DELIVERABILITY APPRAISAL

Deliverability appraisal is the degree to which the development might be

reasonably achieved. How is it achieved?

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

The success of a project often depends as much on the stakeholders and their
perceptions as it does on the project manager and the real work. As projects are
initiated in response to identified needs and opportunities in a specific
environment or context, you need to identify the stakeholders early in the
project.

A stakeholder is anyone who has a vested interest in the outcome of the project
and who will judge the success or failure of the project, including:
• Client/Owner- the organisation whose strategic plan created the need for the
project or the person who requires the project to be undertaken (NB maybe the
same person as the Project Sponsor)
• Sponsor -the person who is providing the funds and has the ultimate authority
over the project
• End-users - the people who will actually use the deliverables of the project
• Champion - a senior user who campaigns for the project
• Project Manager - person with the authority to manage the project
• Project team members- the group that is performing the work of the project
Identifying Stakeholders
To help you identify all the stakeholders in a project, talk to your Sponsor in the
first instance to get an initial list of stakeholders. Use the following to assist you
in identifying who should be included:

• Who are you doing the project for?

• What functions or people might be affected by the project’s activities or
outcomes?
• Who do you report to?
• Who authorises expenditure?
• Who contributes resources (people, space, time, tools and money) to the
project?
• Who wants reports/updates?
• What is the risk to the project of omitting a particular stakeholder?

When you meet with each of the identified stakeholders, ask them who else
should be involved. If the list is too long, classify the stakeholders into:
• Core: People actively involved in the project doing the work
• Primary: Stakeholders who must be engaged during the project
• Secondary: Stakeholders who should receive communications about the
project.

Analysing Stakeholders Needs

Once you have identified and classified all the Stakeholders, ask them to spell
out exactly what success of the project means for them. Remember that as their
interests vary, their needs are likely to differ. For each of the identified
Stakeholders, ask the following questions:
• What do they want?
• What do they need?
• What do they expect?
• What criteria will they use to judge project success?
• What will make the project a success for them?
• What stake do they have in the project? (I.e. how engaged are they in the
project?)

How do you find out what Stakeholders need?

• Ask them (Face to face, email, telephone, memo, exception ask)
• Use personal knowledge (It is dangerous to assume that you know what is in
other people’s heads so it is better to check with the person.)
• Get information from others: Delegate the task of finding out the needs to
Managers/Supervisors (NOTE: This is also dangerous and needs to be
managed. You need to be very specific about responsibilities, deadlines, and
quality of information)
⇒ Make sure that you confirm the needs you have identified with each of the
Stakeholders/ Stakeholder groups.

PLANNING CONDITIONS

Within statewide planning laws, each council has a local planning scheme that
describes which types of activities or developments may occur in different areas
of the municipality. Many activities require planning permits, which are usually
issued by the council.

A planning permit authorises a specific use or development of land, or both. A

building permit authorises the construction or demolition of a building or
structure if it complies or not with the building regulations.

Councils work with the Government to develop planning schemes and

provide Urban Design Guidelines to control land use, urban design and
development within council area. The main planning activities conducted by
councils are the consideration and approval of planning permits under the
planning scheme, and preparation and consultation on proposed changes to the
planning scheme

Planning permits

A planning permit is required for a use or development if specified in the

planning scheme. In other instances a planning scheme will specify that a
planning permit is not required for a use or development, that it may be exempt
from a permit or that it is prohibited.

One should contact for advice on whether a particular use or development

requires a planning permit. Make sure you can accurately identify the property
in question – usually the street address and nearest intersection is sufficient. It
may be necessary for a search to be made of the permit history and, if a written
response is required, a fee may be payable.

Planning schemes

Planning schemes set out policies and provisions for the use, development and
protection of land for municipalities. These are legal documents prepared by the
local council for approval.

Land use planning schemes are developed in line with planning policy and
strategy. They contain planning policies, zones, and other provisions that affect
how land can be used and developed.

Zoning

Zoning is the process of dividing land in a municipality into zones

(e.g. residential, industrial) in which certain land uses are permitted or
prohibited. The type of zone determines whether planning permission for a
given development is granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and
conditional uses of land. It may also indicate the size and dimensions of land
area as well as the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order
to guide urban growth and development.

The planning scheme zones land for particular uses; for example, residential,
industrial, business or other. The zones are listed in the planning scheme and
each zone has a purpose and set of requirements. This information specifies
whether or not a planning permit is required. It also specifies matters that the
council must consider before deciding to grant a permit.

A zone may also specify information that must be submitted with a planning
permit application. Further, the zone contains information relating to land uses,
subdivision of land, construction of new buildings and other changes to the
land.

A zone sets out land use controls in three sections:

 Section 1: Land uses that do not require a planning permit

 Section 2: Land uses that require a planning permit
 Section 3: Prohibited uses.

Some uses are not allowed on land in a zone because they may conflict with
other uses; for example, industry is prohibited in the general residential zone.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

Environmental Impact Assessments has become standard practice in the case of

major construction such as motorways, quarries and mines, power stations, oil
refineries and similar projects which have a potential impact on the
environment, to carry out a full study of the likely impact.
This may be simply a requirement that such a study is carried out by a
competent professional, or in the case of large projects it may be the subject of a
public enquiry. In order to achieve impartiality, it is usual for an EIA to be
undertaken by or at the behest of a government or local government authority.

Purpose of Environment Impact Assessment

- The purpose of EIA is to examine in advance of the construction of a new

facility the impact it will have on the environment, with a view to
reducing as far as possible any adverse effects.
- In the extreme case where the adverse effects cannot be kept below
acceptable levels it may be the case that the EIA will conclude that the
project should not proceed at all.
- In most cases this should be avoidable if the EIA is undertaken while the
decision making processes are still in hand, for example in the selection
of suitable site, or in the design of the buildings and process plant that
will be constructed.
- Many of the potential sources of pollution can be removed or reduced by
appropriate design, and it is entirely logical that environmental factors
should be just as much a part of the design as are ground conditions, wind
loading and so on.
- If the design phase and EIA are carried out in parallel there should be
very little reason why environmental considerations should cause any
significant delay to the project.
- The EIA should not be treated as an extra stage which has to be executed
in sequence, but as an integral part of design.
- Retrospective action on the design because the EIA was not prepared in
parallel with it will be expensive in time and cost.
- If the assessment is made post-design and is critical there may be a
temptation to ignore it if it is not actually enforced by planning
authorities.
- Where the EIA has been carried out independently of the design making
it is often the case that the outcome is simply either for or against the
project.
- What happens when the view is against is that the project is stopped,
when the view is for, the project may proceed with a number of
environmentally objectionable aspects.

Content of an Environment Impact Assessment

A useful approach to assessing impact is to regard the proposed project as a

‘system’ an imaginary boundary around it. The factors which should be
examined include;

- Effluent discharged to the local drainage system.

- Potential effluent and solids leaked to the ground.
- Gaseous and airborne discharge to atmosphere.
- Noise and vibration
- Radiation emissions
- Risk of explosion or other catastrophe
- Extraction of water and other materials from the site
- Traffic movements in and out of the plant
- Visual impact of the constructed project
- The potential for linked development which may be undesirable, eg
downstream processing