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CHAPTER 2
THE SCHRODINGER EQUATION
DOSEN PENGAMPU :
DISUSUN OLEH :
SINGARAJA
2020
Problem 2.6 Consider the Gaussian distribution
ρ ( x )= A e− λ(x−a)2
∫ e−c x dx= c
−∞
Substitute :
π λ
1= A
√
λ
→ A=
So, Now we have :
π √
π
ρ ( x )=
√
λ
exp ¿
b. Find ⟨ x ⟩, ⟨ x 2 ⟩ and σ
∞ ∞
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ xρ ( x ) dx= ∫ x π exp (−λ ( x−a )2 )= πa
−∞ −∞ √ λ λ
∞ ∞
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ x 2 ρ ( x ) dx= ∫ x 2 π exp (−λ ( x−a )2 )= πa + π 2
−∞ −∞ √ λ λ 2λ
π a2 π πa
2
√ 2
σ = √ σ ¿ ⟨ x ⟩ −⟨ x ⟩ ¿
2
√ +
λ 2 λ2
− ( )
λ
=√ π ¿ ¿2¿
c. Sketch the graph of ρ( x )
ρ(x )
a−λ a a+ λ
x
3
1 λ3 a 1
1=|A| 2 2
a 3 {
|0 + ( ) −
( b−a )3 3
( b−x ) b
( |a )}
a b−a
1=|A|2 +
3 3 [ ]
b
1=|A|2
3
3
A=
√
b
B. Sketch Ψ(x, 0) as a function of x.
1.6
Ψ(x, 0)
1.4
ρ(x, 0)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 a b
x
The particle’s most likely position is given by argmax ρ(x, 0). To the left of a, ρ is positive
x
and increasing, to the right of it, it is positive and decreasing, and outside the interval [0, b], it
b = a and b = 2a.
a
P=∫|ψ|2 dx
0
a
|A|2
P= 2 ∫ x 2 dx
a 0
a a
P=|A|2 =
. 3 b
x=∫ ζ|ψ|2 dx
a b
1
{
x=|A| 2 ∫ x 3 dx +
2
a 0
1
∫ λ ( b−x )2 dx
( b−a )2 a }
2
3 1 x a 1 2x x3 x 4 b
x=
{ ()| +
b a2 4 0 ( b−a )2 ( b
2
−2 b )}
+ |
3 4 a
3 4 3b
x=
4 b(b−a ) 2 [ 2 2 4 4
a (b−a ) +2 b −8 b +b −2 a b +8 a
3
2 2
3
−a
4
]
4
3 b 2
x=
4 b(b−a ) 2 3( )
−a2 b 2 + a3 b
3
1
x= 2
( b 4 −3 a2 b 2+2 a3 b )
4 (b−a )
( b−a )2 ( 2 a+b )
x=
4 (b−a )2
2 a+b
x=
4
Problem 2.8 Consider the wave function
(a) Normalize Ψ
(b) Determine the expectation values of x and x2
(c) Find the standard deviation of x. Sketch the graph of |Ψ 2 , as a function of x,
and mark the points ((x) + σ) and ((x) − σ), to illustrate the sense in which σ
represents the “spread” in x. What is the probability that the particle would be
found outside this range?
Solutions :
a. Normalize Ψ
ρ(x) = ⃒Ψ(x,t)2⃒ = Ψ* Ψ
Ψ = Aexp(−λ|x|) – ıωt
Ψ* = Aexp(−λ|x|) + ıωt
ρ(x) = A2exp(−2λ|x|)
+∞
1 = ∫ ρ ( x ) dx
−∞
+∞
-2 1
A = ∫ exp(−2λ|x|) dx = λ
−∞
A =√λ
ρ(x) = λexp (−2λ|x|)
Ψ(x, t) = √ λ exp(−λ|x|) – ıωt
+∞ +∞
2 2 2
(x ) = ∫ x ρ ( x ) dx=∫ x λexp ¿
−∞ −∞
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x− σ x x+σ
The probability of finding the particle outside this range is the complement of the
probability of finding the particle inside this range, which is given by
=1- ∫ ρ ( x ) dx
( X ) −σ
=1- ∫
−¿¿ ¿
¿
¿
∂ψ ∂ψ
J (x, t) =
iℏ
2m ( ψ
∂x
−ψ ¿
∂x )
What are the unit of J (x , t)? Conment: j is called the probability current, because it tells
you the rate at which probability is “flowing” past the point x. If P ab (t) is inceasing, then
more probability is flowing into the region at one end than fows out at the other.
Solutions:
b
2
Pab (t )=∫|ψ ( x ,t )| dx
a ,
b
dPab
=∫ ∂ |ψ|2 dx
dt a ∂t , but in the equation 2.25 :
¿
∂ |ψ|2=∂ i ℏ ψ ¿ ∂ψ −∂ψ ψ =−∂ J ( x,t )
∂t ∂ x 2m ∂ x ∂ x[ ( ∂x )]
b b
dPab
dt
=−∫ ∂ J ( x ,t )dx=
a ∂x
−(J ( x ,t ))| =J(a,t )−(b,t )
a
b. Find the probability current for the weve function in problem 1.9 (This is not a very
pithy example, I’m afraid; we’ll encounter more substantial ones in due course).
Jawaban:
ψ ( x ,t )=f ( x)e−iωt , where f ( x)≡ √ x e−λ|x| ,
so :
¿
∂ψ dt df
ψ =fe−iωt e iωt =f
∂x dx dx
dan
¿ ∂ψ ∂f
ψ = , so J( x ,t )=0
∂x ∂x
Problem 2.10 Suppose you wanted to describe am unstable particle that spontaneously
disintegrates with a “lefetime” τ. In that case the total probability of finding the particle
somewhere should not be constnt, but should decrease at (say) an exponential rate :
+∞
P ( t ) =∫ |Ψ ( x , t )|2 dx = e−t / τ .
−∞
A crude way of achieving this result is as follow. In equation 2.24 we tacitly assumed tahat V
(the potential energy) is real. That is certainly reasonable, but it teads to the conservation of
probability enshrined in equation 2.27. What if we assign to V an imaginary part :
V =V o−iΓ ,
Solutions :
2
¿ ∂Ψ −iћ ∂2 Ψ 2 i
(a) Equation (2.24) now reads = + V Ψ¿
∂t 2 m ∂ x2 ћ
∂ i
and (2.25) pick up an extra term : |Ψ |2¿ …+ |Ψ |2( V 0 +iΓ−V 0+iΓ )
∂t ћ
2Γ
¿ …− |Ψ |2
ћ
∞
dP −2 Γ −2 Γ
And (2,27) be comes = ∫ |Ψ |2dx= P
dt ћ −∞ ћ
dP −2 Γ
= dt
P ћ
−2 Γ
ln P= t +C
ћ
−2 Γ
(b) P ( t ) =P ( 0 ) e ћ
ћ
So, τ =
2Γ
Problem 2.12
d ( p) −ɗv
=( )
dt ɗx
This is known as Ehrenfest’s theorem, it tells us that expectation values obey Newton’s
second law.
d ( p) ɗ ɗψ
dt
=−ih ∫ ❑
ɗt
ψ
ɗx (
dx )
ɗ ɗψ ɗψ ɗψ ɗ ɗψ −i h ɗ 2 ψ i ɗψ ɗ i h ɗ 2ψ i
ɗt (
ψ
ɗx
= )
ɗt ɗx
+ψ
ɗx ɗt
=
2m ɗx2 h
+ ( )
vψ
ɗx [
+ψ
]
[ − vψ ]
ɗx 2m ɗx 2 h
ih ɗ 3 ψ ɗ 2 ψ ɗψ i ɗψ ɗ
2m
ψ
[
ɗx 3
− 2
ɗx ɗx h
+ (vψ
ɗx
−ψ
ɗx ]
( vψ ) )
ɗψ ɗψ ɗv ɗv
vψ −ψv −ψ ψ=−ψ 2
ɗx ɗx ɗx ɗx
d ( p)
dt
=−ih
i
h ( )∫ ψ ɗɗvx dx=(−ɗɗxv )
2
Problem 2.13 Suppose you add a constant V0 to the potential energy (by "constant" mean
independent of x as well as t). In classical mechanics this doesn't change anything, but what
about quantum mechanics? Show that the wave function picks up a timedependent phase
factor: exp(—i V0t/ħ). What effect does this have on the expectation value of a dynamical
variable?
Solutions :
2
əѰ ħ2 ə Ѱ
Suppose Ѱ satisfies the schodinger eqution V 0 = iħ =- + VѰ
ət 2m əx 2
əѰ 0 ℏ 2
∂2 Ψ 0
We wont to find the solution (Ѱ 0) with V 0 : iħ =- + ( V + V 0 ) Ψ 0.Claim
ət 2m ∂ x2
t
−i v 0
h
Ψ 0 =Ψ e
Proff :
t
−iV 0 −i v ℏt −ℏ2 ∂2 Ψ t t 2 2
∂Ψ0 ∂ Ψ −i v ℏ h −ℏ ∂ Ψ 0
iℏ
∂t
=i ℏ
∂t
e +i ℏΨ
ℏ
0
e ( = ) 0
2 m ∂ x2[+ VΨ e
−i v
]ℏ 0
+V 0 Ψ e
−i v 0
=
2 m ∂ x2
+ ( V +V 0 ) Ψ 0
This has no effect on the extation value of a dynamical variable, since the extra phase factor,
being independent of x, cancels out in equation (1.36)
a. Find A
1 π
1=2|A|2
2
πℏ
√ 2a
m
ℏ
1 =|A|2
√ 2am
1
2am
A= ( )
πℏ
4
[ (
2 amx
VΨ = ℏ a−ℏ a 1− ℏ )] Ψ
VΨ =2 a2 mx 2 Ψ
2 2
So V ( x) =2 a mx
)√
ℏ
x 2=2|A|2 =
m 2 am 4 am
(
22 2 a ℏ
1 πℏ
)√
ℏ
2|A|2 =
m 2 am 4 am
(
22 2 a ℏ
d( x )
p=m =0
dt
2 2
2 ℏ ∂ ∂Ψ
P =∫ Ψ Ψ dx=−ℏ 2∫ Ψ ¿ 2 dx
¿
( )
i ∂x ∂x
∂2 Ψ 2 am 2amx 2
Because
∂ x2
=− ℏ 1− ℏ Ψ , So : ( )
P2 =2 amℏ {∫|Ψ| dx− 2 amℏ ∫ x |Ψ| dx}
2 2 2
2am
P2 =2 amℏ 1− ℏ ( x2 ) ( )
( 2 amℏ 4 ℏam )
P2 =2 amℏ 1−
1
P =2 amℏ ( )=am ℏ
2
2
ℏ ℏ
σ x σ p=
√ 4 am
√ amℏ =
2