STRENGTH OF MATERIALS A-3

Simpleand Direct Stresses:

1. Tensile Stress-the force per unit area which is perpendicular to the surface that produces

stretching of a material by the application of pulling forces.

F
2. Compressive Stress- is the stress state when the material is compact.

3. Shearing Stress is a type of stress when a force applied produces a sliding failure of a
material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the applied force.

S, F

4. Bearing Stress-the surface pressure acting on a machine member as a result of applied

load divided bearing area.

Sp F
LD
********************************

5. Torsional Stress - the shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting when one end
of a machine member is twisted in one direction.

Tc
S
J
16T (for solid circular shaft)
neutral axis

S = 6TD (for hollow circular shaft)

zp-D
 MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO
A-4
Stress-a compressive or tensile longitudinai stress deveioo
oped
6. Bending (Flexural )
of curvature induced by an external load.
machine member as a result

Me NA

where:
M moment
neutral axis(NNA)
C distance of farthest fiber from
cross sections
C h/2 for rectanguiar
=

is the diameter
=
d/2 for circular cross section where d
i= moment inertia about the neutral axis
of
I for rectangular section
12
Z section modulus

7. Strain, Elongation (or shortening)

Strain, E, - elongation expressed in percentage or unit elongation. Units of strain are in/in
mm/mm, and percent, or no units at all.

Strain, e =

stress
E
strain

y S=Le

Actual lerngth =
L+y

where:
y elongation or shortening (deformation)
L length
F =
force applied
A =
Cross-sectional area
S Stress
E Modulus of
Elasticity (Young's Modulus)
30,000,000 psi for steel (206,786 MPa)
10,000,000 psi for aluminium
For shear stress, the
constant of proportionality is the shear modulus, G.

Shear stress =G{0)

where: 6 =
angle
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS A-5
Total Strain Energy. The energy stored in a loaded member is equal to the work required to

deform the member.

U %Fy = FL
2AE

8. Thermal Elongation and Thermal Stress

AL y = kL (t -t)
AA = VA (t2 - ti)
L AL

AV BV(t2 - t)

Thermal Stress, S
t2

S E kE(ta-t:)
where:
Y elongation due to temperature change, m
k =coefficient of linear thermal expansion, m/m-°C
coefficient of area thermal expansion, 1/°C
=

B =coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion, 1/ C

t = initial temperature, "c

tz final temperature, "C

S = stress

Thermal Strain, Eth

Eth
L

9. Poisson's Ratio (u)

lateral strain
longitudial strain
vdiues of
Poisson's ratio range between 0.25 to 0.35 for most materials.

10. Shear Modulus

(Modulus of Elasticity in Shear, G)
G shear strest)
shear strainy)
G E
21+0)