ME 321 MACHINE DESIGN 1

Machine Design – is a broad of simple and combined stress analysis and there
application to the design of shafts, keys, coupling, gears, screws, springs, and columns.

Mechanical Design – is the process of designing and/or selecting mechanical

components and putting them together to accomplish a desired function. The ultimate
objective of mechanical design is to produce a useful device that is safe, efficient,
economical and practical to manufacture. As beginners, before designing you must
define the functions and the design requirements for the device clearly and completely
(Mott, Vavrek & Wang, 2018).

Design Problem
A machine is usually designed to perform its function for a special length of time
(operating life) members must be able to resist external forces, called applied loads and
in addition they must satisfy rigidity requirements.

General Criteria for Machine Design

1. Safety
2. Performance (the degree to which the design meets or exceeds the design
objectives)
3. Reliability (a high probability that the device will reach or exceed its design life)
4. Ease of manufacture
5. Ease of service or replacement of components
6. Ease of Operation
7. Low initial cost
8. Low operating and maintenance costs
9. Small size and low weight
10. Low noise and vibration; smooth operation
11. Use of readily available materials and purchased components
12. Prudent use of both uniquely designed parts and commercially available
components
13. Appearance that is attractive and appropriate to the application

Standards and Codes

Standard is a set of specifications for parts, materials, or processes intended to achieve
uniformity, efficiency and a specified quality.
- It is to limit the multitude of variations that can arise from the random
creation of a part, material or process.
Code is a set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture, and construction of
something.
Ex. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
International Standards Organization (ISO)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Factor of Safety (N)
In designing a component, it is very necessary to ensure sufficient reserve
strength in case of an accident. It is ensured by taking suitable factor of safety.
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑁=
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝜎𝑓
𝑁= 𝜎𝑎𝑙
Where:
𝜎𝑓 can be yield stress or ultimate stress
𝜎𝑎𝑙 allowable stress also known as design stress, working stress or safe stress

Example: Using the material AISI –C1020 as rolled, and a factor of safety of 2 base on yield
strength and 4 base on ultimate stress, compute the following:

a. The allowable stress in tension or compression base on yield stress.

b. The allowable stress in tension or compression base on ultimate stress.
c. The allowable stress in shear (torsion) base on yield stress.
d. The allowable stress in shear (torsion) base on ultimate stress.

AISI – C1020 as rolled material

𝜎𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖; 𝜎𝑢 = 65 𝑘𝑠𝑖; 𝜏𝑦 = 24 𝑘𝑠𝑖; 𝜏𝑢 = 49 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Solution:
𝜎𝑦 48
(a) 𝜎 = 𝑁
;𝜎= 2
= 24 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜎 65
(b) 𝜎 = 𝑁𝑢 ; 𝜎 = 4 = 16.2 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑦 24
(c) 𝜏 = 𝑁
; 𝜏 = 2 = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑦 24
(d) 𝜏 = 𝑁
; 𝜏 = 2 = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑢 49
(e) 𝜏 = 𝑁
; 𝜏 = 4 = 12.25 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Analysis of Simple Stresses

Stress (σ) – is the unit strength of a material or the force per unit area.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔
𝜎= , ,
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑚2
, 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Ultimate Stress (σu) – is the stress that would cause failure.

Yield Stress (σy) – maximum stress without causing deformation.
Allowable Stress (σall) – Ultimate stress/Factor of Safety
Design Stress (σd) – stress used in determining the size of a member.
𝜎 𝜎
Based on ultimate stress: 𝜎𝑑 = 𝐹𝑆𝑢; Based on yield stress: 𝜎𝑑 = 𝐹𝑆𝑦
Where: FS = Factor of Safety

Types of Simple Stresses:

1. Axial Stress – is the stress developed under the action of the force acting axially
(or passing the centroid) of the resisting area. It can be directed away for tensile
stress or toward for compressive stress.

Tensile stress (σt) F D F

 Compressive stress (σc)
F F

𝜋 2
For solid circular cross-section: 𝐴 = 4
𝐷
𝜋
For hollow circular-section: 𝐴= (𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 )
4
For rectangular cross-section: A = base x height

2. Shearing stress is the stress developed when the force is applied parallel to the
resisting area. It is produced when the applied loads causes one section of a
body to tend to slide past its adjacent section.

𝐹
𝜗𝑠 = 𝐴
𝑠

Where:
F = shearing force F F
A = cross-sectional area
= area parallel to the direction of force
σs = shear stress

Forms of Shear
(1) Single Shear Cross-sectional Area
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑2
4

Rivet of diameter d

F F
Shearing Stress
F
𝐹
𝜎𝑠 =
F 𝐴
𝐹
𝜎𝑠 = 𝜋
2
4𝑑
This rivet resist shear across its
cross sectional area

Effect of Load on Rivet

Single Shear

F F
 (2) Double Shear

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4

𝑃
𝑃
𝜎𝑠 = 2 ; 𝜎𝑠 =
𝐴 2𝐴

𝑷
𝝈𝒔 = 𝝅 𝟐
𝟐( 𝟒 𝒅 )

Note: If double shear always multiply

twice the cross sectional area
Bolt w/ diameter d
This bolt resists shear across
two- sectional areas.

Effect of Load

Double Shear

(3) Direct Shear or shearing due to punching of hole

F
h
𝐹
𝜎𝑠 =
𝐴 Shear area
Where:
A = πDt (for punching a hole)
t
A = 4St (for square hole)
h d
Where:
h t
S = length of side of square
T = plate thickness h

Shear Strain
𝝉
𝜸=𝑮 where: γ = Shearing strain
τ = shearing stress
G = modulus of rigidity
E = modulus of elasticity
 Relationship between E, G, and μ (poisson’s ratio)

𝐸 = 2𝐺(1 + 𝜇)

3. Bearing stress

Bearing stress is the stress developed when the force is applied to a projected
area. It is the contact pressure between two bodies.

𝑃𝑏
𝜎𝑏 = Where: Pb = bearing force
𝐴
A = area of projection of body in contact
σb = bearing stress

Rivet hole, diameter (d)

F F

Bearing deformation due to

force P
F

Original plates condition w/out

load New plates condition w/ load P

The bearing stress on the plate will be:

𝑃𝑏
𝜎𝑏 = where:
𝐴
d = diameter
𝑷
𝝈𝒃 = t = thickness
𝒅𝒕

4. Bending/Flexural Stress – is the stress developed due to the applied bending load or the
load applied perpendicular to the neutral axis.
F

M M

Flexural stress is stress caused by bending moment.

Flexural Formula
c dy
y

𝜎=
𝑀𝑦 c
𝐼

N.A. (Neutral Axis) or centroidal axis

For Maximum Stress, y = c

𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼 𝑆

Where:
𝐼
𝑆=𝐶

Where:

σ = flexure stress c = distance from N.A. to remotest element

M = maximum moment I = moment of inertia at N.A.
y = distance of an element from N.A. S = section modulus

Common Moment of Inertia:

𝑏ℎ^3
(a) 𝐼 = 12
for rectangular section
𝜋
(b) 𝐼 = 64
(𝐷 4 ) for solid circular section
𝜋
(c) 𝐼 = (𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖4 ) for hollow circular section
64

Note:
1. When the bending moment is (+), the beam is concave upward.
compression
N.A. Meaning:
*The upper fiber (above the N.A.) is compression
*The lower fiber (below the N.A.) is tension

Tension

2. When bending moment is (-), the beam is concave downward.

Meaning:
*upper fiber – tension
*lower fiber – compression
N.A.

Note: No stress in neutral axis

5. Torsional Stress (τ) – is the stress developed when the material is subjected to twisting
load.

If a torque T is applied at the end of the bar or shaft, a bar which was originally straight
will be twisted by a torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F x d.
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional shearing
stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft is
𝑇𝜌 𝑇𝑟
𝜏= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽 𝐽

𝑇𝐿
𝜃 = 𝐽𝐺

Where: τ = torsional shearing stress

T = Torque, twisting moment
ᵨ = radius (any radius)
J = polar moment of inertia
Ɵ = angular deformation or twist (in radian)

For Solid Cylindrical Shaft:

𝜋
𝐽 = 32 𝐷4
16𝑇
D 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋𝐷3

For Hollow Cylinder Shaft:

𝜋
𝐽 = 32 (𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )

D 16𝑇𝐷 2𝑇𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋(𝐷4−𝑑4 ) ; 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋(𝑅4 −𝑟 4)

Power (torque due to power)

From dynamics, it is known that power P is transmitted by a constant torque T rotating

at constant angular speed Ѡ.

P = TѠ

Where: Ѡ = 2πn or 2πf, radian/time

n = frequency/or no. of revolution per unit of time
T = torque, N.m
P = Power, Hp, ft-lb/min, watts

P = 2πTn

Strain Analysis:

Strain - is a unit deformation that will take place when sufficient load is applied to a
machine member. It is the ratio of the change in dimension to the original dimension.

∆𝐿 L ΔL
∈= 𝐿

Ft
 Strain Stress
𝛅 𝐨𝐫 ∆𝐋 𝐏
∈= 𝛔=𝐀
𝐋

Where:

ΔL or δ = deformation (elongation); in, ft, m, cm, mm

P = applied load or total load; lb, N, kip, KN
L = longitudinal length; m, in, ft
A = cross-sectional area; m2, in2, ft2,mm2

𝑃 𝛿 𝐏𝐋 𝛔𝐋
=𝐸 𝛅= 𝐨𝐫
𝐴 𝐿 𝐀𝐄 𝐄

Examples:

Design a yoke connection, shown in figure, to withstand a load of F = 3000 lb. repeated
in one direction, if the material is AISI C1022, as rolled.

Material C1022 as rolled, Base on Ultimate Stress

𝜎𝑢 = 72 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜏𝑢 = 54 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 = 6; 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

72 72 54
𝜎𝑡 = = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑐 = = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜏𝑠 = = 9 𝑘𝑠𝑖
6 6 6

Stress Analysis at section A-A

The most obvious stress is tension across the circular section A-A,
From 𝐹 = 𝜎𝐴
𝜋𝑑2
3000 = (12, 000)( )
4
9
𝑑 = 0.565 𝑖𝑛; 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑖𝑛
16
1 3 7
𝑏𝑒𝑡. −
16 16 8
From:
Standard 9/16 in (based from standard fraction)
1 1 1 1 1 3
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 64 − 32 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 32 − 16
64 32
1 3 7 1 7
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 16 − 8 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 8 − 3
16 8
1 1
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 3 − 6 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 6
4 2
Stress Analysis at the pin

Shearing stress at the pin

𝜋𝑎2 𝜏𝜋𝑎2
𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴 = 𝜏(2) = -------------------------1
4 2

Flexural/Bending Stress at the pin

Loading Assumptions:

1 𝐹 𝑐
𝑀 = 2 ( 2)(2)

𝐹𝐶
𝑀= 8

𝐹 1 1 𝐹 1
𝑀 = 2 (2 𝑏) + 2 (2) (2 𝑐)
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐶
𝑀= +
4 8
 1 𝐹 1 𝐹 𝑐
𝑀 = 2 (2) (𝑏) + 2 ( 2) (2)
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐶
𝑀= +
4 8
𝐹(2𝑏+𝑐)
𝑀= 8

𝐹 1 𝐹(𝑏+𝑐)
𝑀 = 2 [2 (𝑏 + 𝑐)] = 4

Considering the Max. Moment

Among all the presumptions consider; the largest is,
𝐹(𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑀=
4

From:
𝑀𝑐 𝑎
𝜎𝑓 = where: 𝑐 =
𝐼 2
𝑎 4
𝜋( ) 𝜋𝑎4
2
𝐼= =
4 64
Let: 𝜎𝑓 = 𝜎𝑐
𝐹(𝑏+𝑐) 𝑎
.
4 2
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜋𝑎 4
64
8𝐹(𝑏+𝑐)
𝜎𝑐 =
𝜋𝑎3
𝜎𝑐 (𝜋𝑎3 )
𝐹= --------------------------------------------2
8(𝑏+𝑐)

Stress Analysis at the Rod

(a) Bearing stress produced by the pin on the rod
𝐹
𝜎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐 𝐹 = 𝜎𝑏 (𝑎𝑐) ------------------3
(b) Tension across the hole
𝐹
𝜎𝑡 = (𝑚−𝑎)𝑐 𝐹 = 𝜎𝑡 (𝑚 − 𝑎)𝑐 ----------4
Shearing Stress in the rod
𝐹
𝜏 = 2𝑒𝑐 𝐹 = 𝜏(2𝑒. 𝑐) ----------------------5
Stress Analysis of the Yoke
(a) Bearing stress produced by the pin on the yoke
𝐹
𝜎𝑏 = 2𝑏𝑎 𝐹 = 𝜎𝑏 (2𝑏𝑎) ---------------------6
(b) Tension across the hole of the yoke
𝐹
𝜎𝑡 =
2(𝑚 − 𝑎)𝑏
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑡 [2(𝑚 − 𝑎)𝑏] -------------------------------7
Shearing stress in the yoke
𝐹 𝐹𝑐
𝜏 = 2(2𝑒𝑏) = 4𝑒𝑏
𝐹 = 4𝜏(𝑒𝑏) ------------------------------------------8
Equate 3 and 6 Equating 5 and 8 Equating 4 and 7
𝜎𝑏 (𝑎𝑐) = 𝜎𝑏 (2𝑏𝑎) 𝜏(2𝑒𝑐) = 𝜏(4𝑒𝑏) 𝜎𝑡 (𝑚 − 𝑎)𝑐 = 𝜎𝑡 [2(𝑚 − 𝑎)𝑏]
𝑐 = 2𝑏 𝑐 = 2𝑏 c = 2b
Hence, to be both safe for rod and yoke
𝑐 = 2𝑏 ---------------------------------------------- 9
Let: 𝜎𝑏 = 𝜎𝑐 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

Equating 2 and 3
𝜎𝑐 (𝜋𝑎3 )
𝜎𝑏 (𝑎𝑐) = 8(𝑏+𝑐)
𝜋𝑎2
𝑐= 𝑐
8( +𝑐)
2
Substitute eq. 9
𝜋𝑎2
𝑐= 12𝑐
12 3
12𝑐 2 = 𝜋𝑎2 𝑎 = √𝜋 𝑐 𝑎 = 2𝑐√𝜋 ------------10
Substitute 10 in 3
3
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑏 [2𝑐√ ] 𝑐
𝜋

𝑙𝑏 3
3000𝑙𝑏 = 12000 𝑖𝑛2 [2√𝜋] 𝑐 2
𝑐 = 0.358 𝑖𝑛
5
For good design, it is proper that 𝑐 ≥ 𝑑 consider that 𝑐 = 8 𝑖𝑛
From equation 2
𝜎𝑐 (𝜋𝑎3 ) 12000(𝜋𝑎3 )
𝐹= 1 3000 = 5
8( 𝑐+𝑐) 8(1.5)( )
2 8
𝑎 = 0.8419 𝑖𝑛
Say, a = 7/8 in
Checking pin under shear
From 1:
𝜋𝑎2 𝜋𝑎2
𝐹 = 𝜏( ) 3000 = 9000( ) 𝑎 = 0.4606 𝑖𝑛
2 2
7
Thus, 𝑎 = 8 " safe in shear
The greater the diameter the safe the material
Checking for the bearing stress produced by the pin on the rod
𝐹 3000
𝜎𝑏 = 12000 = 5 𝑎 = 0.4 𝑖𝑛
𝑎𝑐 𝑎( )
8
7
Thus, 𝑎 = 8 " is still safe
7
Use: 𝑎 = 𝑖𝑛
8
From eq. 9
𝑐 = 2𝑏
5 5
= 2𝑏 𝑏 = 16 𝑖𝑛
8
From 4
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑡 (𝑚 − 𝑎)𝑐
7
3000 = 12,000 (𝑚 − 8) 5/8
𝑚 = 1.275
The designer is worried about the small margin around the pin hole if c = 1.275 in, it is
1
proper to use 𝑚 = 1 2 𝑖𝑛
From eqn. 5
𝐹 = 𝜏(2𝑐𝑒)
5
3000 = 9000(2) (8) 𝑒
𝑒 = 0.27 𝑖𝑛
But: 𝑒 < radius of the hole, then it is proper to say that e = ½ m
1 1 3
𝑒 = 2 (1 2) 𝑒 = 4 𝑖𝑛
Finally the sizes are as follows:
a = 7/8 in d = 9/ 16 in
b = 5/16 in e = ¾ in
c= 5/8 in m = 1 ½ in

2. The link shown, made of AISI C1045 steel, as rolled, is subjected to a tensile load of 8000 lb.
Let h = 5.1 b. If the load is repeated but not reversed, determine the dimensions of the section
with the design based on (a) ultimate strength, (b) yield strength. (c) If this link, which is 15 in.
long., must not elongate more than 0.005 in., what should be the dimensions of the cross
section?

Solution: For AISI C1045 steel, as rolled

𝜎𝑢 = 96 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑦 = 59 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐸 = 30𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
Where:
𝐹 = 8000𝑙𝑏
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
But
ℎ = 1.5𝑏
Therefore: 𝐴 = 1.5𝑏 2
(a) Based on ultimate strength
N = factor of safety = 6 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
𝜎𝑢 𝐹
𝜎= =
𝑁 𝐴
96,000 8000
=
6 1.5𝑏 2
5
𝑏 = 0.577 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛
8
15
ℎ = 1.5𝑏 = 𝑖𝑛
16
 (b) Based on yield strength
N = factor of safety = 3 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
𝜎𝑢 𝐹
𝜎= =
𝑁 𝐴
59,000 8000
=
3 1.5𝑏 2
9
𝑏 = 0.521 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛
16
27
ℎ = 1.5𝑏 = 𝑖𝑛
32
𝐹𝐿
(c) Elongation = 𝛿 = 𝐴𝐸
Where,
𝛿 = 0.005 𝑖𝑛 L = 15 in
F = 8000 lb A = 1.5b2
E = 30x106 psi
Then,
𝐹𝐿
𝛿 = 𝐴𝐸
(8000)(15)
0.005 = (1.5𝑏2)(30𝑥106)
3
𝑏 = 0.730 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑦 4 𝑖𝑛
1
ℎ = 1.5𝑏 = 1 8 𝑖𝑛

2. A lever keyed to a shaft is L =15 in long and has a rectangular cross section of h = 3t. A
2000-lb load is gradually applied and reversed at the end as shown; the material is AISI
C1020, as rolled. Design for both ultimate and yield strengths. (a) What should be the
dimensions of a section at a =13 in? (b) at b = 4 in? (c) What should be the size where
the load is applied?

Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled, Table AT 7 by Faires
𝜎𝑢 = 65𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑦 = 49 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Design factors for gradually applied and reversed load
𝑁𝑢 = 8 𝑁𝑦 = 4
𝑡ℎ3
𝐼= , 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
12
But h = 3t
ℎ4
𝐼 = 36
Moment Diagram (Load Upward)

Based on ultimate strength

𝜎
𝜎 = 𝑁𝑢
𝑢
𝑀𝑐 𝐹𝑎𝑐 𝑀𝑐 𝐹𝑏𝑐
(a) 𝜎𝑓 = = (b) 𝜎𝑓 = =
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
ℎ ℎ
𝑐=2 𝑐=2
F= 2000 lbs = 2 kips F= 2000 lbs = 2 kips
ℎ ℎ
65 (2)(13)( ) 65 (2)(4)( )
2 2
𝜎𝑓 = = ℎ4
𝜎𝑓 = = ℎ4
8 8
36 36
ℎ = 3.86 𝑖𝑛 ℎ = 2.61 𝑖𝑛
ℎ 3.86 ℎ 2.61
𝑡=3= = 1.29 𝑖𝑛 𝑡=3= = 0.87 𝑖𝑛
3 3
Say Say
1
ℎ = 4.5 𝑖𝑛 = 4 2 𝑖𝑛 ℎ = 3 𝑖𝑛
1
𝑡 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛 = 1 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = 1𝑖𝑛
(c)

3−ℎ 4.5−3
= ℎ = 2.33 𝑖𝑛
4 13−4
1−𝑡 1.5−1
= 𝑡 = 0.78 𝑖𝑛
4 13−4
Say
5
ℎ = 2.625 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 2 8 𝑖𝑛
3. A centrifugal pump is to be driven by a 15-hp electric motor at 1750 rpm. What
should be the diameter of the pump shaft if it is made of AISI C1045 as rolled? Consider
the load as gradually repeated.
For C1045 as rolled,
𝜎𝑦 = 59 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜎𝑢𝑠 = 72 𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑁=6
Designing based on ultimate strength
𝜎𝑢𝑠 72
𝜎= = = 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 6
33,000ℎ𝑝 33000(15)
Torque, 𝑇 = = = 45 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 = 540 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 = 0.540𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋(1750)
For diameter,
16𝑇
𝜏 = 𝜋𝑑3
16(0.540) 5
12 = ; 𝑑 = 0.612 𝑖𝑛; 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑑 = 8 𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝑑3

Sources:

MachineElementsDesignSHIGLEY.pdf

MachineElementsDesignJ.K.GUPTA.pdf

Plate No. 1

1. A simple beam, 48 in. long, with a static load of 6000 lb. at the center, is made of C1020
structural steel. (a) Basing your calculations on the ultimate strength, determine the
dimensions of the rectangular cross section for h = 2b. (b) Determine the dimensions
based on yield strength. (c) Determine the dimensions using the principle of “limit
design.”
Given: 𝜎𝑢 = 65 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁𝑢 = 4 𝑁𝑦 = 2
𝐹𝐿
𝑀= 4

2. A round, steel tension member, 55 in. long, is subjected to a maximum load of 7000 lb.
(a) what should be its diameter if the total elongation is not to exceed 0.030 in? (b)
Choose steel that would be suitable on the basis of yield strength if the load is gradually
applied and repeated (not reversed). 𝐸 = 30𝑥106 𝑝 𝑠𝑖; 𝑁 = 3.

3. What is the length of a bearing for a 4-in. shaft if the load on the bearing is 6400 lb. and
the allowable bearing pressure is 200 psi of the projected area?
4. A centrifuge has a small bucket, weighing 0.332 lb. with contents, suspended on a
manganese bronze pin (B138-A, ½ hard) at the end of a horizontal arm. If the pin is in
double shear under the action of the centrifugal force, determine the diameter needed
for 10,000 rpm of the arm. The center of gravity of the bucket is 12 in. from the axis of
rotation. 𝜎𝑢 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖; 𝑁 = 4

5. A steel shaft is transmitting 40 hp at 500 rpm with minor shock. (a) What should be its
diameter if the deflection is not to exceed 10 in 20D? (b) If deflection is primary what
kind of steel would be satisfactory? N = 3