STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS
Engr. Eon Meraña
 NORMAL(AXIAL) STRESS AND STRAIN
SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
THERMAL STRESS
TORSION

TOPICS: THIN-WALLED VESSELS

HELICAL SPRING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
STRESSES IN BEAMS
COMBINED STRESSES
MOHR’S CIRCLE
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Branch of mechanics that deals with the internal effects of external forces on bodies

ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

The equilibrium analysis of a rigid body is concerned primarily with the calculation of external reactions
(forces that act external to a body) and internal reactions (forces that act at internal connections).

INTERNAL FORCES
Forces acting at any section of a body necessary to balance the external forces to maintain equilibrium
AXIAL STRESS ( P ) – Tensile or Compressive force perpendicular to section

SHEAR FORCE ( V ) – The Component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the cross section, tending to
shear (slide) one segment of the bar relative to the other segment

TORSION ( T ) – Resistance to twisting or rotation of the section about the x axis

BENDING MOMENT – Resistance to rotation of the section about the y or z axis

STRESS
𝑷
Force per unit area, unit strength of a material 𝝈=
𝑨

STRAIN
Total deformation per gage length, unit deformation 𝜹
𝜺=
𝑳

DEFORMATION

Change in shape
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP PROPORTIONAL LIMIT and HOOKE’S LAW
The stress-strain diagram is a straight line from the origin
O to a point called the proportional limit. This plot is a
manifestation of Hooke’s law: “Stress is proportional to
strain”; that is,

𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
ELASTIC LIMIT

A material is said to be elastic if, after being loaded, the

material returns to its original shape when the load is
removed. The elastic limit is, as its name implies, the
stress beyond which the material is no longer elastic.

YIELD POINT

The point where the stress-strain diagram becomes

almost horizontal is called the yield point, and the
corresponding stress is known as the yield stress or yield
strength. Beyond the yield point there is an appreciable
elongation, or yielding, of the material without a
corresponding increase in load.
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

ULTIMATE STRESS

The ultimate stress or ultimate strength, as it is often

called, is the highest stress on the stress-strain curve.

RAPTURE STRESS

The rupture stress or rupture strength is the stress at

which failure occurs. For structural steel, the nominal
rupture strength is considerably lower than the ultimate
strength because the nominal rupture strength is
computed by dividing the load at rupture by the original
cross-sectional area.
NORMAL/AXIAL STRESS

Develop when a normal force acts at the center of gravity of a sectional area

𝑷 𝒅𝑷
𝝈= =
𝑨 𝒅𝑨

TENSILE STRESS – Force away from area, tends to elongate the body
COMPRESSIVE STRESS – Force towards the area, tends to contract or shorten the body

𝜹 𝒅𝜹 Where:
AXIAL STRAIN 𝜺= =
𝑳 𝒅𝑳 𝝈 = Axial stress
P = Axial force
A = Cross-sectional area
𝜺 = Strain or Unit deformation
𝑷𝑳 𝜹 = Axial deformation
DEFORMATION 𝜹=
𝑨𝑬 L = Length of member
E = Modulus of Elasticity
PROBLEM 1
A circular aluminum tube of length L = 400 mm is loaded in compression by force P. The outside & inside diameter are 60 mm &
50 mm, respectively. A strain gage is placed on the outside of the bar to measure normal strains in the longitudinal direction.
a. If the measured strain is 𝜺 = 550 x 10!" , what is the shortening of the bar?
b. If the compressive stress in the bar is intended to be 40 Mpa, what should be the load P?

𝜹 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦
P = 11,000𝛑 N
PROBLEM 2
Two steel wires support a moveable over head camera weighing W= 110N used for close-up viewing of field action at sporting
events. At some instant, wire 1 is at an angle 𝛼 = 20° to the horizontal and wire 2 is at an angle 𝛽 = 48°. Both wires have a
diameter of 0.76 mm. Determine the tensile stresses in the two wires.

T2
T1

𝝈𝟏 = 174.993 Mpa
𝝈2 = 245. 751 Mpa
PROBLEM 3
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 80 mm must carry an axial tensile load of 330kN. Determine the smallest allowable
outside diameter of the tube if the working stress is 110 Mpa.

D = 101.092 mm
PROBLEM 4
A short steel post constructed from a hollow circular tube of aluminum supports a compressive load of 26 kips. The inner and outer
diameter of the tube are d = 90 mm & D = 130 mm, respectively and it’s length is 1m. The shortening of the post due to the load is
measured 0.55mm. Determine the compressive stress and strain in the post.
NOTE: Disregard the weight of the post itself, and assume that the post does not buckle under the load)

𝝈 = 16.733 Mpa
𝜺 = 5.5 x 10!#
PROBLEM 5
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig. STR- 108. Axial loads are applied at
the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or
in bronze of 100 MPa.

P = 10 KN
PROBLEM 6
The rectangular wood panel is formed by gluing together two boards along the 30-degree seam as shown in the figure. Determine
the largest axial force P that can be carried safely by the panel if the working stress for the wood is 1120 psi, and the normal and
shear stresses in the glue are limited to 700 psi and 450 psi, respectively.

P = 3730 lb