Dr.

Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Introduction:
Strength of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid
bodies subjected to various types of loading. Other names for this field of study are mechanics
of materials and solid mechanics. The solid bodies considered in this study include bars with
axial loads, shafts in torsion, beams in bending, and columns in compression. The principal
objective of mechanics of materials is to determine the stresses, strains, and displacements in
structures and their components due to the loads acting on them. If we can find these quantities
for all values of the loads up to the loads that cause failure, we will have a complete picture of
the mechanical behavior of these structures.

Chapter One- Stress and Axial Loads

The Concept of the Stress: Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. It
is measured in psi (English unit) or in MPa (SI unit).

Stress = Force / Area

When the force applied in one direction, the resulted stress will be in one direction only such as
δx , δy∨δz

The stresses can be in two direction,

like the stresses acting on a plane

Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

While in a space element the stresses

will act in three directions

Types of Stresses: Simple stresses can be classified

as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.

1- Normal Stresses: The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal.
There are two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile stress
applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tend to shorten the bar.
P
∂=
A

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2.

Problems:

1- A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.

Solution:
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

2- A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Figure.

Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and
120 MPa in steel.

3- A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections, as shown in Figure bellow. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each
section.

Solution:

4- An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in
Figure below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P
that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100
MPa.

Solution:
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Classwork: The bar in the Figure has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

Shearing Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and
compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
V
τ=
A

Where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A being
sheared.

Problems:

1- What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The
shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Solution
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

2- If each of the three nails has a diameter of 4 mm and can withstand an average shear stress
of 60 MPa, determine the maximum allowable force P that can be applied to the board.

V
τ=
A

τ = 60 MPa; V for each nail = P/3; A=π D2/4= 4 π mm2

P/3=60 × 4 π
P= 2262 N = 2.262 kN

3- The frame supports the loading shown. The pin at A has a diameter of 0.25 in. If it is
subjected to double shear, determine the average shear stress in the pin.
AX

Ay

Solution:
Ʃ M@ B=0
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

600 × 4 – Ax × 3=0 Ax = 800 lb = V

V
For double shear:τ = 2 A

800
τ= 2
π (0.25)
2×
4

= 8148.7 psi

4-The members of the structure in Fig. P-120 weigh 200 lb/ft. Determine the smallest diameter
pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited to 5000 psi. Assume single shear.

Solution
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Bearing Stress:

The bearing stress is a normal compressive stress

happens between two surfaces. In this example, we have two bearing stresses. First, between
the timber block and the steel base, this equals:
P+W 1
σ b=
120× 100

Second, between the steel base and the soil,

this equals:
P+ W 1+ W 2
σ b=
b ×b

Problems:

1- In the clevis shown in Figure, find the minimum

bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of each
yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without
exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing
stress of 20 ksi.
Solution:
For shearing of rivets (double shear)
P= τ×A
2
π ×d
14= 12[2×( ¿]
4
d= 0.8618 in
For bearing of yoke:
P=σb×Ab
14= 20 [2(0.8618 × t )]
t = 0.4061 in.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

2- A tie-down on a deck of a sailboat consists of a bent bar bolted at

both ends, as shown in Figure. The diameter dB of the bar is 0.25 in,
the diameter dW of the washers is 7/8 in., and the thickness t of the
fiberglass deck is 3/8 in.
If the shear stress of the fiberglass is 300 psi and the bearing pressure
between the washer and the fiberglass is 550 psi, what is the load P on
the tie-down.
Solution:
Based upon shear stress in fiberglass: Based upon bearing pressure:
τ = 300 psi σb= 550 psi
shear area As= π dW t bearing area Ab= π/4 (d2w - d2B)
P1/2= τ AS= τ π dW t P2/2= σb Ab= 550 (π/4) [(7/8)2 – (1/4)2]
= 300 × π× 7/8 × 3/8 P2= 607lb
P1= 619 lb
So, bearing pressure governs, P= 607 lb

3- For the structure shown in Figure, determine the diameter of the bolt and the area of bearing
plate if the normal stress in the bolt is 18ksi and the bearing stress between the bearing plate
and the beam is 0.5 ksi.

Sol:
Bearing plates
From F.B.D of whole structure:

Ʃ MA =0

-RDy × 18 + 9 ×12=0

RDy= 6 kips
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Part BCD as F.B.D

RBy RC RDy= 6

Ʃ MB =0

RC ×6- 6×15= 0 RC = 15 Kips

Rc π 2
δ tensile stress =
A bolt
Abolt = 15/18= 0.833 in2 = 4 d d= 1.0 in

Rc
δ bearing stress¿
A bearing plates

15 kips 2
Abearing plates = =30 ¿
0.5 ksi

4- For the structure shown in Figure. find: 12ksi

a) The bearing stress between the column and the foundation.
b) If the bearing stress between the foundation and the soil
is 1 ton/ft2, find the dimensions of the foundation.

Sol.:
P 12
a) δ bearing ¿ A = 6× 6 =0.333 ksi

P
b) δ bearing for soil ¿ B × B

12000lb
1 ton/ft2= 2400 lb/ ft2 = B× B

B× B=5ft2 , B= 2.23 ft = 26.76 in

Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Allowable Stresses and Factor of Safety

To ensure the safety of the design, it is therefore necessary to choose an allowable stress that
restricts the applied load to one that is less than the load the member can fully support. There
are many reasons for doing this. For example, the load for which the member is designed may
be different from actual loadings placed on it. The intended measurements of a structure or
machine may not be exact, due to errors in fabrication or in the assembly of its component
parts. Unknown vibrations, impact, or accidental loadings can occur that may not be accounted
for in the design. Atmospheric corrosion, decay, or weathering tend to cause materials to
deteriorate during service. And lastly, some materials, such as wood, concrete, or fiber-
reinforced composites, can show high variability in mechanical properties.

One method of specifying the allowable load for a member is to use a number called the factor
of safety. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load to the allowable load. So, in
the case of stresses, the factor of safety is expressed as :

δ failure
F.S= δ allowable >1

Problems:

(1) The rigid bar AB shown in Figure is supported by a steel rod

AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an aluminum block having a
cross sectional area of 1800 mm 2. The 18-mm-diameter pins at A
and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the
steel and aluminum is 680 MPa and 70 MPa respectively, and the
failure shear stress for each pin is 900 MPa, determine the largest
load P that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of
F.S=2.

Solution:
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Pin A or C, due to single shear:

FAC= V= τallow × A = 450 × 10-3 ×π × 92 =

114.5 kN
114.5 ×2
P= =183 kN
1.25

By comparison, as P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), the allowable normal stress will first
be developed in the aluminum block. Hence, P = 168 kN.

2- The 50-kg flower port is suspended from wires AB and BC as

shown in the Figure. If the wires have a normal failure stress of
350 MPa. Determine the minimum diameter of each wire. Use
F.S= 2.5.

Solution:
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Class work

1- In Figure shown below, assume that a 20-mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each of
110 mm width. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.

2-
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Home work of Chapter One

1- Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown in the Figure. Indicate the
tension or compression. The cross sectional area of each member is 1600 mm2.

2- The built – up shaft consists of a pipe AB and solid rod BC. The pipe has an inner diameter
of 20 mm and outer diameter of 28mm. The rod has a diameter of 12mm. Determine the
average normal stress at points D and E.

3- The lap joint shown in Figure below is fastened by four ¾-in. diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

3- The lap joint shown in Figure below is fastened by four ¾-in. diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials (Mechanics of

Materials)

Axially Loaded Members

In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is given
by

σ = Eε

since σ = P / A and εe = δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,

To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area,
and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross-sectional area is not
uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and
applying integration.

For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own
weight is

where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is
the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

STIFFNESS, k

Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement.
It has the unit of N/mm.

k=P/δ

Q1- A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of
steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Q2- A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to
exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E =
29 × 106 psi.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Q3- An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in 2 carries the axial loads applied at
the positions shown in Fig. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Sol:
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Q4-The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to
30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.

Q5- a sustained bar of 0.5 in2 is subjected to loading condition shown in fig. determine the total
elongation at free end if E=30×106 psi:
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Q6-for the bar shown in fig. find:

a) the shorting in term of F, L, A and E.

b) if F=96 K, L=40ft, A=100 in2, E= 1.5×106 psi , find the value of shorting.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Shear and Moment Diagrams by Equations

Because of the applied loadings, beams develop an internal shear force and bending moment
that, in general, vary from point to point along the axis of the beam. In order to properly design
a beam it therefore becomes necessary to determine the maximum shear and moment in the
beam. One way to do this is to express V and M as functions of their arbitrary position x along
the beam’s axis. These shear and moment functions can then be plotted and represented by
graphs called shear and moment diagrams.

Procedure for analysis

Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

1. Determine all the reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam.
2. Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at the beam’s left end and extending to
regions of the beam between concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where there is
no discontinuity of distributed loading.
3. Section the beam at each distance x, and draw the free-body diagram of one of the segments.
Be sure V and M are shown acting in their positive sense, in accordance with the sign
convention given before.
4. The shear is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis.
5. The moment is obtained directly by summing moments about the sectioned end of the
segment.

Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Composite Beams

Composite beams are made from different materials in order to efficiently carry a load.
Application of the flexure formula requires the material to be homogeneous, and so the cross
section of the beam must be transformed into a single material.
Dr. Luma Fadhil Husain Strength of Materials

Method of Transformed Section

Since the flexure formula was developed only for beams having homogeneous material, this
formula cannot be applied directly to determine the normal stress in a composite beam. So, the
analysis will be done by using a method transforming a composite beam’s cross section into
one made of a single material by using a transformation factor (n)

E1
n= >1
E2

Where:

E1 and E2 are the moduli of elasticity of the materials 1 and 2.