Major Divisions of Mechanics

1. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies

• Engineering Mechanics
• Study of external forces and motions with particles and rigid bodies
 Rigid body – does not change in size and shape after applying a force
• Statics and dynamics
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
• Strength of Materials
• Study of internal effects caused by external loads on deformable bodies
 Deformable body – can stretch, bend or twist
3. Mechanics of Fluids
 Hydraulics
Importance of Studying Internal Effects on Objects

SAFE AND SUCCESSFUL DESIGN

 Strength
 Stiffness
 Stability
S T R E S S
What is STRESS?

 defined as the force across a "small" boundary per unit area of that boundary, for all
orientations of the boundary
 Unit strength of body
 Force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to external forces
SIMPLE STRESSES
Simple Stress

1. Normal Stress
 Tensile
 Compressive
2. Shearing Stress
3. Bearing Stress
STRESS UNIT CONVERSION

In SI Unit

In English Unit

1 Lb = 1 psi 1000 lbs. = 1 kip

m² 1 kip = 1 kilo pound
1000 psi = 1 ksi
 NORMAL STRESS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

Axial Force, P
• component measures the pulling and pushing action
perpendicular to the section
• Passing through the centroid
Area, A
• Cross sectional area
Normal stress, σ (sigma)
• Positive – tension (elongation)
• Negative – compression (shorten) σ = P .
A
 NORMAL STRESS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

P
P

σc = P . σt = P .
A A
Bridge truss consists of two-force members that may be in tension or in compression
A 20mmØ steel is subjected to a tensile load of 10000N. Determine the tensile
stress in the bar.

A 2m

10000 N

B
A 20mmØ steel is subjected to a tensile load of 10000N. Determine the tensile
stress in the bar.
σt = P ; A = (π/4)d²
A 2m A
= 10000N .
10000 N
(π/4)(20)²
B
σt = 31.83 MPa

Given:
P = 10000N
D = 20mm
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section as show. Axial loads are applied at positions indicated.
Determine the stress in each section.
 PBR PBR σBR = P
A
Bronze
= 4000 lb
Area = 1.2 in² 1.2in²
σBR = 3333.33 psi
Or
ΣFh = 0 ΣFh = 0 σBR = 3.33 ksi (T)
PBR = 4000 lb (T) PBR + 7000 = 9000 + 2000
PBR = 4000 lb (T)
 σAL = P
PAL PAL
A
Aluminum = -5000 lb
Area = 1.8 in² 1.8in²
σAL = -2777.78 psi
ΣFh = 0 ΣFh = 0 Or
4000 = 9000+PAL PAL+7000 = 2000 σAL = 2.78 ksi (C)
PAL = -5000 lb (C) PAL = -5000 lb (C)
 σST = P
PSt PSt
A
Steel = -7000 lb
Area = 1.6 in² 1.6in²
σST = -4375 psi
Or
ΣFh = 0 ΣFh = 0
4000 = 9000+2000+Pst Pst + 7000 = 0 σST = 4.375 ksi (C)
Pst = -7000 lb (C) Pst = -7000 lb (C)
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile
load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is
limited to 120 MN/m2
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile
load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is
limited to 120 MN/m2

σt = P
A
120 = 400KN (1000N)
(π/4)(D)² - (π/4)(100)²
D = 119.35 mm
 Shearing Stress
Resultant Shearing Force, V
• force acting in a direction that's parallel to
a surface or cross section of a body
Area, A
τ = V .
• Cross sectional area of material parallel to A
the applied force
Shear stress, τ (tau)
• defined as a stress that is applied parallel or
tangential to a face of a material, as
opposed to a normal stress which is applied
perpendicularly
 Shearing Stress

τ = V .
A
 Shearing Stress

When slicing a bread, shear force is applied.

 Shearing Stress

τ = V .
A

τ = V .
2A
What force is required to punch a 20 mm Ø hole in a plate that is 25mm thick?
The shear strength is 350MN/m².
What force is required to punch a 20 mm Ø hole in a plate that is 25mm thick?
The shear strength is 350MN/m².
A = Ct
= πd (t) = π(20)(25)
A = 500 π

τ = V .
A
V = τA
= 350 (500 π)
V = 549778.71N or 549.78KN
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as
shown below. The pin diameter is 20mm.
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as
shown below. The pin diameter is 20mm.

ΣMc = 0
RBv(0.25) = 0.25(40sin35) + 0.2(40cos35)
RBv = 49.156 KN

ΣFh = 0
RBh = 40cos35
RBh = 32.766 KN

RB² = (RBV)² + (RBh)²

RB² = (49.14=56)² + (32.766)²
RB = 50.076 KN (shear force of pin at B)
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as
shown below. The pin diameter is 20mm.

RB² = (RBV)² + (RBh)²

RB² = (49.14=56)² + (32.766)²
RB = 50.076 KN (shear force of pin at B)

τ = V . ; double shear
A
= 50.076 KN (1000N)
2 [(π/4)(20mm)²]
τ = 94.02 MPa
 In the hanger shown, the upper portion of the link ABC is 3/8 in thick and the
2 0 2 1

lower portions are each ¼ in thick. Epoxy is used to bond the upper and lower
0 3 ,

portions together at B. The pin at A is of 3/8 in diameter while a ¼ in diameter

S E P T E M B E R

pin is used at C. Determine the ff:

a. Shearing stress in pin A

b. Shearing stress in pin C

Note: Link ABC is a two-force member

 ΣMD = 0
500(15) = FAC(10)
FAC = 750 lb (tension)

a. Shearing stress in pin A

τA = V . ; single shear
A
= 750 lb .
(π/4)(0.375in)²
τA = 6790 psi
 ΣMD = 0
500(15) = FAC(10)
FAC = 750 lb (tension)

b. Shearing stress in pin C

τc = V . ; double shear
A
= 750 lb .
2[(π/4)(0.25in)²]
τc = 7640 psi