SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___

DESIGN PRACTICE-I LABORATORY

WORK INSTRUCTION

1.0 Experiment No: SVIST/ME-593/01

2.0 Name of Experiment: Determination of FOS and confirmation for safety.

3.0Objective: To design a Knuckle Joints using the concept of stress and strain, with highest safety.

4.0 Principle:
Knuckle joint connect two rods whose axes either coincides or intersects and belongs to same
plane. This transmit tensile force in both ends, as well as it permits limited angular movement
between rods, about the axis of the pin. The Knuckle joint is unsuitable for transmitting
rotating shafts

PARTS VIEW OF KNUCKLE

JOINT KNUCKLE JOINT

4.1 Stress(σ) = The intensity of resisting force normal to the sectional plane is called stress.
Mathematically stress is defined as ratio of resisting force to sectional plane.

RESISTING FORCE F∨P

σ= =
SECTIONAL AREA A

4.2 Strain(ε) = Strain is a measure of the deformation produced in the member by the
load.Mathematically strain is defined as the ratio of change in length to original length

CHANGE∈GEOMETRICAL PARAMETER ∆ L
ε= =
ORIGINALGEOMETRICAL PARAMETER L
“L” here length is considered as geometrical parameter.
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___

4.3 Tensile Stress(σt) = When a body is subjected to force both at the ends in other words
when a body is subjected to pull the stress generated due to deformation is stated as tensile
stress.

RESISTING FORCE F∨P

σ t= =
SECTIONAL AREA A
“t” symbolizes tensile.

4.4 Compressive or Crushing Stress(σc) = When a body is subjected to force both at the
ends in other words when a body is subjected to push the stress generated due to deformation
is stated as tensile stress.

RESISTING FO RCE F∨P

σ c= =
SECTIONAL AREA A
“c” symbolizes crushing.

4.5 Shear Stress(τ) = When a body is subjected to forces both at the points,opposite to each
other, which leads to deformation ( usually tear )

SHEAR FORCE F∨P

τ= =
SECTIONAL AREA A

4.6 Bending Stress(σb) = When a beam having an arbitrary cross section is subjected to a
transverse loads the beam will bend. In addition to bending the other effects such as twisting
and buckling may occur, and to investigate a problem that includes all the combined effects
of bending, twisting and buckling could become a complicated one.

Mb y
σ c=
I
“b” symbolizes bending.
Mb = Calculated Bending moment.
y = Vertical Distance away from the neutral axis.
I = Moment of inertia around the neutral axis.

4.7 Empirical Formula = A formula giving the proportions of the parameter present in a
design but not the actual numbers in other words it’s a standard proportions.

1. a = 0.75D
2. b= 1.25D
3. D1 = 1.1D
4. d0 = 2d
5. d1 = 1.5d
6. x = (1/3)a
7. z = (1/4)b
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___

5.0 Specifications of Apparatus and Indenter

5.1 Computer enabled with AutoCAD &Solidworks.

5.2 Scientific Calculator.
5.3 Engineering Sheet.
5.4 Method of load application: lever type.

6.0Apparatus Required:
6.1 Drawing board.
6.2 Geometrical Set.
6.3 Computer.

7.0 Procedure:
7.1 Calculate the permissible Stresses for tensile, compression and Shear.
7.2 Apply the values from the above to determine the shaft diameter.
7.3 Employing empirical formula find out the other parameter.
7.4 Calculate the stress in every component and compare.
7.5 Declaration for the safety of design.

8.0 Data given and Outcomes:

The force applied is 50kN and material selected is made from plain carbon steel 3 and
proceed 0C8 with maximum tensile yield strength 400 N/mm2, factor of safety is 2.5.

Step Failure To find

Tensile D=
Step 1 : Design of Rods (D,D1)
Empirical D1=
Step 2 : Decide the thickness of eye end b=
Empirical relations
and forked end (t1,t2) a=
d=
Double shear
d=
Step 3 : Decide the dimensions of pin Bending failure
{Choose higher value
(d,d1)
of both}
Empirical
d1=
Empirical d0=
Tensile check σt=
Step 4 : Check Stresses in Eye end
Shear check τ=
Crushing check σc=
Tensile check σt=
Step 5 : Check Stresses fork end Shear check τ =
Crushing check σc =

9.0 Calculations:
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___

TOP AND FRONT VIEW OF KNUCKLE JOINT

Notations Used
D       = diameter of each rod (mm)
D1      = enlarged diameter of each rod (mm)
d        = diameter of knuckle pin (mm)
d0      = outside diameter of eye or fork (mm)
d1      = diameter of pin head (mm)
a        = thickness of each eye of fork (mm)
b        = thickness of eye end of rod B (mm)
x        = distance of the centre of fork radius R from the eye (mm)

9.1 Tensile Failure of Rods(Shaft):-

P
σ t=
π 2
( D )
4

Here by substituting the value of the permissible tensile stress, and load the diameter of the
shaft is assumed to highest integer possible (Generally in form of 0 and 5).

D=
√ 4P
π σt

Determine the enlarged diameter i.e D1.

D1=1.1 D
9.2 Shear failure of pin:-
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___
P
τ=
π 2
( d)
4

Here by substituting the value of the permissible shear stress, and load the diameter of the pin
assumed to highest integer possible (Generally in form of 0 and 5).

d=
√ 2P
πτ

Note:- The standard proportion for the diameter of the pin is stated as pin diameter is equal to
shaft diameter.

SHEAR FAILURE OF PIN

9.3 Crushing Failure pin in Eye:-

FORCE P P
σ C= = =
PROJECTED AREA l x d bd

PROJECTED AREA OF CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

9.4 Crushing Failure pin in Fork:-

 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___
P
σ c=
2 ad

9.5 Bending Failure of Pin:-

When the pin is tight in the eye and the fork, failure occurs due to shear.

M b=
[ ]
P b
2 2
P
+ x − ( x)=
2
P b a P b
[ ]
+ − [ ]
2 2 3 2 4

¿
[ ]
P b a
+
2 4 3

Where,
4
πd
I=
64

And

d
y=
2

Substituting all the values

σ c=
P b a d
+
Mb y 2 4 3 2
=
[ ]
I πd
4

64

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

9.6 Tensile Failure of eye:-

 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___

P
σ t=
b(d 0−d )

Tensile failure of eye

9.7 Shear Failure of eye:-

P
τ=
b(d 0 −d)

d 0 =2d

Shear failure of eye

9.8 Tensile Failure of fork:-

 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

__________________________________________________________________________
___

P
σ t=
2 a(d0 −d )

9.9 Shear Failure of eye:-

P
τ=
2a (d 0−d)

a = 0.75D
b= 1.25D
d1 = 1.5d

10.0 Safety:
Computer handling should be gentle and systematic.

11.0 Precaution:
Be aware of sharp pin points of the compass while drawing in the sheet. Check connections
of computer for any short circuits.

12.0 Remarks:

Viva Questions:
1. What is the advantage of knuckle joints?
2. What are the disadvantages of knuckle joints?
3. Criteria for the application of Knuckle joints?
4. Materials used for knuckle joints?
5. Why knuckle joint is not suitable for rotating shafts?
6. Why ductile materials are considered generally in terms of knuckle joint manufacturing?