STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

(Formerly known as Ultimate Design Method or USD Method)

ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ

AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ
AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
∅ 𝑷𝒏 ≥ 𝑷𝒖
Reduction Factor, : @ zero eccentricity:

0.70 (NSCP 2001)

(NSCP 2010/2015):
0.65 (for tied column (a))
0.75 (for spirally-reinforced column (b))
@minimum eccentricity:
• For tied column (:

• For spirally-reinforced column (:

Where:
H = parallel dimension with respect to the eccentricity
CONCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Plastic Centroid
 It is the point in the column cross section through which the resultant column load must pass to produce uniform strain at
failure.
 The reference point for eccentricity of loads
 The plastic centroid (PC) is at the geometrical center for symmetrical column section

Steps in Locating Plastic Centroid

1. Subject the member into a uniform compression load.
2. Solve for the reaction of the element of the member.
3. Set a reference point
4. Locate the point of resultant force/plastic centroid through the application of Varignon’s Theorem.
AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Limits of Reinforcement for Column
• Area of longitudinal reinforcement for non-
composite compression members shall not be less
than 0.01 or more than 0.08 time the gross area (Ag)
of the section
• For non-prestressed column the minimum number
of longitudinal bars shall be (a), (b), or (c):
(a) Three within triangular ties ;
(b) Four within rectangular or circular ties ;
(c) Six for enclosed by spirals or for columns of
special moment frames enclosed by circular
hoops
Tie reinforcement for Compression Members
• All non – prestressed bars shall be enclosed by
lateral ties at least 10 mm diameter in size for
longitudinal bars 32 mm or smaller and 12 mm
diameter in size for 36 mm diameter bars and
bundled longitudinal bars.
• Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16
longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire
diameters, or least dimension of compression
member.
AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Spacing of Longitudinal Bars Spiral Reinforcement
• In spirally reinforced compression members, clear a) . For cast in place construction, size of spirals shall not
distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than be less than 10 mm diameter
1.5db or 40mm b) Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm
or be less than 25 mm
Minimum clear cover of ties
• Minimum clear cover shall not be less than the
following;
a) 40 mm
b) Diameter of vertical bars
c) 1
AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Spiral Reinforcement
c.) Ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than
the value give by ;
Example 1
To comply with architectural requirements, a concrete
column section reinforced with 10‐20mmφ vertical
bars was used, as shown in the figure. f’c = 28 MPa, y
fy = 415 MPa. Tie diameter is 10mm with a clear
250mm 450mm
concrete cover of 40mm. Neglect the effect of
concrete area displaced by compression steel.
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the 200mm
location of the geometric centroid of the section
(mm) from X‐axis.
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the 300mm x
location of the geometric centroid of the section
(mm) from y‐axis.
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the 200mm
location of the plastic centroid of the column
(mm) measured from the y‐axis. For all bars,
fs=fy.
Example 1
To comply with architectural requirements, a concrete
column section reinforced with 10‐20mmφ vertical
bars was used, as shown in the figure. f’c = 28 MPa, y
fy = 415 MPa. Tie diameter is 10mm with a clear
250mm 450mm
concrete cover of 40mm. Neglect the effect of
concrete area displaced by compression steel.
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the 200mm
location of the geometric centroid of the section
(mm) from X‐axis.
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the 1 2 300mm
location of the geometric centroid of the section
(mm) from y‐axis.
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the 200mm
location of the plastic centroid of the column
(mm) measured from the y‐axis. For all bars,
fs=fy.
Example 2
An axially loaded rectangular tied column is to be designed for the following service loads: Dead Load, D =
1,500 kN
Live Load, L = 835 kN
Required Strength, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
Capacity Reduction Factor, Ø = 0.65
Effective Cover to Centroid of Steel Reinforcement = 70 mm
Concrete, fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Steel, fy = 415 MPa
1. Using 3% vertical steel ratio, what is the required column width (mm) if architectural considerations limit
the width of the column in one direction to 350 mm?
2. If the column has a circular section, determine the required minimum diameter if it is reinforced with 8-25
mm Ø bars.
3. If column Section = 450 mm x 450 mm. Vertical Reinforcement consists of 16 bars. Determine the diameter
of vertical bars (mm) based on a steel ratio of 3%?
Example 3
A tied square RC column is to carry axial service loads of 1400 kN dead load and 790 kN live load. Assume the
column to be short and that any moment caused by the loads can be neglected and use a steel ratio equal to 0.04.
Use 2010 NSCP. If f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa, determine:
1. the required dimension of the column.
2. the required number of 28 mmØ longitudinal bars.
3. the maximum allowable spacing of 10 mmØ lateral ties.
Example 4
A 400 mm diameter concrete column is to be reinforced with 8-25 mmØ vertical bars and 10 mmØ spiral. If f’c
= 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa, calculate:
1. the maximum nominal axial strength of the RC column.
2. the design axial strength of the column.
3. the minimum spiral ratio required for the column section.
4. the recommended pitch of the spiral reinforcement.
AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Spiral Reinforcement
c.) Ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than
the value give by ;
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT
COLUMN
ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
P Pn
M = Pe

P.N.A P.N.A

Normal Stress
P.N.A 𝜀 𝑐 =𝜀𝑠 =0.003
+

= Bending Stress

Combine
or
Stress
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
P Pn
M = Pe

P.N.A P.N.A

Normal Stress
P.N.A
+
𝜀 𝑐 =0.003
= Bending Stress

Combine
or
Stress
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
P Pn
M = Pe

P.N.A P.N.A

Normal Stress
P.N.A
+
𝜀 𝑐 =0.003
= Bending Stress

Combine
or
Stress
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
P Pn
M = Pe

P.N.A
𝜀𝑡 P.N.A
Normal Stress
P.N.A
+
𝜀 𝑐 =0.003
= Bending Stress

Combine
or
Stress
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
P Pn
M = Pe

P.N.A P.N.A

Normal Stress Balanced

P.N.A Condition
+

= Bending Stress 𝜀 𝑐 =0.003

Combine
or
Stress
Example 1
A 325mmx500 mm column is reinforced with 8-28mm bars, four bars distributed equally in short dimensions with a steel
covering of 75 mm. f’c= 27.6 MPa and fy= 415 MPa. Consider eccentricity measured along the longer side.
1) Determine the load Pbal for balanced failure.
2) Determine the eccentricity ebal for balanced failure.
3) Determine the moment Mbal for balanced failure.
4) Determine Pn and Pu when e = 300 mm.
5) Determine Pn and Pu when e=370mm.
 For items 1-3
For item 4 For item 5
P.N.A Pbal P.N.A Pn P.N.A Pn
𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝒆=𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒆=𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒎
500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

325 mm 325 mm 175mm 325 mm 175mm

425 mm 425 mm 𝜀𝑡 425 mm

𝜀𝑡 =𝜀 𝑦 𝜀𝑡 =𝜀 𝑦
𝜀𝑡 =𝜀 𝑦 𝑐 𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜀𝑡 c c

𝜀 ′ 𝑠 𝜀 =0.003 𝜀 ′ 𝑠 𝜀 =0.003 𝜀 ′ 𝑠 𝜀 =0.003

425−𝑐 𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑐 425 - c 𝑐 425 - c 𝑐

𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑙 Pbal Pn
a Pn a

T T T
Cs Cs Cs
Cc Cc Cc
Example 2
A square concrete column 450mm x 450mm is reinforced with 8-28 mm diameter bars spaced evenly on all
sides. The concrete protective cover is 40 mm, stirrups used are 12 mm in diameter. Determine the nominal
balance load and moment of the column. Use f’c – 21 Mpa and fu= 415 Mpa.
 384 mm

𝜀𝑡 =𝜀 𝑦 𝑐 𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝜀 ′ 𝑠2
𝜀 ′ 𝑠 1 𝜀 =0.003
384− 𝑐 𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑐

𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑙 Pbal

Cs2 Cs1
Cc