Russell C.
Hibbeler
Chapter 8: Combined Loading
Review of the stress analysis that has been developed in the
previous chapters regarding,
- axial load
- torsion
- bending
- shear
In this chapter : Solution of problems where several of these
internal loads occur simultaneously on a member’s cross
section.
State Of Stress Under Axial Loading
State of Stress Under Pure Torsion
State of Stress Under Pure Bending
State Of Stress Under Transverse Load
State Of Stress Under Combined Loadings
Example 1
An axial force of 900 N and a torque of 2.50 N.m are applied to
the shaft as shown below. If the shaft has a diameter of 40 mm,
determine the state of stress at a point P on its surface.
Tr 2 . 5 0 . 02
198 . 9 kPa
J 4
0 . 04
32
P 900
716 . 2 kPa
A 2
0 . 04
4
Example 2
The beam shown below is subjected to the distributed loading of
w = 120 kN/m. Determine the state of stress at point P which lies
at the top of the web. Neglect the size of the fillets and stress
concentrations at this point. INA = 67.4 x 10-6 m4.
V 84 kN M 30 . 6 kN m
30 . 6 10 0 . 1
3
My
6
45 . 4 MPa (compressi on)
I 67 . 4 10
Example 3
The solid rod shown below has a diameter of 15 mm. If it is
subjected to the loading shown, determine the state of stress at
point A.
Torque (800N)
Normal force
(500N)
Momen (800N)
Momen (500N)
Torque (11200)
Momen (8000)
Momen (7000)
P 500
A 2 . 83 MPa
A 2
0 . 015
4
4V 4 800
A 6 . 04 MPa
3 0 . 0075 2
3A
A 0
My 7000 0 . 0075
211 . 26 MPa
I 4
0 . 015
64
Tr 11200 0 . 0075
169 . 01 MPa
J 4
0 . 015
32
Example 4
The joint is subjected to a force of 250 N as shown. Determine the
state of stress at points A and B, and sketch the results on
differential elements located at these points. The members has a
rectangular cross-sectional area of width 0.5 cm and thickness
0.75 cm
Example 5
Determine the maximum and minimum normal stress in the
bracket at section a when the load is applied at (a) x = 0, (b) x = 50
mm
X=0
X = 50
Example 6
The bar has a diameter of 40 mm. If it is subjected to a force of
800N as shown, determine the stress components that act at
point A and B and show the results on a volume element located
at these point.
Example 7 The beam supports the loading
shown. Determine the state of
stress at points E and F at
section a – a.
Example 8
The tine ABC of the fork lift is subjected to a uniform distributed
loading as shown. If it is pin connected at C and Roller supported
at B, determine the state of stress at points D and E. The tine is
120 mm wide and 20 mm thick.
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Cylindrical or sphere pressure vessel are commonly used in industry to serve
as a boilers or tanks
When under pressure, the material of which they are made is
subjected to a loading from all direction
Shotgun barrel
A new pressure vessel that failed
during its hydraulic test.
Rupture in the steel of a
lower-head assembly
LPG tank
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
The following is a summary of loadings that can be
applied onto a member:
a) Normal Force
b) Shear Force
c) Bending Moment
d) Torsional Moment
e) Superposition
Chapter 8: Combined Loadings
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Thin wall refers to a vessel having an inner-radius to-wall-thickness
ratio of 10 or more. r / t 10
The stress distribution throughout its thickness will not vary
significantly, and so we will assume that it is uniform or constant
Chapter 8: Combined Loadings
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Cylindrical Vessel
For cylindrical vessels under normal loading, there are normal stresses
σ1 in the circumferential or hoop direction and σ2 in the longitudinal or
axial direction. Both of these stress components exert tension on the
material.
Circumferential or hoop stress, σ1
Loading in a x-direction are developed by uniform hoop
stress σ1, acting throughout the vessel wall, and the
pressure acting on the vertical face of the sectioned
gas or fluid
Equilibrium Equation in the x direction
[ΣFx = 0] 2[σ1 (t dy) ] – p (2r dy) = 0
Longitudinal or axial direction, σ2
σ2 acts uniformly throughout the wall,
and p acts on the section of gas or fluid
Equilibrium Equation in the y direction
[ΣFy = 0] σ2(2πrt) – p(πr2) = 0
σ1 , σ2 = the normal stress in the hoop and longitudinal directions respectively.
Each is assumed to be constant throughout the wall of the cylinder, and
each subjects the material to tension
p = the internal gauge pressure developed by the contained gas or fluid
r = the inner radius of the cylinder
t = the thickness of the wall (r/t ≥ 10)
Spherical Vessel
Equilibrium Equation in the y direction
[ΣFy = 0] σ2(2πrt) – p(πr2) = 0
Notes:
This is the same result as that obtained for the longitudinal stress in the
cylindrical pressure vessel.
This stress will be the same regardless of the orientation of the
hemispherical FBD
Important Remarks
1. An element of the material taken from either a cylindrical or spherical
pressure vessel is subjected to biaxial stress (normal stress existing
in only two direction)
2. Actually, material of the vessel is also subjected to a radial stress, σ3,
which acts along the radial line. This stress has a maximum value
equal to the pressure p at the interior wall and decreases through the
wall to zero at the exterior surface of the vessel.
3. For thin wall vessels, however, we will ignore the radial-stress
component, since our limiting assumption of r/t = 10 results in σ2 and
σ1 being, respectively, 5 and 10 times higher than the maximum
radial stress [max σ3 = p ]
4. The above formulas should be used only for vessels subjected to an
internal gauge pressure.
Example 1
The tank has an inner radius of 600 mm and a thickness of 12 mm. It
is filled to the top with water having a specific weight of γw = 10 kN/m3.
If it is made of steel having a specific weight of γst = 78 kN/m3,
determine the state of stress at point A. The tank is open at the top.
Chapter 8: Combined Loadings
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
The weight of the tank is
612 2 600
2
W st stV st 78 1 3 . 56 kN
1000 1000
The pressure on the tank at level A is
p w z 10 1 10 kPa
For circumferential and longitudinal stress,
pr 10 1000
600
1
500 kPa (Ans)
t 12
1000
W st 3 . 56
77 . 9 kPa (Ans)
2
2 2
A st 612
1000
600
1000
Example 2
a.
b.
Example 3
A Spherical gas tank has an inner radius of r = 1.5 m. If it is subjected
to an internal pressure of p = 300 kPa, determine it required thickness
if the maximum normal stress is not to exceed to 12 MPa
Example 4
The steel A-36 band is 2 cm wide and is secured around a smooth
rigid cylinder. If the bolts are tightened so that the tension in them is
400 N, determine the normal stress in the band, the pressure
exerted on the cylinder, and the distance half the band stretch.
Est = 200 GPa.
