Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Module 1 Title: Simple Stress

Module Introduction/Rationale:

Strength of Materials, a subject dealing with the relationships between the external loads applied
to an elastic body and the intensity of the internal forces acting within the body. The intensities of the
internal resisting forces are called stresses. In the study of strength of materials, bodies are considered
deformable.

The subject involves analytical methods for determining the strength (load-carrying capacity
based on stresses inside a member), stiffness (deformation characteristics), and stability (the ability of a
slender member to maintain its initial configuration without buckling while being subjected to
compressive loading).

Module Outcomes:
CO1: Understand the concepts of stress and strain.

Lesson 1 Title: Normal Stress (Axial Stress)

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the learner should be able to:
1. solve the tensile stress of the material.
2. solve the compressive stress of the material.

Concept of Stress

The stress is defined as force per unit area or intensity of the forces distributed over a given cross
section. In general, it is denoted by  (Greek lowercase letter sigma).

 = P/A

where:  = the normal stress in the cross-section (MPa, KPa, Pa, psi, psf)
P = the internal axial force at the section (N, KN, lbs)
A = the cross-sectional area of the rod (mm2, m2, in2, ft2)

Normal stresses are caused by internal forces normal (perpendicular) to the area under
consideration.

Positive sign is used to represent tensile stresses and negative sign is used to represent
compressive stresses.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to
lengthen the member.

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Two Types of Normal Stress or Axial Stress

1. Tensile Stress – due to tensile force
2. Compressive Stress – due to compressive stress

Conversion of Units
The SI Units
1 Pa (Pascal) = 1 N/m2 1 KN (Kilonewton) = 1000 N (Newton)
1 KPa (Kilopascal) = 1000 Pa = 1 KN/m2 1 m (meter) = 1000 mm (millimeter)
1 MPa (Megapascal) = 1x106 Pa = 1 N/mm2
1 GPa (Gigapascal) = 1x109 Pa = 1x103 MPa

The English Units

1 psi = 1 lb/in2 1 k (kip) = 1000 lbs (pounds)
1 psf = 1 lb/ft2 1 ft (feet) = 12 in (inches)
1 ksi = 1 kip/in2

Sample Problem:
1. Determine the compressive stress of the column shown if it carries a load of 150 KN.

150 KN Solution:

P
=
A

P = applied load = 150 KN = 150(1,000) = 150,000 N

A = cross-sectional area of the column

π 2 π 2
A= D o – Di
4 4
Do = outside diameter = 175 mm
125 mm 175 mm Di = inside diameter = 125 mm
π π
A = (175)2 – (125)2 = 11,780.97 mm2
4 4

P
=
A
150,000N N
= = 12.73 = 12.73 MPa answer
11,780.97mm2 mm2

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

2. Compute the diameter of the cable at point B if the axial stress is limited to 110 MPa.

Solution:
cable
3.0 m From the free body diagram (FBD)

A RAH = Reaction at point A along the horizontal axis

B C RAV = Reaction at point A along the vertical axis
P = 20 KN
The hypotenuse of the slope is 5 (using Pythagorean
4.0 m 2.0 m
Theorem)
C= a2 + b 2 = 32 + 4 2 = 5

Using moment at point A, solve for the value of T

FBD (free-body diagram): MA = 0
0 = 20 (6.0 m) – T(3/5) (4.0 m)
T = 50 KN
T = tension at the cable
T(3/5)
5 P
3 =
T(4/5) 4 A
A 50(1000)N
RAH B C 110 MPa=
A
P = 20 KN A = 454.55 mm
2

4.0 m 2.0 m π
RAV A = D2
4
π
454.55 = D 2
4
2 454.55 (4)
D= = 578.75
π
D = 578.75 = 24.06 mm answer

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

3. Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of aluminum segment rigidly connected
between steel and bronze segments. Find the safe value of P if the working stresses are 340 MPa for
steel, 72 MPa for aluminum, and 120 MPa for bronze.

Bronze Aluminum Steel

2 From FBD for aluminium:
A = 400 mm A = 600 mm2 A = 200 mm
2

3P 6P Using Fx=0 Right = Left

7P 2P
3P + X = 7P
3.0 m 4.0 m 6.0 m X = 4P (the force is tension therefore it is positive)
From the FBD the force (colour red) is pulling the
material
FBD for bronze:
P
= P = + 4P (tension)
3P 3P A
4P
72 MPa =
600mm2
FBD for aluminium:
4P = (72)(600) = 43,200 N
P = 43,200 N  4 = 10,800 N
7P
3P 4P P = 10,800 N  1000 = 10.80 KN

From FBD for steel:

FBD for steel:
Using Fx=0 Right = Left
7P 2P
3P 6P
3P + X = 7P + 2P
X = 6P (the force is tension therefore it is positive)
From the FBD the force (colour red) is pulling the
Solution: material

From FBD for bronze: P

= P = + 6P (tension)
A
Using Fx=0 Right = Left 6P
340 MPa =
200mm2
3P = 3P (the force is compressive therefore it is negative)
From the FBD the force (colour red) is pushing
6P = (340)(200) = 68,000 N
the material
P = 68,000 N  6 = 11,333.33 KN
P = 11,333.33 N  1000 = 11.33 KN
P
= P = – 3P (compression)
A
The safe load P = 10.80 KN answer (the least value)
3P
120 MPa =
400mm2

3P = (120)(400) = 48,000 N
P = 48,000 N  3 = 16,000 N
P = 16,000 N  1000 = 16 KN

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Lesson 2 Title: Shear Stress and Bearing Stress

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the learner should be able to:
1. solve the shear stress of the material.
2. solve the punching shear of the material.
3. solve the bearing stress of the material.

Shear Stresses

Shear stress is defined as the intensity of internal force tangential (parallel) to the area in
question. Shear stress differs from normal stress because shear stress is parallel to the area on which it
acts, while normal stress is perpendicular to the area.

 ave = P/As

Where:  ave = the average shear stress (Greek lowercase letter tau)
P = the internal resisting shear force parallel or tangent to the shear plane
As = the area of the shear plane

Average shear stress is often used in design to evaluate the strength of connectors, such as rivets,
bolts, and welds.

The Lap Joint

A lap joint connects two overlapping tension plates with a rivet or a bolt. The rivet is subjected to
shear stress.

Single Shear

The stresses will develop in the rivet along the plane EE

The shear stress is given by
 ave = P/A
A = (n) πd2 / 4 d = diameter of rivet/bolt
n= number of pieces
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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Double Shear

In each of the cross sections, the shear force is equal to F/2

The shear stress is given by

 ave = P/A = F/2A A = (n) πd2 / 4

Punching Shear

Punch
P
t = thickness of
the material
Metal sheet
t = thickness of
AP the material

D = diameter of
the punch

D = diameter of
the punch

 P = P/Ap

Where:  p = punching shear (Greek lowercase letter tau)

P = the internal resisting shear force parallel or tangent to the shear plane
Ap = the area of the shear plane
Ap = circumference X thickness of the material = πDt
D = diameter of the punch
t = thickness of the material

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Bearing Stresses

When one body presses against another, bearing stress occurs between the two bodies. For
example, the figure shows that the bottom of the block is pressed against the top of the pier by a
compressive force P. The bearing stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed in the shaded area.

b= P/Ab

Bearing Stress between Rivet and Plate

In the lap joint and butt joint, bearing stresses occurs between rivets or bolts and the plates.

Bolts, pins and rivets create stresses in the members they connect along the bearing surface or
also known as surface of contact.

Bearing stress is equal to force per unit bearing surface area. In general, it is an average value.

b= P/Ab

where: b = the bearing stress

P = the force transmitted
Ab = the projected area
Ab = nd t
n= number of pieces of rivets
d = the diameter of the rivet
t = the thickness of the steel plate

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Sample Problem:
1. The lap joint shown is connected by four 20-mm diameter rivets. Determine (a) the shear stress in the
rivets and (b) the bearing stress between the rivets and the plates. Assume that the load P = 120 KN is
carried equally by the four rivets.

Solution:

Shear Stress in the rivet (single lap connection)

 ave = P/A P = 120 KN

π 2
A=n d n = no. of rivets or bolts
4
n = 4 pcs
d = diameter of rivets or bolts
d = 20 mm

π
(20)2 = 1256.64 mm
2
A = (4 pcs)
4

120(1000)N
 ave = = 95.49 MPa answer
1256.64mm2

Bearing Stress between the rivets and the plate

b= P/Ab P = 120 KN

A = ndt n = no. of rivets or bolts

n = 4 pcs
t = 12 mm
2
A = (4 pcs)(20 mm)(12 mm) = 960 mm

120(1000)N
b= = 125 MPa answer
960mm2

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

2. The lap joint shown is connected by three 10-mm diameter rivets. Determine (a) the shear stress in the
rivets and (b) the bearing stress between the rivets and the plates. Assume that the load P = 40 KN is
carried equally by the three rivets.

10 mmɸ rivet Bearing Stress between the rivets and the plate
P P
using the inner steel plate
t = 14 mm
b= P/Ab P = 40 KN
A = ndt n = no. of rivets or bolts
P/2 8 mm
P 14 mm A = (3 pcs)(10 mm)(14 mm) = 420 mm
2

P/2 8 mm
40(1000)N
b= = 95.24 MPa
420mm2

using the outer steel plate

t = 8 mm
b= P/Ab P/2 = 20 KN
Solution: A = ndt n = no. of rivets or bolts
2
Shear Stress in the rivet (double lap connection) A = (3 pcs)(10 mm)(8 mm) = 240 mm

using the inner steel plate 20(1000)N

b= = 83.33 MPa answer
 ave = P/A P = 40 KN 240mm2

π 2 Note: between the inner and the outer plates, the bearing
A = (2) n d 2 = double shear
4 stress is the least value
n = no. of rivets or bolts
d = diameter of rivets or bolts

π
(10)2 = 471.24 mm
2
A = (2)(3 pcs)
4
40(1000)N
 ave = = 84.88 MPa answer
471.24mm2

using the outer steel plate

 ave = P/A P/2 = 20 KN

π 2 π
d = (3 pcs) (10)2 = 235.62 mm
2
A=n
4 4
20(1000)N
 ave = = 84.88 MPa answer
235.62mm 2

Note: shear stresses are equal for both inner and outer
steel plates.

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

3. Determine the load P that the 100 mm diameter column could carry and the shear strength of the
punch if the working compressive stress of the column is limited to 20 MPa.

P
Solution:

P
100 mm =
A
70 mm
P = applied load
125 mm A = cross-sectional area of the column

125 mm π 2
A= D
4
D = diameter of the column = 100 mm

π
(100) 2 = 7,853.98 mm
2
A=
4

P
=
A
P
20=
7,853.98mm2

P = (20)(7853.98) = 157,079.60 N  1000

P = 157.08 KN answer

Punching Shear

 P = P/Ap

P = 157.08 KN

Ap =πDt = π (100mm)(70mm) = 21,991.15 mm2

157.08(1000)N
 P = P/Ap = = 7.14 MPa answer
21,991.15mm2

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Problem Set No: 1 – Module 1 (Lesson 1)

1. A hollow steel column is subjected to a load of 180 KN, determine the outside diameter of the hollow
column if the compressive stress is limited to 40.74 MPa.
180 KN

100 mm DO

2. Determine the load P that the 100mm x 150 mm rectangular column could carry if the compressive
stress of the column is limited to 12.50 MPa.
P
100 mm

150 mm

Column

Footing

3. Determine the stress of the steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm.

Steel Rod

P = 50 KN

2.40 m 1.80 m

4. Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of aluminum segment rigidly connected
between steel and bronze segments. Determine the stress in each material.

Bronze Aluminum Steel

2 2 2
A = 500 mm A = 700 mm A = 300 mm
10 KN
20 KN 30 KN
40 KN

3.0 m 4.0 m 6.0 m

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

5. The column consists of a 125 mm circular wooden post and a 200mm x 200mm concrete footing,
separated by a steel plate. Find the safe value of the axial load P if the working stresses are 15 MPa for
wood and 18 MPa for concrete.
2P

5P Wooden Post

Concrete
Footing

6. Determine the diameter of member AB if its stress is equal to the stress of member BC having a
diameter of 100 mm.

30 KN 20 KN
C
A B

7. The uniform bar AB having a length of 2.50 m is suspended from two cables AC and BD each with cross-
sectional area of 600 mm2. Find the magnitude P and the location X of the vertical force that can be
applied to the bar. The stress in AC and BD are limited to 110 MPa and 80 MPa, respectively.

C D

P
X

A B
2.50 m

8. Determine the area of member AB and BC if the allowable working stress for each member is limited to
75 MPa.

A C

0 0
40 B 60

50 KN

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Problem Set No: 1 – Module 1 (Lesson 2)

9. The lap joint shown is connected by three 16-mm diameter rivets. Determine the safe load P that can
be applied if the allowable stresses are 40 MPa for shear in rivets and 60 MPa for bearing between the
rivets and the plates.

3 -16mm ø
P 125 mm P

10 mm
P
P
10 mm

10. A 150 mm diameter concrete column is resting on a steel plate having a punching shear of 23.58 MPa.
If the working compressive stress of the column is 11.32 MPa, compute the load P that the column
could carry and the thickness of the steel plate.
P

Concrete
Column

Steel
Plate

11. The lap joint shown is connected by four 12-mm diameter rivets. Determine (a) the shear stress in the
rivets and (b) the bearing stress between the rivets and the plates. Assume that the load P = 50 KN is
carried equally by the four rivets.

12 mmɸ rivet

P P

P/2 6 mm
P 10 mm
P/2 6 mm

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 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

12. The lap joint shown is connected by 6 pieces rivets. Determine the diameter of the rivets if the
allowable shear stress is 148.54 MPa. Assume that the load P = 70 KN is carried equally by the six rivets.

6 pcs rivets
P P

12 mm
P
P
12 mm

13. In the double lap connection shown in the figure, determine (a) the shear stress in the rivets if the
diameter of the rivet is 16 mm and (b) the thickness of the inner steel plate if the bearing stress is
132.63 MPa. Assume that the load P = 120 KN is carried equally by the four rivets.

P 100 mm

P t

14. A circular concrete column is resting on a steel plate having a punching shear of 12.73 MPa. If the
working compressive stress of the column is 14.55 MPa, determine the diameter of the concrete
column and the thickness of the steel plate. Assume P = 350 KN.

Concrete
Column

Steel
Plate

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