Chapter Objectives

 Determine stresses developed in thin-walled pressure

vessels
 Determine stresses developed in a member’s cross
section when axial load, torsion, bending and shear
occur simultaneously.

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In-class Activities
1. Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
2. Review of Stress Analyses

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THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

Assumptions:
1. Inner-radius-to-wall-thickness ratio ≥ 10
2. Stress distribution in thin wall is uniform or constant

• Cylindrical vessels:

pr
Hoop direction :  1 
t
pr
Longitudin al stress :  2 
2t
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THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS (cont)

• Spherical vessels:

pr
2 
2t
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EXAMPLE 1
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m
and a thickness of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal
pressure it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor
its longitudinal stress component exceeds 140 MPa. Under
the same conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure
that a similar-size spherical vessel can sustain?

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The maximum stress occurs in the circumferential direction.

pr
1 
t
p600
140 
12
p  2.8 N/mm 2  28 MPa (Ans)

•The stress in the longitudinal direction will be 2 

1
140  70 MPa
2

•The maximum stress in the radial direction occurs on the material at

the inner wall of the vessel and is

 3(max)  p  2.8 MPa

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The maximum stress occurs in any two perpendicular directions on an
element of the vessel is

pr
2 
2t
p600
140 
212
p  5.6 N/mm 2  5.6 MPa (Ans)

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REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES

• Normal force P leads to:

P
uniform normal stress,  
A

• Shear force V leads to:

VQ
shear  stress distributi on,  
It
• Bending moment M leads to:
My
longitudin al stress distribution,    (for straight beam)
I
My
or   (for curved beam)
AeR  y 

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REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES (cont)

• Torsional moment T leads to:

T
shear  stress distribution,   (for circular shaft)
J
T
 (for closed thin - walled tube)
2 Amt 
• Resultant stresses by superposition:
Once the normal and shear stress components for each
loading have been calculated, use the principal of
superposition to determine the resultant normal and shear
stress components.

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EXAMPLE 2
A force of 15 kN is applied to the edge of the member shown in
Fig. 8–3a. Neglect the weight of the member and determine the
state of stress at points B and C.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• For equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of 15 000 N
acting through the centroid and a bending moment of 750 000 N•mm
about the centroidal or principal axis.

P 15000
   3.75 MPa
A 10040

• The maximum stress is

Mc 7500050
 max    11.25 MPa
I 1
401003
12

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The location of the line of zero stress can be determined by proportional
triangles
75 15

x 100  x 
x  33.3 mm

• Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or uniaxial

stress.
 B  7.5 MPa (tension) (Ans)
 C  15 MPa (compressi on) (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 3
The tank in Fig. 8–4a has an inner radius of 600 mm and a
thickness of 12 mm. It is filled to the top with water having a
specific weight of γw = 10 kNm3. If it is made of steel having a
specific weight of γst = 78 kNm3, determine the state of stress at
point A. The tank is open at the top.

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The weight of the tank is

  612  2  600  
2

Wst   stVst  78     1  3.56 kN

  1000   1000  

• The pressure on the tank at level A is

p   w z  101  10 kPa

• For circumferential and longitudinal stress, we have

pr 101000
600

1   12  500 kPa (Ans)
t 1000 
Wst 3.56
2  
Ast  
1000   1000 
612 2 600 2

 77.9 kPa (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 4
The member shown in Fig. 8–5a has a rectangular cross
section. Determine the state of stress that the loading produces
at point C.

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The resultant internal loadings at the section consist of a normal force, a
shear force, and a bending moment.

• Solving, N  16.45 kN, V  21.93 kN, M  32.89 kN

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force.
P 16.45103 
• At Point C,  c    1.32 MPa
A 0.050.25

• In Fig. 8–5e, the shear stress is zero.

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Point C is located at y = c = 0.125m from the neutral axis, so the normal
stress at C, Fig. 8–5f, is

Mc 32.89103 0.125
c    63.16 MPa
I 1

2 0.050.25
3


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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The shear stress is zero.

• Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive

stress at C having a value of

Mc
c   1.32  63.16  64.5 MPa
I

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EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular block of negligible weight in Fig. 8–6a is
subjected to a vertical force of 40 kN, which is applied to its
corner. Determine the largest normal stress acting on a section
through ABCD.

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
• For uniform normal-stress distribution the stress is
P 40
   125 kPa
A 0.80.4

• For 8 kN, the maximum stress is

M x cx 80.2
 max    375 kPa
Ix 
12 0.80.4
1 3

• For 16 kN, the maximum stress is

M y cx 160.4
 max    375 kPa
Iy 
12 0.4 0.8
1 3

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection the normal stress at point C is the largest since each
loading creates a compressive stress there

 c  125  375  375  875 kPa (Ans)

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