MECHANICS

OF
STRENGTH
DEFORMABLE
OF
BODIES
MATERIALS
STRESSES UNDER CENTRIC
LIONA T
DRI NOGD U C T I O N
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES deals with the relation between the
external applied loads and their internal effects on non rigid bodies.

The internal effects of loads on non rigid bodies is to produce stresses and
deformations. To understand this, an analysis of the internal effects of
forces will be illustrated by passing an arbitrary exploratory section on a
body acted upon by a system of external loads which is initially assumed to
be in equilibrium.
P My
F
Mz
Px
x
Pz Mx
Q R
Q z Py
Obviously, since the equilibrium of the force system is altered by passing
the exploratory section, to maintain it, the body must developed the following
internal forces and moments:

Px - AXIAL FORCE
o This force measures the pushing or pulling action perpendicular to the
section.
o A pull represents a tensile force which tend to elongate the member.
o A push is a compressive force which tend to shorten the member.
o This is often denoted as P.

Py, Pz - SHEAR FORCES

o This force will tend to slide one side of the exploratory section past the
other.
o This is often denoted as V.
 Mx - TWISTING TORQUE
o This moment will tend to twist the member.
o This is often denoted as T.

My, Mz - BENDING MOMENT

o This moment will tend to bend the member.
o This is often denoted as M.

Tabulated below are the stresses and deformations produce by the different internal forces and moments.
INTERNAL
DESIGNATION STRESS STRAIN
FORCE/MOMENT
Px Axial Tension/Compression Lengthening/shortening
Py, Pz Shear Force Shearing Stress Shearing Deformation
Mx Twisting Torque Shearing Stress Angular Deformation
My, Mz Bending Moment Bending Stress Deflections
 Stress = force per unit area

σ
SIMPLE
SIMPLE A
=
P
STRESS
STRESS
A

P = applied force acting perpendicular to the area

A = resisting area
σ = axial tensile/ compressive stress uniformly distributed along the area
CONDITIONS THAT WILL PRODUCE SIMPLE STRESS
(1) Load must be axial
(2) Material must be homogenous and of constant cross sectional area
(3) Stress must not exceed the proportional limit
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
1 kg = 9.81 N
UNITS 1 kN = 1000 N
Newtons Newtons KiloNewtons Pounds Pounds 1 kPa = 1000 Pa
FORCE
(N) (N) (kN) (lbs) (lbs) 1 MPa = 1000000 Pa
1 GPa = 1000 MPa
AREA m2 mm2 m2 ft2 In2
1 psi = 144 psf
STRESS N/m2(Pa)
N/mm2 kN/m2 lbs/ft2 lbs/in2 1 psi = 0.006895 MPa
(MPa) (kPa) (psf) (psi) 1 psf = 47.95 Pa
1 hp = 746 Watts(W)
1 psf = 4.89 kg/sq.m

7
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS 100 mm D

Problem P = 400 kN
Problem11
AAhollow
hollowsteel
steeltube
tubewith
with
an
an inside
inside diameter
diameter ofof
100
100mm mmmust
mustcarry
carryaa
P
tensile A=
tensileload
loadofof400
400kN.
kN. 
Determine
Determine thethe outside
outside A=
400(1000)
= 3333.33mm 2
diameter of the tube if 120
diameter of the tube if
the D 2  (100) 2
thestress
stressisislimited
limitedtoto 3333.33 =
4
−
4
120
120MPa.
MPa.
D = 119.3mm
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Steel Aluminum Bronze
Problem
Problem22
A = 500 mm2 A = 400 mm2 A = 200 mm2
AnAn aluminum
aluminum rod rod isis rigidly
rigidly
attached 4P P 2P
attached between
between aa steel steel
rod
rod and
and aa bronze
bronze rodrod asas
shown
shownininthethefigure.
figure. Axial Axial
load
load are
are applied
applied atat the the
positions
positionsindicated.
indicated.FindFindthethe
maximum
maximumvaluevalueofofPPthat
thatwill
will 5P
not
notexceed
exceedaastress
stressininsteel
steel 1 4P 2P 3 2P
of 140 MPa, in aluminum of
of 140 MPa, in aluminum of
9090MPa,
MPa,ororininbronze
bronzeofof100 100
MPa.
MPa.
 5P
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS =
P 140 =
500
5P
A P =14,000 N
Problem P1 =5P
Problem22
1
AnAn aluminum
aluminum rod rod isis rigidly
rigidly
attached
attached between
between aa steel steel
rod
rod and
and aa bronze
bronze rodrod asas
shown
shownininthethefigure.
figure. Axial
P
Axial 5P 90 =
load
load are
are applied
applied atat the the 4P 2 P2 =P 400
positions
positionsindicated.
indicated.FindFindthethe P = 36,000 N
maximum
maximumvaluevalueofofPPthat
thatwill
will
not
notexceed
exceedaastress
stressininsteel
steel 2P
of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 100 =
of 140 MPa, in aluminum of P3 =2P 3 2P
9090MPa,
MPa,ororininbronze
bronzeofof100
200
100
MPa. P =10,000 N
MPa.
Use P = 10,000 N
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS PAB
60
Problem W 75
Problem33
B C
45 PAC
Determine
Determine the the largest
largest 30 A 45
30
A
45

weight
weight WW that
that can
can be be
supported
supportedbybythe
thetwo
twowires
wires W W
shown
shownininfigure.
figure.The
Thestress
stress
inin either
either wire
wire isis not
not toto PAB
=
W PAC
=
W
PAB
exceed Sin 450 Sin750 Sin600 Sin750
exceed 30,000
30,000 psi.
psi. The
60
The W 75
PAB = 0.73W PAC = 0.896W
cross
cross sectional
sectional area
area ofof 45 P
AC
each
eachwire
wireisis0.5
0.5sq.
sq.in.
in.
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS P
=
A
Problem
Problem33
Determine
Determine the the largest
largest AB: AC:
weight
weight WW that
that can
can be be 0.73W 30000 =
0.896W
supported
30000 =
supportedbybythe
thetwo
twowires
wires 0.5 0.5
shown
shownininfigure.
figure.The
Thestress
stress
W = 20548lb W = 16741lb
inin either
either wire
wire isis not
not toto
exceed
exceed 30,000
30,000 psi.
psi. The
The
cross
cross sectional
sectional area
area ofof Use W = 16741lb
each
eachwire
wireisis0.5
0.5sq.
sq.in.
in.