REFERENCE:

ALLOWABLE
STRESS

PREPARED BY: DR ROSLIDA BT ABD SAMAT

To ensure safety, it is therefore necessary to choose an allowable stress that restricts
the applied load to one that is less than the load the member can fully support.

𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙

F.S. = , F.S. = , F.S. =
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
Animation: Derivation of FS

𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 × 𝐴 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙

where: F.S. = = =
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 × 𝐴 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
F.S. = factor of safety
Ffail = failure load
𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 × 𝐴 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
Fallow = allowable load F.S. = = =
s = normal stress 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 × 𝐴 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
t = shear stress
The area of the bolt for this lap joint
is determined from the shear stress,
which is largest between the plates.
The embedded length l of this rod in concrete can be determined using the allowable
shear stress of the bonding glue.
BEARING STRESS
Definition: Bearing stress is a normal stress that is produced by compression of one
surface against another.

The area of the column base plate B

is determined from the allowable
bearing stress for the concrete.
BEARING STRESS IN CONNECTION

• Bolts, pins and rivets create stresses in the members they connect along the bearing
surface, or surface of contact.

• Since the distribution of these forces and the corresponding stress is quite
complicated, one uses in practice an average norminal value sb of the bearing stress as
the division of load P by the area of the rectangular representing the projection of the
bolt on the plate section.
BEARING STRESS IN CONNECTION

𝑃 𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐴 𝑡𝑑
EXAMPLE 1.14
Solution
Double shear pin
EXAMPLE 1.13
The two members are pinned together at B as shown in Fig. 1-31a. Top views of the pin
connections at A and B are also given in the figure. If the pins have an allowable shear
stress of tallow = 90 MPa and the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (st)allow = 115 MPa,
determine to the nearest mm the smallest diameter of pins A and B and the diameter of
rod CB necessary to support the load.
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0: −6 2 + 𝐹𝐶𝐵𝑦 3 = 0
3
⇒ −6 2 + 𝐹𝐶𝐵 3 = 0
5
⇒ 𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 6.67 kN ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0: −𝑅𝐴𝑥 + 𝐹𝐶𝐵𝑥 = 0
4
⇒ −𝑅𝐴𝑥 + 𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 0
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑅𝐴𝑦 − 6 + 𝐹𝐶𝐵𝑦 = 0 5
⇒ 𝑅𝐴𝑥 = 5.32 kN
3
⇒ 𝑅𝐴𝑦 −6 + 𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 0
5
⇒ 𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 2 kN
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝐴𝑦 2 = 5.322 + 22 = 5.68kN

Double shear:

Single shear:

A size larger to the nearest millimeter as required

dA = 7 mm
dB = 10 mm
EXAMPLE 1.14
The suspender rod is supported at its end by a fixed-connected circular disk as shown in
Fig. 1–27a. If the rod passes through a 40-mm-diameter hole, determine the minimum
required diameter of the rod and the minimum thickness of the disk needed to support
the 20-kN load. The allowable normal stress for the rod is sallow = 60 MPa, and the
allowable shear stress for the disk is tallow = 35 MPa.
SOLUTION:
Diameter of Rod

3
) m2

𝑃
𝜎allow =
𝐴
Thickness of Disk
EXAMPLE 1.15
The shaft shown in Fig. 1–28a is supported by the collar at C, which is attached to the
shaft and located on the right side of the bearing at B. Determine the largest value of P for
the axial forces at E and F so that the bearing stress on the collar does not exceed an
allowable stress of (sb)allow = 75 MPa and the average normal stress in the shaft does not
exceed an allowable stress of (st)allow = 55 MPa.
 σ 𝐹 = 0 ∶ −2𝑃 + 𝐹=0
A–E: ⇒ 𝐹 = 2𝑃
Ada animation for each σ 𝐹 = 0

F
E – B:

Ada
Therefore, the largest axial load, F is 3P animation
for each
෍ 𝐹 = 0 ∶ −2𝑃 − 𝑃 + 𝐹 = 0
σ𝐹 = 0
⇒ 𝐹 = 3𝑃
 QUESTION:
Determine the largest value of P for the
Case I axial forces at E and F so that the
bearing stress on the collar does not
NORMAL STRESS
exceed an allowable stress of (sb)allow =
75 MPa and the average normal stress
in the shaft does not exceed an
allowable stress of (st)allow = 55 MPa.
For largest axial load, F = 3P (for section EC)
F
 Case II

F 𝐹
𝜎allow =
𝐴
Animation 1: pic location of collar
Animation 2: data of value (sb)allow

QUESTION:
Determine the largest value of P for the axial forces at E and F so that the bearing stress on the collar
does not exceed an allowable stress of (sb)allow = 75 MPa and the average normal stress in the shaft
does not exceed an allowable stress of (st)allow = 55 MPa.
 Summary

Case I Considering allowable normal stress of the rod: P = 51.8 kN

Case II Considering allowable bearing stress of the colar: P = 55 kN

Comparing Case I and Case II, the largest load can be applied is 51.8 kN.
EXAMPLE 1.16
The rigid bar AB shown in Fig. 1–29a is supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of
20 mm and an aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-
diameter pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel
and aluminum is (sst)fail = 680 MPa and (sal)fail = 70 MPa, respectively, and the failure
shear stress for each pin is t fail = 900 MPa, determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of 2.
Solution:

𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙

F.S. = , F.S. = , F.S. =
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
Express 𝐹𝐴𝐶 and 𝐹𝐵 in terms of the applied load P.
Steel rod AC has diameter of 20 mm
Aluminum block has a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2.
The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are subjected to
single shear
 𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴

Steel rod AC has diameter of 20 mm

Aluminum block has a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2.
The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are subjected to single
shear
 𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴

Steel rod AC has diameter of 20 mm

Aluminum block has a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2.
The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are subjected to
single shear
Thus, the allowable load P = 168 kN
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.3
Two forces are applied to the bracket BCD
as shown. (a) Knowing that the control
rod AB is to be made of a steel having an
ultimate normal stress of 600 MPa,
determine the diameter of the rod for
which the factor of safety with respect to
failure will be 3.3. (b) The pin at C is to be
made of a steel having an ultimate
shearing stress of 350 MPa. Determine
the diameter of the pin C for which the
factor of safety with respect to shear will
also be 3.3. (c) Determine the required
thickness of the bracket supports at C
knowing that the allowable bearing stress
of the steel used is 300 MPa
QUESTION: P = 40 kN
Two forces are applied to the bracket BCD as shown. (a) Knowing
that the control rod AB is to be made of a steel having an ultimate
normal stress of 600 MPa, determine the diameter of the rod for
which the factor of safety with respect to failure will be 3.3.
QUESTION:
Two forces are applied to the bracket BCD as
shown. …. (b) The pin at C is to be made of a
steel having an ultimate shearing stress of 350
MPa. Determine the diameter of the pin C for
which the factor of safety with respect to shear
will also be 3.3.
Animation of projected area of the hole

QUESTION:
Two forcest are applied to
the bracket BCD d as
shown. … (c) Determine
the required thickness of
the bracket
d supports at C
knowing that the
allowable bearing stress
of the steel used is
t 300
MPa

𝐶
𝐹 2
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐴 𝐴
𝐶
⟹𝐴= 2
𝜎𝑏