MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
WHAT IS MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES?
• Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship
between the external loads applied to a body and the stress
and strain caused by the internal loads within the body.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY (REMINDER)
• External Loads:
– Surface forces
– concentrated force
– linear distributed load
– body force
• Support Reactions:
INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS (REMINDER)
• It will be shown in later that point O is most often chosen at the centroid of
the sectioned area, and so we will always choose this location for O, unless
otherwise stated.
• Also, if a member is long and slender, as in the case of a rod or beam, the
section to be considered is generally taken perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the member.
• This section is referred to as the cross section
INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS (REMINDER)
• The method of sections is used to determine the internal
resultant loadings acting on the surface of the sectioned body.
• In general, these resultants consist of a normal force, shear
force, torsional moment, and bending moment.
Right-hand rule
COPLANAR LOADINGS (REMINDER)
• General Procedure:
• Support Reactions: N, V, T and M Diagrams
– Determine the reactions acting on the chosen segment
• Free-Body Diagram:
– Draw a free-body diagram of one of the “cut” segments. N, V, M &T.
– These resultants are normally placed at the point representing the geometric
center or centroid of the sectioned area.
– Coplanar system of forces, only N, V & M act at the centroid .
• Equations of Equilibrium:
– If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative value for a
resultant, the directional sense of the resultant is opposite to that shown on
the free-body diagram.
STRESS
• Stress in structural members
STRESS
• Stress describes the intensity of the internal
force acting on a specific plane (area) passing
through a point.
STRESS
• NORMAL STRESS: The intensity of the force acting normal to ∆A is
defined as Normal Stress σ (sigma).
– If normal force pulls the area € Tensile Stress
– If normal force push the area € Compressive Stress
• SHEAR STRESS: The intensity of the force acting tangent to ∆A is
defined as Shear Stress τ (tau).
– Note that in this subscript notation z specifies the orientation of the area.
x and y indicate the axes along which each shear stress acts.
STRESS
• General State of Stress:
• Units: Since stress represents a force per unit area, the magnitudes
of both normal and shear stress are specified in basic units as N/m2.
• Also;
Pascal: 1Pa= 1 N/m2,
Megapascal: 1MPa= 1 N/mm2= 1 MN/m2.
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
• Average stress distribution acting on the cross-sectional area of
an axially loaded bar is focused.
• This bar is prismatic, all cross sections are the same throughout its
length.
• P is applied to the bar through the centroid of its cross-sectional area,
then the bar will deform uniformly throughout the central region of its
length, provided the material of the bar is both homogeneous and
isotropic.
€ Homogeneous material has the
same physical and mechanical
properties throughout its volume
€ Isotropic material has these same
properties in all directions.
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
• Due to the uniform deformation of the material, it is necessary that the
cross section be subjected to a constant normal stress distribution.
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
• Two normal stress components on the element must be equal
in magnitude but opposite in direction.
• This is referred to as uniaxial stress.
MAXIMUM AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
• In our analysis both the internal force P and the cross-sectional area
A were constant along the longitudinal axis of the bar, and as a result
the normal stress σ= P/A is also constant throughout the bar’s length.
• Several external loads along its axis, or a change in its cross-sectional
area may occur. As a result, the normal stress within the bar could be
different from one section to the next, and, if the maximum average
normal stress is to be determined, then it becomes important to find the
location where the stress is maximum.
• To do this;
– Determine the internal force P at various sections along the bar.
– It may be helpful to show this variation by drawing an axial or
normal force diagram.
– P will be positive if it causes tension in the member, and negative if
it causes compression.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #1 (1/1):
• Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it
is subjected to the loading shown. (Thickness: 10 mm.)
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #2 (1/2):
• Member AC is subjected to a vertical force of 3 kN.
• Determine the position x of this force so that the average compressive
stress at the smooth support C is equal to the average tensile stress in the
tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2 and the
contact area at C is 650 mm2.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #2 (2/2):
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
• The loading discussed here is an example of simple or direct shear,
since the shear is caused by the direct action of the applied load F.
• This type of shear often occurs in various types of simple
connections that use bolts, pins, welding material, etc.
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
• All four shear stresses must have equal magnitude and be directed
either toward or away from each other at opposite edges of the element.
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #1 (1/2):
• The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 600 N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of
contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along
the horizontal plane defined by DB.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #1 (2/2):
• Changing the orientation of the stress element produces different
stress components for the same state of stress.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
• To ensure the safety of a structural member, it is necessary to restrict
the applied load to one that is less than the load the member (or
element) can fully support.
• In any of these equations, the factor of safety must be greater than 1
in order to avoid the potential for failure.
• A design that is based on an allowable stress limit is called Allowable
Stress Design (ASD).
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
• This method of design is called Limit State Design (LSD), or
more specifically, in the United States it is calledLoad and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).
• Load Factors: Various types of loads R can act on a structure or
structural member, and each is multiplied by a load factor γ (gamma)
that accounts for its variability.
• Resistance Factors: Resistance factors Ø (phi) are determined
from the probability of material failure as it relates to the material’s
quality and the consistency of its strength.
