9/29/2020

Strength of Materials
CE202
Dr. Aly
y Emam, PEng.
g
Email: aaemam@kau.edu.sa
Office: CE Department, Room 44D35
Office Hours: 9:00-11:00 AM (Sunday & Tuesday)
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What are we after?

z N
V
T x

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Today’s Lecture

1.3 Stress
1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bars
1.5 Average Shear Stress
1.6 Allowable Stress

Objectives

• Describe the concepts of normal and shear stress

stress.
• Specific applications of the analysis and design of
members subjected to an axial load or direct shear.

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Internal Forces

 Define resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo)

in 3D:

Internal Forces

Coplanar system
of forces

Shear forces,V=>
ΣFy=0

Bending moment,
moment
M=> ΣMo=0
Normal force,
N=>ΣFx=0
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1.3 STRESS

Concept of Stress

 To obtain the internal distribution of a force acting over a

sectioned area “The intensity of the force per unit area is
defined as stress”
 Assumptions for the material:
 It is continuous
((uniform distribution of matter).
)
 It is cohesive
(all portions are connected together, i.e. no gaps or
breaks).

1.3 STRESS

Concept of Stress

 Consider ∆A in the shown figure.

 Small finite force, ∆F acts on ∆A.
 As ∆A →0, ∆F →0.
 But stress (∆F / ∆A) →finite limit

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1.3 STRESS

Stress components on Cartesian planes

1.3 STRESS

Stress Components for 3-D Cartesian element (cube)

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1.3 STRESS

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1.3 STRESS

 Tensile stress: normal force “pulls” or “stretches” the

area element ∆A.
 Compressive stress: normal force “pushes” or
“compresses” area element ∆A

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STRESS

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1.3 STRESS

Units of Stress (SI system)

 Newtons per square meter (N/m2)

or a pascal(1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
kPa= 103N/m2(kilo-pascal)
MPa 106N/m2(mega-pascal)
MPa= (mega pascal)
9 2
GPa= 10 N/m (giga-pascal)

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1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar

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1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar

Assumptions

 Uniform deformation: Bar remains

straight before and after load is
applied, and cross section
remains flat or plane during
deformation.
 For uniform deformation, force P
be applied along centroidal axis of
cross section.

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1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar

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1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar

Equilibrium in the vertical direction, for either tension or compression,

shows that the two normal stress components on the element must be
equal and opposite
opposite.

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1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar

Maximum average normal stress

 For problems
F bl where
h iinternal
t l fforce P and
d th
the
cross-sectional A are constant along the
longitudinal axis of the bar, normal stress
σ = P/A is also constant.
 If the bar is subjected to several external loads
along its axis, change in x-sectional area or the
force may occur.
occur
 Thus, it is important to find the maximum
average normal stress.
 To determine that, we need to find the location
where ratio P/A is a maximum.
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1.4 Average Normal Stress in Axially Loaded Bar

Procedure for maximum average normal stress

 Draw the normal force diagram (NFD).

 Sign convention:
• P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the member
• P is negative (−) if it causes compression
 Identify the maximum normal force from the plot.
 Determine the average normal stress using the
equation: σ = P/A

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EXAMPLE 1
The bar in Fig. 1–16a has a constant width of 35 mm and a
thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average
normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

• Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC  30 kN
• Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant, the largest
average normal stress is

 BC 
PBC

30 103   85.7 MPa (Ans)
A 0.0350.01

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

 Shear stress is the stress

component that act in the
plane of the sectioned area.
 Consider a force F acting to
the bar.
 For rigid supports, and F is
large enough, bar will deform
and fail along the planes
identified by AB and CD.
 Free-body diagram indicates
that shear force, V= F/2 be
applied at both sections to
ensure equilibrium 29

1.5 Average Shear Stress

Average shear stress over each section is:

 average shear stress at section,

assumed to be same at each point on the
section.
 V =internal resultant shear force at section
d t
determined
i d ffrom equations
ti off equilibrium.
ilib i
 A= area of section

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

Equilibrium of pure shear element

 C
Consider
id a volume
l element
l t off material
t i l ttaken
k att a point
i t
located on the surface as shown.
 Equilibrium of the element when subjected to pure shear
requires that the shear stress is same on all faces of the
element in the shown directions.
For example,
sum of forces
in y-direction
gives:

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

Single shear

One shearing surface (plane)

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

Single shear
 For equilibrium, cross-sectional area of bolt or the
bonding surface between the two members is
subjected to single shear force, V = F.
 The average shear stress is determined using the
contact surface area.

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

Double shear

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1.5 Average Shear Stress

Double shear

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1.6 Allowable Stress

• Why do we need to specify Allowable Stress? Or

Or,
• What is the Factor of Safety?

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1.6 Allowable Stress

 For Normal Stress

 For Shear Stress

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