ENCH 110 Materials Science

Materials Science ENCH 110

Lab Manual

College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering

University of Jeddah
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 ENCH 110 Materials Science

Saudi Arabia

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 ENCH 110 Materials Science

Table of Contents
Experiment 1. To find the relationship between load and deflection

Experiment 2. To determination of elasticity for steel, brass and aluminum

Experiment 3. To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by conducting Charpy

impact test

Experiment 4. To determine Brinell Hardness Test using Universal Material Tester

Experiment 5. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the specimen through an understanding

of stress strain curve result of tensile test using Universal Material Tester

Lab Report Format

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 ENCH 110 Materials Science

Experiment No1: Tensile Test - Relationship between load and deflection

Experimental setup

Procedure
Set the bearers so that a span of 600 mm is obtained. The interval between each groove on the shaft of the
1 apparatus is 100mm.
2 Place a test specimen on the bearers and munt the load device in the center of the test specimen.
3 Set the testing device so that top of the gauge is centered on the upper plane of the load device.
4 Lower the gauge so that its small hand is at about 10 and set the gauge to zero by twisting its outer ring.
Load with weight as shown in the table 1 below and read off the deflection. One revolution of the large
5 hand of the gauge corresponds to 1 mm of deflection.
6 Repeat the above procedure with another test specimen

Results
 Plot the load, (N) vs deflection, (mm) in figure.4.1 from data in Table.4.1.

Table.4.1: Observation table

Deflection (mm)
Load (N)
Specimen 1: Specimen 2:
5
10
15
20

Load vs. deflection diagram

Figure.4.1: Load vs. deflection

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Experiment No2: Tensile Test - Determination of elasticity for steel, brass and aluminum
Experimental setup

Theory
L
Torque of flexure, Tb [N.mm] T b= ( F + F 1 ) .
4
b .h 2
Rectangular: W b=
6
Resistance to flexure, Wb [ mm3]
π . d3
Circular: W b=
32
Tb
Flexural stress, σ b [ N/mm2] σ b=
Wb
b . h3
Rectangular: I=
12
Inertia Factor, I
π . d4
Circular: I=
64
( F + F 1) . L3
Coefficient of elasticity, E E=
48. δ . I
( F+ F 1 ) . L3
Deflection,δ [mm] δ=
48 . E . I
L is the span (mm), F 1 is the load caused by weight of load device and Fis the load caused by
additional load.

Procedure
1 Remove any components that may be present
2 The span is set at 500 mm
3 A circular test specimen of steel is employed.
4 Mount load device and set the testing device.
5 Load with weight as shown in table 5.1 and read off the deflection.
6 The test is repeated with test specimens of brass and aluminum.
Results and discussions

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 Calculate the Torque of flexure

 Calculate the flexural stress
 Calculate the coefficient of elasticity

Table.5.1: Observation and calculation table

(F + Tb σb Coef. of elasticity
F F1 δ Wb
Material F1) [N.mm I E EAverege
[N] [N] [mm] [mm3] [mm]
[N] ] [N/mm2] [N/mm2]
5

Steel 10

15

Brass 10

15

5 0.38
Aluminu
10 0.75
m
15 1.12

Conclusions

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Experiment No 3: to determine the impact strength of the given specimen by conducting

Charpy impact test.

Introduction

The impact test is a method with sudden loading and is suitable primarily for determining the
cleavage fracture tendency or toughness property of a material.
The deformation behavior is often an important criterion for the selection of materials. It can be
used to identify quickly which of the selected materials are brittle or tough. The brittleness of the
material does not depend on the material alone, but also on other external conditions such as
temperature or stress state.

Apparatus

The impact test is a method with sudden loading and is

suitable primarily for determining the cleavage fracture
tendency or toughness property of a material. The
deformation behavior is often an important criterion for
the selection of materials. It can be used to identify
quickly which of the selected materials are brittle or
tough.

The brittleness of the material does not depend on the

material alone, but also on other external conditions such
as temperature or stress state.

Theory

In the notched-bar impact test, a pendulum hammer falls from a maximum height. At its lowest
point, the hammer strikes the rear of a notched specimen according to Charpy's principle. If the
abutment penetrates or passes through the specimen, the hammer dissipates its impact energy to
the specimen. The residual energy of the hammer is reduced when swinging through the lowest
possible point (zero point) and the hammer decelerates. When the hammer swings through the
zero point, the trailing pointer is dragged along and the applied work for the notched-bar impact
is displayed on a scale.

The shape of the notched-bar specimen is standardized. The necessary notched-bar impact work
is the force needed to penetrate a defined notched specimen. The notched-bar impact strength
determined from the notched-bar impact work is a measure of the brittleness of the material.

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Impact Energy (E)

The energy absorbed at fracture (energy needed to break the test specimen) (E) can be obtained
by calculating the difference in potential energy of the pendulum before and after the test such
as:
E=m∙ g ∙ ( H−h ) [1]
Where: m is the mass of pendulum in kg, g is the gravitational acceleration in m/s, H is the
original height of the pendulum in m and h is the swing height (height reached after breaking the
specimen) of pendulum in m.

This energy can be read direct on the scale on the tester.

Impact strength

Impact strength is used to measure a material’s ability to withstand shock loading. The classical
definition of impact strength is the energy required to fracture a given volume of material. This
energy called also impact toughness, which will be measured, per unit area at the notch. 
E
KCU = [1]
A

Where: KCU is the impact strength in J.mm-2 and A is the area of fracture in mm2.

Procedure
 Measure the dimensions of a specimen and the dimensions of the notch.
 Set the pointer to 15 J.

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 Make a blow with the pendulum, without test piece in position, to check the zeroing. Adjust
if necessary.
 Place the specimen centrally over the supports such that the grooves in opposite to the
striking face (fig.2).
 Raise the pendulum to its starting position and set the pointer to 15 J.
 Release the pendulum to breaking the specimen and note down the final reading in the
charpy scale.
 Repeat the test for specimens of other materials.

Experimental table

Initial
Height Angle of Final Angle of
Specimen reading of
Test below falling, reading of raising,
height, a energy,
No. notch, h  energy, T 
K
mm mm Joule degree Joule degree
1

Report requirements
Demonstrate that energy absorbed at fracture is equal to:

E=m∙ g ∙ L R ∙ ( sin ( α 1−90° ) + cos ( α 2 ) )

Answer the following questions:

Calculate the area of fracture, A.
 Compute the energy of breaking for each specimen, E.
 Compute the impact strength (Toughness) for each specimen, KCU
 Find the impact strength of the given specimen by using the following relation:
Impact strength=( Initial scale reading – Final scale reading ) / A

Interpret your results. What are the main uses of the impact test?
Conclusions

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Experiment No 4: To determine Brinell Hardness Test using Universal Material Tester

Theory
The Brinell hardness (HB) is calculated from test load F [N] and indentation area AB [mm2] of
the spherical segment.
0.102× F [1]
HB=
AB
Where: F Test load in N, AB is the indentation area in mm2
The area of the spherical segment AB [mm2] is given by:
2 [2]
A B= 2 2
πD ( D−√ D −d )
Using the ball diameter D = 10 mm and the spherical segment diameter d [mm] we get:
2 ×0.102 × F [3]
HB= 2 2
πD ( D−√ D −d )
Data: D = 10 mm.
Apparatus
Experimental set-up for the base-unit of the universal material tester is shown in Figure 1 below.

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
 Figure 1: WP 300 with transport lock, front view
The apparatus we will be using in this experiment is the Universal Material Tester WP 300, it has
a base unit as described in Figure 1 above in addition to accessories attached to it for different
testing purposes (tensile, compression, hardness, etc).
Procedure

1 Remove any components that may be present

2 Turn the handwheel fully out and move the load frame all the way down
3 Insert compression plate into bottom crossbar.
Install hardness test mechanism with threaded rod and knurled nut on the crosshead.
4
Tighten the knurled nut by hand.
5 Keep a distance between test ball and compression plate of at least 15mm.
Place specimen (aluminum and/or copper and/or brass and/or steel) on compression
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plate.
Carefully lower the test ball onto the specimen by turning the handwheel, without
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applying force.
Slowly and steadily use the handwheel to apply test load of F = 9.8 kN. Do not apply
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the load too quickly; it should take around 5s to increase to the maximum value.
Maintain test load for around 15s (aluminum and copper around 30s) and then remove
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the load again.

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Calculations
 Measure the diameter of the spherical indentation on the specimen. d = …………………..
mm.
 Calculate the hardness value (HB) by using the Eq (2.3). HB = ……………………………
 Comment on the calculated HB with the literature range.

Conclusions

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Experiment No 5: To evaluate the mechanical properties of the specimen through an

understanding of stress strain curve result of tensile test using Universal Testing Machine
(UTM)

Introduction

Metals have its own properties including physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristic. The
most important properties are the mechanical properties, which is including ductility, hardness,
strength, and toughness. The mechanical properties are the measurements that used as a
reference for material selection. To know the mechanical properties of metals, it needs material
testing. One of the material testing is the tensile test. Tensile test is a measurement that examine
the strength of material within giving loads in uniaxial direction to the specimen. The tested
specimen is exposed by the increasing uniaxial force continuously while its change on elongation
is being observed. The tensile test measures the resistant of a material to the given static load.
The results that generated from the tensile test shows the mechanical properties of the specimen.
The mechanical properties of material that can be known from tensile test including:

- tensile strength
- yield strength
- modulus of elasticity
- ductility
- resilience

Furthermore, the stress strain curve, which can be obtained from the measurement, which allows
one to compute the mechanical properties above.

Stress Strain curve

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Apparatus

Procedure

Observations and Calculations

Stress Strain

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Engineering stress and strain

Consider a bar of original cross-sectional area Ao being subjected to equal and opposite forces F
pulling at the ends so the bar is under tension. The material is experiencing a stress defined to be
the ratio of the force to the cross-sectional area of the bar, as well as an axial elongation:

F
Stress=σ =
Ao

l f −l o ∆ l
Strain=ε= ( ) lo
=
lo

Young's modulus E
The Young modulus or the modulus of elasticity in tension, is a mechanical property that
measures the tensile stiffness of a solid material.

σ
E=
ε

Yield Strength σy
The stress corresponding to the intersection of this line and the stress–strain curve as it bends
over in the plastic region is defined as the yield strength, σy
Ultimate Tensile Strength

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The ultimate (tensile) strength, which is the highest point on the curve, is usually well into the
plastic region for ductile metals.

Ductility
Ductility is another important mechanical property. It is a measure of the degree of plastic
deformation that has been sustained at fracture.

Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation or percent reduction in

area. Percent elongation (%EL) is the percentage of plastic strain at fracture or Percent reduction
in area (%RA) is defined as:

l f −l o
%EL= ( ) lo
X 100

A o− A f
%RA= ( Ao )
X 100

Resilience Ur
Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then,
upon unloading, to have this energy recovered.

σ2y
Ur=
2E

Conclusions

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 ENCH 110 Materials Science

Lab Report Format

ENCH – 110
Materials science Lab
Experiment Title:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Submitted by:
Student Name ID Section

College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering

University of Jeddah
Saudi Arabia

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 ENCH 110 Materials Science

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Equipment/Apparatus

4. Procedures

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusions

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