Pure Math Summary

INVERSE FUNCTIONS COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Letting D and R indicate the domain and range of the For a composite function gf(x) to exist, R f ⊆ Dg
respective function, Domain of composite function gf(x): Dgf =Df
Df-1 =R f and R f-1 =Df
Range of composite function gf(x): Rgf ⊆ Df
if R f = Dg , then Rgf = Rg

SEQUENCE OF TRANSFORMATIONS
Transformations to a curve y=f(x) are to be carried
out in the order a, b, c then d as below
d + cf(bx+a)
CONICS
In general, the equation of the conic sections are represented by
2 2
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where A≠0 and C≠0
Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola
A=C A ≠ C, AC > 0 A = 0 or C = 0 A≠C, AC < 0
x2 y2
2 2 2 2 - =1
(x-h) +(y-k) =r x2 y2 y = 4ax a2 b2
+ =1 2
r≠0 a2 b2 x = 4ay y2 x2
- =1
a2 b2
Intercepts at (±a, 0)
centre at (h, k) x-intercepts at (±a, 0) asymptotes at
foci at (a, 0) or (0, a)
radius is r y-intercepts at (±b, 0)
y=± ba or y=± ba

DECOMPOSITION OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS

px+q A B
= +
(ax+b)(cx+d) (ax+b) (cx+d)
px 2 +qx+r A B C
= + +
(ax+b)(cx+d) (ax+b) (cx+d) (cx+d)2
2

px 2 +qx+r A Bx+C
= +
(ax+b)(x 2 +c2 ) (ax+b) (x 2 +c2 )

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS

un =a+(n-1)d un =arn-1
n a(rn -1) a(1-rn )
Sn = [2a+(n-1)d] If, r≠1 Sn = =
2 r-1 1-r
n a
Sn = [a+un ] S∞ = , if |r|<1
2 1-r
SUMMATION
n
1
∑ r = 6 n(n+1)(2n+1)
r=1
2

n
1
∑ r = 4 n (n+1)
r=1
3 2 2

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 Pure Math Summary

DIFFERENTIATION
BASIC RULES CHAIN RULE
d n d
x =nxn-1 f[g(x)]=f'[g(x)]g'(x)
dx dx
d e.g.
[f(x)±g(x)]=f'(x)±g'(x)
dx f(x)=x 4 ; g(x)=x 3 +6
d d 3 4
n[f(x)]=n[f'(x)] (x +6) =4(x 3 +6)3 (3x 2 )
dx dx
QUOTIENT RULE PRODUCT RULE
 f(x)  f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x) d
  '= [f(x)g(x)]=f'(x)g(x)+g'(x)f(x)
[ g(x)]
2
 g(x)  dx
“Low-d-high minus high-d-low over low squared”
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
d dy d d 2 dy For a parametric function x=f(t) and y=g(t)
g(y)= ⋅ [g(y)] e.g. y =2y
dx dx dy dx dx dy dy dt
= ×
Standard rules of differentiation apply. dx dt dx

INTEGRATION
BASIC RULES DEFINITE INTEGRALS

∫ (f±g)dx=∫ f dx±∫ g dx
b b

∫ f(x) dx=  ∫ f(x) dx 

a a

∫ n[f(x)]dx=n∫ f(x)dx =F(b)-F(a)

xn+1 Where F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)
∫ x dx=
n
+c , n≠1 d
n+1 i.e., F(x)=f(x)
(ax+b)n+1 dx
∫
n
(ax+b) dx= +c , n≠1
a(n+1) PARAMETRIC INTEGRATION
[f'(x)]n+1
∫ f'(x) [f(x)] dx= n+1 , n≠1 The integral of parametric function x=f(t) and y=g(t),
n

dx
∫ y dt dt
AREA AND VOLUME
In general, the area R between two functions In general, the area Q between two functions x=f(y)
y=f(x) and y=g(x) with limits a to b is given by and x=g(y) with limits c to d is given by
b b d d
∫
a
y dx= ∫ f(x)-g(x)dx
a ∫
c
x dy= ∫ f(y)-g(y)dy
c

And the volume found when R is revolved
completely around the x-axis is given by
π ∫ y2 dx=π ∫ [ f(x)] - [ g(x)] dx
b b 2 2
a a
And the volume found when Q is revolved
completely around the y-axis is given by
π ∫ x 2 dy=π ∫ [ f(y)] - [ g(y)] dy
d d 2 2
c c

The area bound by the parametric function x=f(t) and y=g(t) q dx where f(p)=e
and the x-axis, with limits e to f, is given by ∫p
y
dt
dt and f(q)=f

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TABLE OF DERIVATIVES
f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x)
x x
sin x cos x 1 e e
-1
sin x
cos x -sin x 1-x 2 e
f(x)
f' (x)[e ]
f(x)

2 1
tan x sec x 1 ln x x
cos x
-1
−
f'(x)
csc x -csc x cot x 1-x 2 ln [f(x)] f(x)
x x
sec x sec x tan x 1 n n ln n
-1
tan x
cot x
2
-csc x 1+x 2 n
f(x) f(x)
n f'(x)[ln n]

TABLE OF INTEGRALS
The arbitary constant c has been omitted
f(x) ∫ f(x)dx f(x) ∫ f(x)dx f(x) ∫ f(x)dx
f'(x) f'(x) cos[f(x)] sin[f(x)] f'(x) f(x)
ln |f(x)| 2 2
sin-1 +c
f(x) f'(x) sin[f(x)] -cos[f(x)] a -[f(x)] a
f(x) f(x) 2
[f'(x)]e e f'(x) sec [f(x)] tan[f(x)] f'(x) 1 f(x)
tan-1 +c
a2 +[f(x)]2 a a

POWER SERIES
MACLAURIN’S SERIES SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATION
f''(0)x
2 (3)
f (0)x
3
f
(n)
(0)x
n sin θ ≈ θ
f(x) = f(0) + f'(0) + + + ... + + ... tan θ ≈ θ
2! 3! n!
2

cos θ ≈ 1- θ2

COMPLEX NUMBERS
FORMS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Z PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE PAIRS
z
= x + iy (z*)* = z
= r(cosθ + isinθ) z + z* = 2Re(z)
iθ
= re z – z* = 2i Im(z)
2 2
Where r=|z| and θ=arg(z) zz* = x +y
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
|z1z2| = |z1||z2| = r1r2 z1 |z |
= |z12| = r12
r
z2
arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2) = θ1+θ2
z
arg( z12 ) = arg(z1) - arg(z2) = θ1-θ2

DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
if z = r(cosθ + isinθ),
n n n
then z = r (cosθ + isinθ)
n
= r (cos(nθ)+ isin(nθ))

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VECTORS
EQUATIONS OF A LINE
The vector equation of a line l which passes through pint A with position vector a and is parallel to a vector b is
given by l: r = a + λb
 x   a1   b1 
x-a1 y-a2 z-a3      
The line with Cartesian equation = = has a vector equation  y  =  a2  + λ  b2 
b1 b2 b3  z  a   
   3  b3 
EQUATIONS OF A PLANE
The vector equation of a plane π which passes through pint A with position vector a and is parallel to two non
parallel vectors b and c is given by π: r = a + λb + μc

The equation of the plan in scalar product form is given by π: r.n = p, where r is a position vector of any point
on the plane π and n is the normal vector
 n1 
The plane with Cartesian equation π: n1x + n2y + n3z = p has the equation r.  n2  =p
 
n 
 3
RATIO THEOREM SCALAR PRODUCT
a.b = |a||b|cos θ
where θ is the angle between the two vectors
 x1   x1 
   
Algebraically,  y2  ⋅  y2  = x1x2 + y1y2 + z1z2
z  z 
 3  3
Important results to note are:
2
a.a = |a|
a.a = 0 when the vectors are perpendicular
VECTOR PRODUCT
a × b = (|a||b|sin θ) n̂
For any point P that divides the line AB in the ratio where θ is the angle between the two vectors
λa+μb  x1   x 2   y1 z2 -z1 y2 
λ:μ, the vector r is given by      
λ+μ Algebraically,  y1  ×  y2  =  -(x1 z2 -z1 x2 ) 
 z   z   x y -y z 
LENGTH OF PROJECTION  1  2  1 2 1 2 
The length of projection of a onto b is given by
ˆ
|a.b|

FOOT OF PERPENDICULAR
From a point to a line From a point to a plane
The foot, F, of the perpendicular of a point C with The foot, Q, of the perpendicular of a point P with
position vector c to a line with equation position vector p to a plane with normal n is given
r = a + λb is given by the equations relating by the equations relating
1) OF = a + λb 1) OQ = p + λn
2) OF.b = 0 2) OQ.n = p

PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE
In addition, the perpendicular distance from a to b is given by | a × bˆ |

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