CE 224-MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MODULE 1: SIMPLE STRESSES

INTRODUCTION

When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo some deformation. Due
to cohesion between the molecules, the body resists deformation. This resistance by which
material of the body opposes the deformation is known as strength of material. Within a certain
limit (i.e., in the elastic stage) the resistance offered by the material is proportional to the
deformation brought out on the material by the external force. Also, within this limit the
resistance is equal to the external force (or applied load). But beyond the elastic stage, the
resistance offered by the material is less than the applied load. In such a case, the deformation
continues, until failure takes place. Within elastic stage, the resisting force equals applied load.
This resisting force per unit area is called stress or intensity of stress.

OBJECTIVES

 Learn and understand the concepts of internal forces and stresses.

 Define simple stresses, normal or axial stress, shear stress and bearing stress.
 Know how to compute normal, shearing and bearing stresses.

DISCUSSION PROPER

Simple Stresses
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the force
on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly expressed in psi, now in
N/mm2 or MPa.

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2.

Normal Stress
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will
tend to lengthen the member.
Example: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of
400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.

Solution:
P = σA
P = 400 kN= 400000 N

σ = 120 MPa

A = 1/4πD2−14π(1002)
A = 1/4π(D2−10000)

400000 = 120[14π(D2−10000)]

400000=30πD2−300000π

D=119.35 mm

Example: A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in the
figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze
and 120 MPa in steel.

Solution:

By symmetry,

Pbr=Pst=1/2(7848)
Pbr=3924 N
Pst=3924 N
For bronze cable: For steel cable:
Pbr=σbrAbr Pst=σstAst
3924=90Abr 3924=120Ast
Abr=43.6mm2 Ast=32.7mm2
Example: A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections, as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000 lb
and the cross-sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each section.

Solution:

For steel:
σstAst=Pst
σst(0.5)=12
σst=24 ksi

For aluminum: For bronze:

σalAal=Pal σbrAbr=Pbr
σal(0.5)=12 σbr(0.5)=9
σal=24 ksi σbr=18 ksi

Example: Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in the
figure. The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB
and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.
Solution:
Free body diagram of Joint A

For wire AB: For wire AC:

TAB/sin40∘=W/sin80∘ TAC/sin60∘=W/sin80∘
TAB=0.6527W TAC=0.8794W
σABAAB=0.6527W σACAAC=0.8794W
30(0.4)=0.6527W 30(0.5)=0.8794W=30(0.5)
W=18.4kips W=17.1kips

For safe load,

W=17.1 kips

Example: For the truss shown, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. The cross-
sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).
Solution:
ΣMA=0
24RF=16(30)
RF=20k

At joint F:
ΣFV=0
(3/5)DF=20
DF= (Compression)

At joint D:
By symmetry
BD=DF= (Compression)
ΣFV=0
DE=(3/5)BD+(3/5)DF
DE=3/5( )+3/5( )
k
DE=40 (Tension)

At joint E:
ΣFV=0
3/5CE+30=40
CE= (Tension)

Stresses: (Stress = Force/Area)

σCE= =9.26ksi (Tension)

σDE= =22.22ksi (Tension)

σDF= =18.52ksi (Compression)

Shear Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and
compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.

Example: What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm

thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Solution:
V=τA
P=350[π(20)(25)]
P=549778.7N
P=549.8kN
Example: As shown, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi.
The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of
plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick,
determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.

Solution:

(a) Maximum thickness of plate:

Based on puncher strength:

P=σA
P=50[1/4π(2.52)]
P=78.125πkips → Equivalent shear force of the plate

Based on shear strength of plate:

V=τA → V=P
78.125π=40[π(2.5t)]
t=0.781 inch

(b) Diameter of smallest hole:

Based on compression of puncher:

P=σA
P=50(1/4πd2)
P=12.5πd2 → Equivalent shear force for plate

Based on shearing of plate:

V=τA → V=P
12.5πd2=40[πd(0.25)]
d=0.8 inch
Example: Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P
= 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Solution:

The bolt is subject to double shear.

V=τA
400(1000)=300[2(1/4πd2)]
d=29.13mm

Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

Example: As shown, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for
shearing of rivet. Determine the minimum thickness of each plate based on bearing stress.
Solution:

From shearing of rivet:

P=τArivets
P=60[1/4π(202)]
P=6000πN

From bearing of plate material:

P=σbAb
6000π=120(20t)
t=7.85mm

Example: In the clevis shown, find the minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a load
P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

Solution:

For shearing of rivets (double shear)

P=τA
14=12[2(1/4πd2)]
d=0.8618in → diameter of bolt

For bearing of yoke:

P=σbAb
14=20[2(0.8618t)]
t=0.4061in → thickness of yoke
Example: The lap joint shown is fastened by four ¾ in. diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum
safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the
bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed
among the four rivets.

Solution:

Based on shearing of rivets:

P=τA
P=14[4(1/4π)(3/4)2]
P=24.74kips

Based on bearing of plates:

P=σbAb
P=18[4(3/4)(7/8)]
P=47.25kips

Safe load P,
P=24.74kips

Thin-walled Cylinders

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces,
which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

Tangential Stress, σt

Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the tank
is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:
 The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total
tension in the walls T.
F=pA=pDL
T=σtAwall=σttL

ΣFH=0
F=2T
pDL=2(σttL)

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

( )

Longitudinal Stress, σL

Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress
on the wall PT = σLAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to πDt

PT=σLπDt

ΣFH=0
PT=F
σLπDt=p D2
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

( )

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

σt=2σL

Example: A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20
mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and
longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the
stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?

Solution:

(a) F=2T
pDL=2(σttL)
( )
( )
σt=45MPa

F=P
1/4πD2p=σL(πDt)
( )
( )
σL=22.5MPa

(b) σt=2σL therefore Tangential stress is the critical,

( )
( )
p=12MPa
SAQ (SELF ASSESMENT EXAMINATION)

1. The homogeneous bar shown in the figure is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that
runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

2. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in the figure.
The pin diameter is 20 mm.

3. The strength of longitudinal joint in the figure below is 33 kips/ft, whereas for the girth is 16
kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the internal pressure is 150 psi.
SUMMARY

Stresses is the internal effect of external forces applied to structural members. The
fundamentals of stresses are the foundation of simple up-to complex designs of different tools,
equipment, machineries, structures etc. These engineering products has paved a way for us to
development and innovation.

REFERENCES

1. Besavilla, Strength of Materials 2nd ed. VIB Publisher

2. A. Pytel and F. Singer, Strength of Materials 4th ed. Harper Collins Publishers
3. Mathalino.com

ISUE__ __ Syl ___

Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020