Chapter 1 Stress and strain

Example 1-2 If the wood joint has a width of 150 mm. Determine the average shear stress
developed along shear planes a–a and b–b. For each plane, represent the state of stress on an
element of the material.

SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. Referring to the free-body diagram of the member.
 Fx = 0 , 6kN − F − F = 0 , F = 3kN
Now consider the equilibrium of segments cut across shear planes a-a and b-b:
 Fx = 0 , Fa − 3kN=0 , Fa = 3kN
F x = 0 , Fb − 3kN=0 , Fb = 3kN
Average Shear Stress.
Fa 3 103 N
( a )avg = = =200kPa
Aa 0.1m  0.15m
Fb 3 103 N
( b )avg = = =160kPa
Ab 0.125m  0.15m

Example 1-3 The bolted connection is shown in the figure. The load F = 15kN, the diameter of
the bolt is d=20 mm, the thickness of the plate h=10 mm.
Determine the shear stress τ and the compressive stress σ .
c

Solution.
FQ F 4F
= = = = 47.7MPa
  ( d 2)  d2
2
AQ

FC F
C = = = 75MPa
AC d  h

1
H1-1 The long bolt passes through the 30-mm-thick plate. If the force in the bolt shank is 8 kN,
determine the average normal stress σn in the shank, the average shear stress τa along the
cylindrical area of the plate defined by the section lines a–a, and the average shear stress τb in
the bolt head along the cylindrical area defined by the section lines b–b.

Ans. σn = 208 MPa, τa = 4.72 MPa, τb = 45.5 Mpa

Solution.
F F 8 103
n = = 2
= 2
MPa = 208MPa
A 1  1 
 d 3.14   7 
2  2 
F F 8  103
a = = = MPa = 4.72MPa
Aaa  Da  t 3.14  18  30
F F 8 103
b = = = MPa = 45.5MPa
Abb  Db  h 3.14  7  8

H1-2. The mortise and tenon joint structure is shown in the figure. a=b= 120 mm, l=350mm, c
= 45mm, F = 40kN.
Determine the shear stress τ and the compressive stress σc.

Solution.
FQ F
= = = 0.95MPa
AQ l b
FC F
C = = = 7.4MPa
AC c  b

2
 Chapter 2 Axial Load

Example 2-2 The force F=20kN, the diameter of the bar AB is 20 mm, the dimension of the bar
BC is 15×15 mm.
Determine the internal force and stress of bar AB and BC.

Ans.
FN1 = 28.3kN FN 2 = −20kN 1 = 90MPa  2 = −89MPa

Solution.

F y =0 FN1 sin 45 − F = 0

F x =0 FN1 cos 45 + FN 2 = 0

FN1 = 28.3kN FN 2 = −20kN

FN 1 28.3 103
1 = = = 90MPa
A1 
 202 10−6
4
FN 2 −20  103
2 = = = −89MPa
A2 152 10−6

3
Example 2-3 F1=10kN, F2=20kN, F3=35kN, F4=25kN, the diameter of the bar is
d=20mm. E=200GPa. lAB=lBC=lCD=1m. The allowable stress [σ] = 160 MPa, allowable
elongation [Δl] = 0.5 mm. Determine:
(1) the maximum stress of the bar;
(2) the relative displacement of AD, Δl.

Solution.
(1) The normal force diagram of the bar is:

the maximum stress of the bar:

FN max 25  103
= = = 79.6 MPa < [ ]
A  (20 2)2

the relative displacement of AD, Δl:

l = 
FNi li
=
( 25 103 )  (11000 ) = 0.4mm  [l ]
EA ( 200 103 )   (20 2)2

So the bar is safe.

4
H2-1 The cross sectional area of bar AB A1=800mm2，bar BC A2=240mm2，The Young’s
modulus E=200GPa. Determine the elongation Δl of the bar AC.

40kN 20kN
60kN
A B C
0.4m 0.4m
l = −0.067mm

Solution.
(1) Axial force diagram.
40 kN

+
-
20 kN
FNAB = 40kN ( tension ) , FNBC = -20kN ( compression )
(2) The elongation of bar AB、BC
FNABlAB 40  103  0.4
AB: l2 = = m=110−4 m=0.1mm
EA1 200 109  8 10−4
FNBC lBC −20 103  0.4
BC: l2 = = m = -1.67  10−4 m = -0.167mm
EA2 200 109  2.4 10−4
So the bar AB is elongated ，and bar BC is shortened.
(3) The elongation of bar AC
l = l1 + l2 = (0.1 − 0.167)mm = −0.067mm
So the bar AC is shortened.

5
H2-2 Rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown in Fig. 4-8a. AC is made of steel and
has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40 mm. Determine
the displacement of point F on AB if a vertical load of 90 kN is applied over this point. Take
Est= 200 GPa,Eal=70 GPa.
Ans.  F = 0.225mm
90kN
200mm 400mm

A
F B

300mm

C D

Solution.
Internal Force. The compressive forces acting at the top of each post are determined from the
equilibrium of member AB. These forces are equal to the internal forces in each post.
Displacement. The displacement of the top of each post is
90kN
200mm 400mm

60kN 30kN

Post AC：  A =
PAC LAC
=
( −60 103 )  0.3
= − 286  (10−6 )m= 0.286 mm
AAC Est   (0.010) 2  ( 200 109 )

Post BD:  B =
PBD LBD
=
( −30 103 )  0.3 = − 102  (10−6 )m= 0.102 mm
ABD Est   (0.02)2  ( 70  109 )

A diagram showing the centerline displacements at A.B.and F on the beam. The displacement
of point F is
600mm

400mm
0.102mm A B

0.286mm δF 0.102mm

0.184mm

400
 F = 0.102 + 0.184  = 0.225mm
600

6
 Chapter 3 Torsion of shaft

Example 3-2 The angular velocity of the shaft is n = 300 r/min. The power of driving wheel A
is PA=45 kW, The powers of driven wheels B,C,D are PB=10 kW, PC=15 kW, PD=20 kW.
Determine (1) the torques MA, MB, MC, MD; (2) Draw the torque diagram of the shaft.

45
M A = 9549  = 1432 N m
300
10
M B = 9549  = 318 N m
300
15
M C = 9549  = 477 N m
300
20
M D = 9549  = 637 N m
300

7
Example 3-5 The shear modulus of elasticity for the shaft G = 80 GPa. The diameter of shaft
is d=45 mm. The external couple moment Me1=120 N·m, Me2=200 N·m, Me3=80 N·m. The
length of AB and BC is l = 300 mm.
Determine the angles of twist between AB, BC and AC.

Solution.
AB: M x1 = −120N  m

BC: M x 2 = 80N  m
M x1  l AB −120  0.3
 AB = = rad = −1.12  10−3 rad
GI p 
80 10   0.045
9 4

32
M x 2  lBC 80  0.3
 BC = = rad = 7.47  10−4 rad
GI p 
80  10   0.045
9 4

32
 AC =  AB + BC = (−1.12 10−3 + 7.47 10−4 )rad = −3.73 10−4 rad

8
H 3-1 The outer diameter of the tube is D= 90 mm, the thickness δ = 15 mm. The external
couple moment M1=15.93 kN·m, M2=M3=4.78 kN·m, M4=6.37 kN·m. The allowable shear
stress [τ]=80 MPa. Determine the maximum shear stress τmax, whether it meets the requirement
of strength.
ANS.  max = 83.3 MPa

M2 M3 M1 M4
δ

D
B C A D

Solution.
(1) Determine the torque diagram:
M BC = −4.78 kN  m M AC = − 9.56 kN  m
M AD = 6.37 kN  m M max = 9.56 kN  m

6.37

Mx(kN·m)

4.78

9.56
(2) Calculate Wp :
d D − 2
= = = 0.667
D D
D 3
Wp =
16
(1 −  ) = 114.8 10
4 −6
m3

(3) Calculate τmax :

M max
 max = = 83.3MPa<  
WP
The shaft is safe

9
H3-2 The diameter of the solid shaft is d=50 mm, power of the shaft is P=10 kW, angular
velocity n = 120 r/min. The shear modulus of elasticity G = 80 GPa. The allowable shear stress
[τ]=60 MPa, the allowable angle of twist per length [θ] = 0.5°/m. Determine the maximum
shear stress τmax, angle of twist per length θ, whether they meet the requirements of the strength
and stiffness.
ANS.
 max = 32.4MPa
 = 0.93o / m

Solution.
P
M e = 9549 = 795.8 N  m
n
Mx Me
 max = = = 32.4MPa  [ ]
Wp 1
d 3

16
M x 180 Me 180
=  =  = 0.93o / m  [ ]
GI p   1  
G d4 
 32 
It satisfies the requirement of strength, but does not satisfy the requirement of stiffness. The
shaft is not safe.

10
 Chapter 4 Bending of beams
Example 4-7 The simply supported beam has the rectangular cross-sectional area. The modulus
of elasticity E=200GPa. The section C is 1m away from point A. Determine (1) shear and
moment diagrams of the beam; (2) the maximum normal stress of the beam.

Solution.
1. Reactions
FAy = 90kN , FBy = 90kN
2. Shear and moment diagrams.

3. Calculate the maximum normal stress.

M max = 67.5kN  m
M max 67.5 103
 max = = = 104.17MPa
WZ 120 1802 10−9
6

11
Example 4-9 The overhanging beam has circular cross-sectional area, the diameter d=60 mm.
The allowable normal stress [σ]=170 MPa and allowable shear stress [τ]=100 MPa. Determine
(1) The reaction forces FA and FB; (2) shear and moment diagram; (3) the maximum normal
and shear stress of the beam, whether they satisfy the requirement of strength.

F=6 kN
A B

1m 0.5 m d

6 kN

+
-
3 kN

-
3 kN·m

(1) FA=-0.5F=3 kN；FB= 1.5F=9 kN

(2) Draw the shear and moment diagrams
(3) Calculate the stress
M F  0.5 32  3 103
 max = = = Pa = 141.54MPa  [ ]
W 1 32  d 3   603 10−9
16 F 16  6  103
 max = = Pa = 2.83MPa  [ ]
3 d 2
3  602  10−6
the maximum normal and shear stresses both satisfy the requirement of strength, so the beam
is safe.

12
H 4-1 The simply supported beam is shown in the figure.
(1) Calculate the reaction forces FA and FB;
(2) Draw the shear and moment diagrams.
q=4kN/m
B
A

1m 1m

Solution.

3kN

+
-
1kN

1.125kN·m
1kN·m
+
 M ＝0 A

−q 1 0.5 + FB  2 = 0

F y =0
FA + FB − q  4 = 0
FA = 3 kN
FB = 1 kN

13
H 4-2 The overhanging beam is shown in the figure.
(1) Calculate the reaction forces FC and FD;
(2) Draw the shear and moment diagrams.

q=10 kN/m F=10kN

D
A C B

1m 1m 1m 1m

Solution.

10

FQ diagram
+
-
2.5
10

M diagram

5 kN·m
-
10 kN·m

M ＝0
C

q 1  0.5 + FD  2 − F  3 = 0

F y =0
FC + FD − q 1 − F = 0
FC = 7.5 kN
FD = 12.5 kN

14
H4-3 The beam has rectangular cross-sectional area, b=150 mm, h=200 mm. The force F=20
kN. The allowable normal stress [σ]=130 MPa and allowable shear stress [τ]=60 MPa.
Determine (1) The reaction forces FA and FB; (2) shear and moment diagram; (3) the maximum
normal and shear stress of the beam, whether they satisfy the requirement of strength.
b
F F F
A B h

2m 2m 2m 2m
FA FB

Solution.
30kN

+ 10kN

10kN -
30kN
80kN·m
60kN·m 60kN·m
+
(1) FA = FB= 1.5F=30 kN
(2) Draw the shear and moment diagrams
(3) Calculate the stress
M max M max
 max = = = 80 MPa  [ ]
Wz 1 2
bh
6
3 FQ
 max = = 1.5 MPa  [ ]
2 A
the maximum normal and shear stresses both satisfy the requirement of strength, so the beam
is safe.

15
H4-4 The beam has rectangular cross-sectional area, b:h = 1:3. The distributed force q=28 kN
/ m. The allowable normal stress [σ]=10 MPa. Determine (1) The reaction forces FA and FB; (2)
shear and moment diagram; (3) according to the requirement of strength, determine the width
b and height h of the cross sectional area.

q b

A B
h

l
FA FB

Solution.

14 kN
+
-
14 kN
3.5 kN·m

+
(1) FA = FB= 14 kN
(2) Draw the shear and moment diagrams
(3) Calculate the stress
M max M max M max
 max = = = = [ ]
Wz 1 2 3 3
bh b
6 2
b  61.56 mm
So, b=62 mm, h =3b =186 mm.

16