ME 425

M A C H I N E
D E S I G N 2
B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S
B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 Lecture 1
ANALYSIS OF
SIMPLE STRESSES

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 STRESS
- is the measure of an external force acting over the cross-sectional area of an object

WHY IS STRESS ANALYSIS IMPORTANT IN

ENGINEERING?

- Stress analysis is one way (in theory) to figure

out if a part will fail. Failure can happen as a
rupture, deformation, cracking, wear, or fatigue
failure. So, stress analysis is an essential tool for
design engineers and a must-have for
mechanical engineers.

- Stress analysis also reveals areas where a

structure or object might be susceptible to failure.
Therefore, it allows engineers to make design
choices to withstand these weaknesses.

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TYPES OF STRESS
A. NORMAL STRESS, 𝝈 – forces act perpendicular to opposite faces of the stress
element
i. TENSILE STRESS - tend to pull on the element

𝑭
𝝈=
𝑨
ii. COMPRESSIVE STRESS - tend to crush the element

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 Type equation here.
TYPES OF STRESS
iii. BENDING STRESS – internal resistance generated within a component when an
external bending moment or force is applied. This bending moment induces
curvature in the component, leading to the development of tension and
compression stresses, collectively known as bending stresses.

𝜸
𝝈=𝑴
𝑰

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TYPES OF STRESS
B. SHEAR STRESS, 𝝉 – forces acting on opposite sides (parallel) of a body with the
same magnitude and opposite direction

𝑭
𝝉=
𝑨𝒔

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TYPES OF STRESS
i. TORSION STRESS, 𝝉 – a form of shear stress experienced by a body when a
twisting force is applied

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TYPES OF STRESS

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A tensile force of 9500 N is applied to a 12-mm diameter round bar, as shown in the
figure. Compute the direct tensile stress in the bar.

84 MPa
Answer: ___________

2. Find the minimum diameter of a steel wire, which is used to raise a load of 4000N if
the stress in the rod is not to exceed 95MN/m2?.

7.32 mm
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A bar of varying square cross-section is loaded symmetrically as shown in the
figure. Loads shown are placed on one of the axes of symmetry of cross-section.
Ignoring self weight, the maximum tensile stress in N/mm2 anywhere is

a. 15.0 b. 20.0 c. 25 d. 30

25
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A rigid bar is suspended by three rods made of the same material as shown in the
figure. The area and length of the central rod are 3A and L, respectively while that of
the two outer rods are 2A and 2L, respectively. If a downward force of 50kN is applied
to the rigid bar, the forces in the central and each of the outer rods will be

a. 16.67 kN each b. 30kN and 15kN c. 30kN and 10kN d. 21.4kN and 14.3 kN

c
Answer: ___________

5. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of
400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120
MN/m2.

a. 119mm b. 129mm c. 139mm d. 149mm

a
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. A bar having a cross-sectional area of 700mm2 is subjected to axial loads at the
positions indicated. The value of stress in the segment QR is:

a. 40MPa b. 50MPa c. 70MPa d. 120MPa

a
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 DEFORMATION UNDER DIRECT AXIAL LOAD
The following formula computes the stretch due to a direct axial tensile load or the
shortening due to a direct axial compressive load:
𝐹𝐿 𝜎𝐿 Where:
𝛿= = 𝛿 = total deformation of the member
𝐴𝐸 𝐸 carrying the direct load
𝐹 = direct axial load (force)
𝐿 = original total length of the member
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of the member
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity of the material
= 30E6 psi or 207 GPa for steel
EXAMPLE:
1. A steel bar of 40mm x 40mm square cross-section is subjected to an axial
compressive load of 200kN. If the length of the bar is 2m find the elongation of the bar.

1.25 mm
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 DEFORMATION UNDER DIRECT AXIAL LOAD

2. A round steel bar 12 inches long is to withstand a dead load of 40,000 lbs in
compression. The rod must not shorten more than 0.1 mm and have a factor of safety
of at least 10. Assume the ultimate strength of the material to be 110,000 psi and
modulus of elasticity to be 15,500,000 psi. Determine the diameter of the rod.

a. 2.16 in b. 3.16 in c. 4.16 in d. 5.16 in

Answer: ___________

3. What load in Newtons must be applied to a 25mm round steel bar 2.5 m long to
stretch the bar 1.3mm?

a. 52,400 b. 60,000 c. 53,000 d. 42,500

Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TORSIONAL LOAD

Power-Torque-Speed Relationship
𝑃
𝑇= Where:
𝑁 𝑇 = torque
𝑃 = power
𝑁 = rotational speed
2𝜋
Note: 1 rpm = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60

EXAMPLE:
1. Compute the torque on a shaft transmitting 750 W of power while rotating at 183
rad/s.

4.10 N.m
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TORSIONAL DEFORMATION

When a shaft is subjected to a torque, it undergoes a twisting in which one cross

section is rotated relative to other cross sections in the shaft. The angle of twist is
computed from
Where:
𝑇𝐿 𝜃 = angle of twist, radians
𝜃= 𝑇 = torque
𝐺𝐽 𝐿 = length of the shaft over which the angle of
twist is being computed
𝐺 = modulus of elasticity of the shaft material
in shear or modulus of rigidity
= 80 GPa or 12,000,000 psi for steel
𝐽 = polar moment of inertia
𝜋
= 𝑑 4 for solid shaft
32
𝜋
= 𝑑𝑜 4 − 𝑑𝑖 4 for hollow shaft
32
EXAMPLE:
1. Compute the angle of twist of a 10-mm diameter shaft carrying 4.10 Nm of torque if it
is 250 mm long and made of steel. Express the result in both radians and degrees.

0.75o
Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
 TORSIONAL DEFORMATION

2. Compute the lineshaft diameter to transmit 12 hp at 180 rpm with torsional deflection
of 0.08 degree per foot length.

Answer: ___________

B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 414
B Y E N G R . D E N N IS E . G A N A S ME 425