syhx = is the lesser of the yield strength at hot condition an

6
In terms of ASME B31.1 allowable stresses, which was originally set at greater than 5/8 of the yield strength at

where Sc is cold allowable stress

SEB = 1.6(Sc + Sh)
Sh is hot allowable stress

7 In ASME B31.3 code and the recent B31.1 code, because of their use of higher allowable stress based on 2/3 of the
SEB = 1.5(Sc + Sh)

8 Markl suggested a total allowable stress range of

SA is the basic allowable stress rang
SA + SPW = 1.25(Sc + Sh)
SPW is the sustained stress due to
9 the longitudinal stress due to pressure and weight is generally allowed to reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW =
SA, becomes
 the longitudinal stress due to pressure and weight is generally allowed to reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW =
SA, becomes
SA = f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) where f is a stress-range reduction factor varyin

10 COLD SPRING GAP

A minus gap means running from GA to GB in the negative coordinate direction. For the x direction, the gap is calcu
gx= C{α (T2 T1)(XB XA) - (DxB - DxA)} C is the cold spring factor ranging from 0.0 fo
XA, XB are x coordinates for anch

DxA and DxB are x direction anchor displacements for anchor A and anchor B, resp

11 the strains in hoop and longitudinal directions become

The pipe wall is subjected to stresses S
eH= Shp/E- νSlp/E=Shp(1 - 0.5ν)
eL= Slp/E- νShp/E=Shp/E(0.5 - ν) Slp = 1/2Shp

12 Selection of commercially available nominal wall thickness. Selection of commercially available nominal wall thickne
nominal thickness is calculated as follows
u is the manufacturing under-tolerance given by the
tm= t + c/(1 - u /100) + v v is the manufacturing under-tolerance specified by
 P=internal design pressure
D=OD of pipe
S=allowable stress
E=weld quality factor
Y=factor from code
W=weld joint strength reduction factor
f mechanical allowance, corrosion, erosion etc
min required thickness tm= t+c
the same force is reflected back to the pipe. when oneend of the pipe is loose, the pipe has a free expansion

e expansion displacement. From the cantilever beam formula, we can estimate the stress at each leg as follows

ep strength at expected plant life. Markl [11] suggested that it appears to be conservative to make it the sumof
1% creep in 1000 hours at the operating temperature. The benchmark stress range can be written as

Syc = yield strength at cold condition

er of the yield strength at hot condition and 160% of the stress producing 0.01% creep in 1000 hours at the operating temperature

t greater than 5/8 of the yield strength at corresponding temperature, the above equation can be written as

where Sc is cold allowable stress

Sh is hot allowable stress

gher allowable stress based on 2/3 of the yield strength, the benchmark stress range has become

SA is the basic allowable stress range

SPW is the sustained stress due to pressure and weight
o reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW = Sh, the allowable stress range for thermal expansion only,
SA, becomes
o reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW = Sh, the allowable stress range for thermal expansion only,
SA, becomes
e f is a stress-range reduction factor varying from f = 1.0 for N < 7000 cycles, to f = 0.5 for N >250,000 cycles.

rection. For the x direction, the gap is calculated by

the cold spring factor ranging from 0.0 for no cold spring to 1.0 for 100% cold spring;
XA, XB are x coordinates for anchor A and anchor B, respectively

acements for anchor A and anchor B, respectively. The gaps in y and z directions are calculated with similar procedures.The case assumes

The pipe wall is subjected to stresses Shp and Slp in circumferential and longitudinal directions,
respectively
Slp = 1/2Shp

ommercially available nominal wall thickness is the final step of the wall thickness calculation. The minimum required

anufacturing under-tolerance given by the percentage of the nominal thickness

anufacturing under-tolerance specified by absolute thickness
 Flexibility check
1 DY/(L-U)2≤K1
D=OD of pipe
Y=resultant of total displacement strains
L=Developed length of piping between anchors
U=anchor distance, straight line between anchors
Ea=modulus of elasticity at 21 .c

2 As per ASME code B 31.3 (Clause 302.3.5) the allowable displacement stress range (SA) can be given by the equatio
f= Stress range reductio
SA = f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) Sc=basic allowable stress at mini
SL=Longitudinal Stress due to s

3 When Sh > SL, the allowable stress range is calculated by the following equation :
SA= Allowable Displacement
SA = f{1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL}

4 When a valve fully closes quickly, the magnitude of the resulting pressurerise in a liquid can be conservatively estim
Where “c” is wavespeed also kn
dP = ρ c ∆V
Often this is referred to as “a” wh
n be given by the equation :
f= Stress range reduction factor
c allowable stress at minimum metal temp
ongitudinal Stress due to sustained loads.

Allowable Displacement Stress Range.

n be conservatively estimated using the equation:

e “c” is wavespeed also known as celerity
is is referred to as “a” which is synonymous