Masters Refresher Course Program

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Lecturer: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen

Introduction

The following Formulas may help the reviewee in understanding the formulas and solutions in this reviewer.

A. Algebra

1. Binomial Expansion

(a) ( x ± y) 2 = x 2 ± 2xy + y 2

(b) ( x + y) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy2 + y 3

n n nxn−1 y n(n − 1)x n−2 y 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x n−3 y 3

(c) ( x + y) = x + + + + ... + y n
1! 2! 3!

(d) (a + b)(a − b) = a 2 − b 2

2. Factoring

(a) ax + bx + cx + ... = x(a + b + c + ...)

(b) x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y)(x − y)

(c) x 2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a)(x + b)

3. The Quadratic Formula

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
B. Trigonometry

1. The Six Trigonometric Functions

y r
(a) sin A = (d) csc A =
r y

x r
(b) cos A = (e) sec A =
r x

y x
(c) tan A = (f) cot A =
x y

2. Fundamental Identities

(a) Reciprocal Relations:

sin θ csc θ = 1

cos θ sec θ = 1
1
 tan θ cot θ = 1

(b) Pythagorean Relations:

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

tan 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ

1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ

(c) Ratio Relations:

sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ

cos θ
cot θ =
sin θ

RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

DIRECTED LINES

All lines measured from the origin 0 to the right or vertically upward have positive (+) directions: all
lines measured from the origin 0 to the left or vertically downward have negative (-) directions.

x-axis = horizontal axis

y-axis = vertical axis
abscissa – x coordinate of a given point.
Ordinate – y coordinate of a given point.
Points are located by means of its coordinates (x, y).

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

The distance between two points P1 and P2 can be expressed in terms of their coordinates by the theorem of
Pythagoras.

2
 d = ( x1 − x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y 2 ) 2
or:
d = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2
Problems:
1. Find the distance between the points (3, 2) and (-5, 4).
Ans. d = 2 17
2. Determine the perimeter of the triangle with vertices A (1, 7), B (4, 4) and C (-3, 0).
Ans. Perimeter = 20.37 units

MID-POINT FORMULA

Condition: P is a mid-point.

P1P2 = P1P + PP2

But,
P1P = PP2
Then,
P1P2 = 2P1P

P1 P2
=2
P1 P
By similar triangles:

P1 P2 x2 − x1 y2 − y1
= = =2
P1 P x − x1 y − y1

3
 x2 + x1
x=
2
y + y1
y= 2
2

Problem:
1. Find the coordinates of the mid-point between A (6, 2) and B (-8, 6).
Ans. x = -1 , y = 4

DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

Let P(x, y) be a point in the straight line through P1 (x1, y1 , P2 (x2, y2). If the segments P1 P , PP2 are such that
P1 P r1
=
PP2 r2

The point P is said to divide the segment P1 P2 in the ratio r1; r2 - internally if P lies in the segment P1 P2 , externally if

P lies in the segment P1 P2 produced (in either direction).

By similar triangles:
P1 P M 1 M 2 x − x1 y − y1 r1
= = = =
PP2 M 2 M x2 − x y1 − y r2
r x +rx
x= 2 1 1 2 Formula (a)
r1 + r2
r2 y1 + r1 y 2
y= Formula (b)
r1 + r2
When a point dividing a line segment in the ration r1 and r2 is the midpoint of the line, then r1 = r2 .
Formulas (a) and (b) become:
1
x = ( x1 + x2 )
2
1
y = ( y1 + y2 )
2
which are now called the Midpoint Formulas.

Examples:
1. The segment joining P1 (1, 3), P2 (5, -2) is trisected. Find the point of trisection nearer to P1.

Solution:

4
 PP2 = 2P1 P

P1 P 1 r1
= =
PP2 2 r2
Therefore:
r1 = 1
r2 = 2
r x +rx
x= 2 1 1 2
r1 + r2

(2)(1) + (1)(5) 7
x= =
1+ 2 3

r2 y1 + r1 y 2
y=
r1 + r2

(2)(4) + (1)(−2) 4
y= =
1+ 2 3

2. The segment from P1 (5, -4) to P2 (7, -9) is extended beyond P2 so that its length is doubled. Find the terminal
point P.

Solution:

The two segments are in opposite directions.

5
 P1 P = 2PP2

P1 P r1
= −2 =
PP2 r2

r1 = −2

r2 = 1

r2 x1 + r1 x2 (1)(5) + (−2)(7)
x= = =9
r1 + r2 − 2 +1

r2 y1 + r1 y2 (1)(−4) + (−2)(−9)
y= = = −14
r1 + r2 − 2 +1

3. The segment joining P1 (5, 11) and P2 (-3, -1) is to be divided into four equal parts. Find the points of division.

Solution:

At point A:
1
P1 A = AP2
3
P1 A 1 r1
= =
AP2 3 r2
r2 x1 + r1 x2 (3)(5) + (1)(−3)
xA = = =3
r1 + r2 1+ 3
r2 y1 + r1 y 2 (3)(11) + (1)(−1)
yA = = =8
r1 + r2 1+ 3
At point B:
P1 B = BP2
P1 B r
=1= 1
BP2 r2
6
 r2 x1 + r1 x2 (1)(5) + (1)(−3)
xB = = =1
r1 + r2 1+1

r2 y1 + r1 y 2 (1)(11) + (1)(−1)
yB = = =5
r1 + r2 1 +1
At point C:
P1C = 3CP2
P1C r
=3= 1
CP2 r2
r2 x1 + r1 x2 (1)(5) + (3)(−3)
xC = = = −1
r1 + r2 3 +1
r2 y1 + r1 y 2 (1)(11) + (3)(−1)
yC = = =2
r1 + r2 3 +1

INCLINATION; SLOPE

The angle of inclination, also called simply the inclination, of a straight line is the smallest positive angle from the
positive x-axis to the line – the angles α in Figures below,

The slope of a line is the tangent of the angle of inclination. Slope is usually denoted by m:

m = tanα
Note:
1. A line sloping to the right has positive slope, since the tangent of a positive acute angle is positive.
2. A line sloping down to the right has negative slope.
3. The slope of a line parallel to the x-axis is zero.
4. The slope is meaningless in the case of a line parallel to the y-axis (including the y-axis itself), since tanα
approaches infinity “i.e., exceeds all bounds as α approaches 90O”.

7
 QP2 y 2 − y1
m = tan α = =
P1Q x2 − x1

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Note that parallel lines have the same slope.

For L1:
m1 = tan α1
For L2:
m2 = tan α 2

Let L1 denotes the one with positive slope, so that:

α 2 = 90 0 + α1
By trigonometry,
tan α 2 = tan(90 0 + α1 )
1
tanα 2 = − cotα1 = −
tanα1
Therefore:
1
m2 = −
m1
Theorem: For lines not parallel to the axes, two lines are perpendicular if only if the slopes are negative reciprocals.
Examples:
1. Verify that the points P1 (-1, 3), P2 (0, 5), P3 (3, 1) are the vertices of a right triangle.

Solution:

8
From the figure we see that if there is a right angle it must be at P1. The slopes of P1P2, P1P3 are respectively

For P1 P2 :
y 2 − y1 5−3
m1 = = =2
x2 − x1 0 − (−1)
For P1 P3 :
y3 − y1 1− 3 1
m2 = = =−
x3 − x1 3 − (−1) 2
Therefore it follows that P1P2 and P1P3 are perpendicular.

2. A moving point P(x, y) remains always equidistant from P1 (-1, 0) and P2 (0, -2). Express this fact by an
algebraic equation.

Solution:

Note that P must be on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining P1 and P2.
Let: M be the mid-point of P1P2. Then:

x1 + x 2 − 1 + 0 1
xM = = =−
2 2 2
y + y 2 0 + (−2)
yM = 1 = = −1
2 2
For the slope of MP:
y − yM y − (−1) y +1
m1 = = =
x − xM 1 1
x − (− ) x +
2 2
For the slope of PiP2:

9
 y 2 − y1 − 2 − 0
m2 = = = −2
x2 − x1 0 − (−1)
By the theorem:
1
m2 = −
m1
1
−2 = −
y +1
1
x+
2
2x -4y-3=0

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Figure 1

Figure 2

By the angle from a line L1 to a line L2 we shall understand the positive angle through which L1 must be rotated
to come to coincidence with L2 (the angle ѱ in Figures 1 and 2)

In Figure 1,
α 2 = α1 +ψ
ψ = α 2 − α1 Eqn. 1
In Figure 2,
α1 = α 2 + (1800 −ψ )
ψ = 1800 + (α 2 −α1 ) Eqn. 2

10
From either Eqn. 1 or 2,
tanα 2 − tanα1
tanψ = tan(α 2 − α1 ) =
1 + tanα 2 tanα1
Since,
tanα1 = m1

tanα 2 = m2
Therefore:
m2 − m1
tanψ =
1 + m1m2

Example:
1. Find the interior angles of the triangle with vertices (1, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2).

Solution:

For L1:
yC − yB 2 − 3
m1 = = = −1
xC − xB 5 − 4
For L2:
yC − y A 2 − 1 1
m2 = = =
xC − x A 5 − 1 4
For L3:
yB − y A 3 −1 2
m3 = = =
xB − x A 4 − 1 3

For the interior angle between L1 and L2:

1
m2 − m1 − (−1)
4 5
tanψ 1−2 = = =
1 + m1m2 1 3
1 + (−1)( )
4
ψ 1−2 = 59.040

For the interior angle between L3 and L2:

11
 2
−1 −
m1 − m3 3 = −5
tanψ 3−1 = =
2
1 + m3m1 1 + ( )(−1)
3
0
ψ 3−1 = 101.31

the interior angle between L2 and L3:

2 1
m3 − m2 −
tanψ 2−3 = = 3 4 = 5
1 + m2 m3 1 2 14
1 + ( )( )
4 3
ψ 2−3 = 19.650

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Consider a triangle with vertices P1 (x1, y1), P2 (x2, y2) and P3 (x3, y3).
Area of triangle P1P2P3 = area of trapezoid M3M2P2P3 – area of trapezoid M3M1P1P3 – area of trapezoid
M1M2P2P1
1 1 1
A = ( x2 − x3 )( y2 + y3 ) − ( x1 − x3 )( y1 + y3 ) − ( x2 − x1 )( y2 + y1 )
2 2 2
1
A = [x1 ( y 2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )]
2
Since the right member of equation is the expansion, by minors of the first column of the determinant below, we have
proved that:
The area of the triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) (x3, y3) is

Example:
Find the area of the triangle with vertices (2, -5), (6, 2) (4, 1).

Solution:

12
 1
A= [x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )]
2
1
A = [(2)(2 − 1) + (6)(1 + 5) + (4)(−5 − 2)]
2
A = 5 sq. units

Checking by determinants:

1
A= (D..P. − U ..P.)
2
D.P. = downward products
U.P. = upward products
1
A= [(4 − 20 + 6) − (8 + 2 − 30)]
2
A = 5 sq. units

Problems:
1. The point (x, y) lies on a circle which has the segment (2, -4) to (5, 6) as a diameter. Express the given statement by an
algebraic equation.
2 2
Ans. x + y − 7 x − 2 y − 14 = 0

2. Find the area of the triangle (3, 7), (5, -2) and (6, 1).
Ans. A = 15/2 sq. units

13
THE LOCUS OF AN EQUATION

The locus of an equation is a curve containing the points, and only those, whose coordinates satisfy the equation.
The curve corresponding to a given equation is said to represent the equation geometrically, while the equation
represents the curve analytically.

THE EQUATION OF A LOCUS

Path of a moving point

A curve is defined as a path, or locus, of a point which moves according to a given law.
Example:
1. A point P (x, y) moves so as to remain always equidistant from the points P1 (-1, 5) and P2 ((3, 2). Find the equation of
its locus.

Solution:

Condition:

P1 P = P2 P
P1 P = ( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 5) 2
P2 P = ( x − x2 ) 2 + ( y − y 2 ) 2 = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 2) 2
Equating and squaring both sides:
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 2) 2
8 x − 6 y + 13 = 0

2. A point moves so as to remain equidistant from the line y = -1 and the point P1 (0, 1). Find the equation of its locus.
Solution:

Condition:

14
 PA = PP1
y + 1 = ( x1 − x ) 2 + ( y1 − y ) 2 = (0 − x) 2 + (1 − y) 2
Squaring both sides:
x2 = 4 y
Problems:
1. Its distance from (4, 0) is always twice its distance from (1, 0).
2 2
Ans. x + y = 4
2. Its distance from (0, -4) is two-thirds of its distance from (0, -9).
2 2
Ans. x + y = 36

THE STRAIGHT LINE

LINE PARALLEL TO THE Y-AXIS

LINE PARALLEL TO THE X-AXIS

POINT-SLOPE FORM

15
 y − y1
tanα = m =
x − x1
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) Equation of the straight line with slope m through the point (x1, y1)
Note:
The point-slope form fails in case the line is parallel to the y-axis, since for such a line m = 900, which is
nonexistent.

Example:
Find the equation of the line through (3, -6) perpendicular to the line joining (4, 1) and (2, 5).

Solution:

yB − y A 5 −1
m1 = = = −2
xB − x A 2−4
By the theorem:
1 1 1
m2 = − =− =
m1 −2 2
Therefore:
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
y − (−6) = ( x − 3 )
2
1
y + 6 = (x − 3 )
2
2 y + 12 = x − 3
x − 2y −15 = 0

LINE THROUGH TWO POINTS

If two points have the same abscissa, the line joining them is parallel to the y-axis. Thus the equation of the line
through the points (k, y1) and (k, y2) is x = k.
If two points have different abscissas, the slope of the line joining them can be written down at once. The
equation of the line joining the two points follows by means of the point-slope form. Thus, the equation of the line
through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), for which x2 ≠ x1 , is found by computing

16
 y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
and then using the point-slope form
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )

Example:
Find the equation of the line through the points (3, -5), (-6, -2).

Solution:

y2 − y1 − 2 − (−5) 1
m= = =−
x2 − x1 −6−3 3
1
y − (−5) = − ( x − 3)
3
1
y + 5 = − ( x − 3)
3
3y + 15 = −x + 3
x + 3y + 12 = 0
Checking:
At P1 (3, -5):
3 + (3)(−5) + 12 = 0
0=0
At P2 (-6, -2):
− 6 + (3)(−2) + 12 = 0
0=0
Alternate method:

17
 D.P. − U.P. = 0
(−5x − 6 y − 6) − (30 − 2x + 3y) = 0
− 5x − 6 y − 6 − 30 + 2x − 3y) = 0
x + 3y+ = 0

SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM

MP y − b
m= =
QM x
y − b = mx
y = mx + b

Where:
m= slope
b = y-intercept
GENERAL EQUATION OF FIRST DEGREE

If an equation is of the first degree in x and y, it can contain at most a term in x, a term in y, and a constant term;
i.e., it can be written in the form
Ax + By + C = 0

REDUCTION TO THE SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM

To reduce the equation of any line (not parallel to the y-axis) to the slope-intercept form, solve the equation for
y when this has been done, the coefficient of x is the slope and the constant term is the y-intercept.

Examples:
1. Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line 3x + 4 y − 6 = 0 .

Solution:
4y = −3x + 6
3 6
y =− x+
4 4
3 3
y =− x+
4 2
Therefore:
3
m=−
4

18
 3
b= = y – intercept
2

2. Find the angle from the line 5x - 2y – 8 = 0 to the line 2x + 3y - 6 = 0.

Solution:

Let:
5x – 2y – 8 = 0 Eqn. 1
2x +3y – 6 = 0 Eqn. 2
For Eqn. 1:
− 2 y = −5x + 8
5
y= x−4
2
Therefore:
5
m1 =
2
For Eqn. 2:
3y = −2x + 6
2
y=− x+2
3

19
Therefore:
2 5
− −
m2 − m1 3 2
tanψ = =
1 + m1m2 5 2
1 + ( )(− )
2 3
ψ = 78.110

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

By reduction to the slope-intercept form, it is easily seen that the lines

Ax + By + C = 0
and
Ax + By + K = 0
are parallel, while the lines
Ax + By + C = 0
and
Bx+ Ay+ K = 0
are perpendicular. Hence, if a line is to be parallel to a given line, the coefficients of x and y in the required equation may
be taken the same as those in the given equation; if a line is to be perpendicular to a given line, the coefficients of x and
y in the required equation may be found by interchanging the coefficients of x and y and changing the sign of one of
them. In each case, of course, the constant term must be determined by an additional condition.

Example:
1. Write the equation of a line through the point (3, -1) perpendicular to the line 3x + 2 y = 6 .
Solution:

Ax + By + C = 0 Given Equation
Bx+ Ay + K = 0 Required equation
3x + 2 y = 6 Given Equation
2x − 3y = (2)(3) − (3)(−1)
2x − 3y = 9 Required Equation

INTERCEPT FORM

Let:
a = x – intercept
b = y – intercept
By similar triangles:

20
 y a−x
=
b a
y x
=1−
b a
x y
+ =1
a b
Equation above, called the intercept form, fails in case the line passes through the origin or is parallel to either axis.

Example:
A line forms with the axes a tringle of area 1 and passes through the point P (1, 4). Find the dimensions of the triangle.

Solution:
x y
+ =1
a b
1 4
+ =1
a b
4a + b = ab Eqn. 1
For the area of triangle, A∆
1
A= x base x height
2
1
A = − ab
2
Since,
A=1
Then,
1
1 = − ab
2
ab = −2 Eqn. 2
2
a=− Eqn. 3
b
Substituting Eqns. 2and 3 in Eqn.1.
2
4(− ) + b = −2
b
b 2 + 2b − 8 = 0
(b + 4)(b − 2) = 0
b = −4 , b = 2
From Eqn. 1:

21
 1
If b = −4 , a=
2
If b = 2 , a = -1

DIRECTED LINES OR PERPENDICULAR LINES

DISTANCE FROM A GIVEN LINE TO A POINT

Ax1 + By1 + C
d= Note that the sign of the denominator will depend on the sign of B.
± A2 + B 2
Example:
Find the distance from the line x = 3y −12 to (5, -1).

Solution:

For the given line:

x = 3y −12
1
y = x+4
3
Therefore:
1
m=
3
y − intercept= 4

Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
± A2 + B 2
Step #1:
For the given line,
x = 3y − 12
x − 3y + 12 = 0
A =1
22
 B = −3
C = 12
Step #2:
Substitute the values A , B and C in the equation.
Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
± A2 + B 2
(1)(5) + (−3)(−1) + 12
d= = −2 10
− (1) 2 + (−3) 2

CURVE SKETCHING

I. Elementary Method of Plotting Points.

Example:
Given:
y = x2 +1
Required:
Sketch of the curve
Solution:
Plot as many points as you can by making a table. Assign value for x and solve for the corresponding
value of y thereby locating a point on the curve.

A B C D E F G
X 0 2 -1 -3 1 3 -2
Y 1 5 2 10 2 10 5

Sketch the curve by plotting the points formed.

II. Discussion Method

A. Intercepts
1. x-intercept
The x-intercept is the point on the x-axis where the curve crosses.
To solve for the x-intercept set y = 0 and solve for the value of x. The point located is the
x-intercept.

2. y-intercept
The y-intercept is the point on the y-axis where the curve crosses.
To find the y-intercept set x = 0 and solve for the value of y. The point located is the
y-intercept.
23
Example:
Given:
y = x2 +1
Required:
Sketch of the curve
Solution:
For x-intercept:
Let: y =0
0 = x2 +1
x2 = ±1
x = − 1 imaginary, there is no x-intercept.
For y-intercept:
Let: x = 0
y = x2 +1
y = (0) 2 + 1
y =1
Therefore:
y − intercept= (0,1)

B. Test for symmetry: Equidistant

Asymptotes:
The line that the curve approaches as one of the variable increases without a limit and the distance
between this line and the curve approaches zero.

1. Vertical asymptotes – asymptotes which are parallel to the y-axis.

Finding the vertical asymptotes:

#1: From the given equation of the curve solve for y in terms of x.

Step #2: Examine if fractional term is produced in step # 1.

Step # 3: If the denominator of the fractional term contains the variable x, equate the denominator to zero.

Step # 4: The equation obtained in Step # 3 is the equation of the vertical asymptotes.

Example:
Given:
xy − 2 y = 3x − 4
Required:
vertical asymptotes

Solution:
xy − 2 y = 3x − 4
y(x − 2) = 3x − 4
3x − 4
y=
x−2
For the vertical asymptotes:

24
 x−2=0
x=2
For x-intercept:
Let: y =0
3x − 4
0=
x−2
3x − 4 = 0
4
x=
3
2. Horizontal asymptotes – asymptotes which are parallel to the x-axis.

Finding the horizontal asymptotes:

Step # 1: Solve for x in terms of y.

Step # 2: Examine if a fractional term is produced.

Step # 3: If a fractional term is produced and the variable y is present in the denominator, equate the
denominator to zero.

Step # 4: The equation obtained in Step # 3 is the equation of the vertical asymptotes. Solve for the value of y by
setting the denominator equals zero.

Example:
Given:
xy − 2 y = 3x − 4
Required:
Horizontal asymptotes
Solution:
xy − 2 y = 3x − 4
xy − 3x = 2y − 4
x( y − 3) = 2 y − 4
2y − 4
x=
y −3
For the horizontal asymptotes:
y − 3= 0
y =3
For the y-intercept:
Let: x = 0
0 = 2y − 4
y =2

25
EXCLUDED REGIONS

Regions where there are two points of the graph or locus.

These regions are composed of points or coordinates which are not on the graph of the curve.

1. Critical numbers on x:

Step # 1: Solve for y in terms of x.

Step # 2: The critical numbers on x are the values of x that will make either the numerator or the denominator
of the function obtained in Step # 1 equal to zero.

Step # 3: investigate both the regions less than and greater than the critical values of x.

Example # 1:
Given:
xy − 2 y = 3x − 4
Required:
Determine the excluded regions to the critical values of x.
Solution:
For critical values of x:
xy − 2 y = 3x − 4
y(x − 2) = 3x − 4
3x − 4
y=
x−2
For the numerator:
3x − 4 = 0
4
x=
3
Investigation:
4
Regions < x = , say x = 1
3
(3)(1) − 4
y= = 1 or +
1− 2
Therefore for regions (-y, x < 4/3) are excluded.

For the denominator:

x−2=0
26
 x=2

Example # 2:
Given:
xy2 + y 2 = x
Required:
Sketch of the graph
Solution:
A. Intercepts:
1. y – intercepts
Let: x = 0
(0) y 2 + y 2 = 0
y =0
A (0, 0)

2. x – intercepts
Let: y = 0
x(0) 2 + (0) 2 = 0
x=0
A (0, 0)

B. Symmetry:
1. with the x-axis
xy2 + y 2 = x
x(− y) 2 + (− y 2 ) = x
xy2 + y 2 = x
Therefore the given equation is symmetrical with the x-axis.

2. with the y-axis

xy2 + y 2 = x
− x( y 2 ) + y 2 = −x
Therefore the given equation is not symmetrical with the y-axis.

3. with the origin

xy2 + y 2 = x
(−x)(− y) 2 + (− y) 2 = −x
− xy2 + y 2 = −x
Therefore the given equation is not symmetrical with the origin.

4. with the 450 line

xy2 + y 2 = x
yx2 + x 2 = y
Therefore the given equation is not symmetrical with the 450 line.

5. with the -450 line

xy2 + y 2 = x
− y(−x) 2 + (−x) 2 = − y
27
 − xy2 + x 2 = − y
Therefore the given equation is not symmetrical with the -450 line.

C. Asymptotes:

1. Vertical asymptotes:
xy2 + y 2 = x
y 2 (x + 1) = x
x
y2 =
x +1
x +1 = 0
x = −1 Vertical asymptotes
2. Horizontal asymptotes
xy2 + y 2 = x
x − xy2 = y 2
x(1 − y 2 ) = y 2
y2
x=
1− y2
1− y2 = 0
y2 = 1
y = ±1 Horizontal asymptotes

D. Excluded Regions
1. Critical values of x:
xy2 + y 2 = x
y 2 (x + 1) = x
x
y2 =
x +1
x
y =±
x +1
a. For the numerator
x =0
x=0

b. x +1 = 0
x + 1 = (0) 2
x = −1
Investigation:
For region x < -1, say x = -2
−2 −2
y = = = ± 2 = ±1.4 Real, not excluded
− 2 +1 −1

For region -1 < x < 0 ; say x = -1/2

28
 1 1
− −
y=± 2 =± 2 = −1
imaginary, excluded
1 1
− +1
2 2

For region x > 0, say x = 1

1 1 1
y = = =± real, not excluded
1+1 1+1 2
2. Critical values of y:
xy2 + y 2 = x
x − xy2 = y 2
x(1 − y 2 ) = y 2
y2
x=
1− y2
a. For the numerator
y2 = 0
y =0
b. For the denominator
1− y2 = 0
y = ± 1 = ±1
Investigation:
For region y < -1, say y = -2
(−2) 2 4
x= 2
=−
1 − (−2) 3
Therefore for region (+x, y < -1) are excluded.

For region -1 < y < 0, say y = -1/2

1 1
(− ) 2
2 1
x= = 4 =
1 1 3
1 − (− ) 2 1 −
2 4
Therefore for region (-x, -1 < y < 0) are excluded.

For region y > 0, say y =2

(2) 2 4
x= = −
1 − (2) 2 3
Therefore for region (+x, y > 1) are excluded.

29
TRANSLATION OF AXES

Relationships:

y = y′ + k
y′ = y − k

x = x′ + h
x′ = x − h
Examples:
1. Transform 3x + 2 y = 6 by translating axes so that the new origin is at (4, -3).
Solution:
y′ = y − k = y − (−3) = y + 3
y = y′ − 3
x′ = x − 4
x = x′ + 4
Substitute the value of x and y to the original equation.
3(x′ + 4) + 2( y′ − 3) = 6
3x′ +12 + 2 y′ − 6 = 6
3x′ + 2 y′ = 0

30
 2
2. Sketch the curve y = 1+ by the use of method of translation of axes.
x
Solution:
Step # 1: Determine the new origin.
2
y = 1+
x
x+2
y=
x
xy = x + 2
xy − x = 2
x( y −1) = 2
By inspection:
x′ = x + 0
x′ = x
y′ = y −1
y = y ′ +1
Therefore:
h=0
k=1
New origin: (0, 1)

Step # 2: Locate the new origin and sketch the graph.

Transformed equation:
x′ = x
y′ = y −1
Where:
2
x=
y −1
Therefore:
2
x=
y′

31
 2
x′ =
y′
x′y′ = 2

CIRCLE
The locus of a point that moves so that it remains equidistant from a fixed point called the center.

1. Equation of a circle with center at the origin.

x2 + y2 = r 2

2. Equation of a circle with translated axes.

(x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2

3. General Equation of a circle passing through the three given points.

x 2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0

Examples:
2
1. Determine the center and the radius and draw the circle x + y 2 + 2x − 6 y = 6 .
Solution:
Complete the square on x and y.
x 2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 − 6 y + 9 = 6 + 1 + 9
(x + 1) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 16
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = (4) 2
From:
(x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2
x − h = x +1
h = −1
y − k = y −3
k =3
Therefore:
C(-1, 3)
r =4

32
2. Find the equation of the circle with center at (-1, -3) and passing through (-2, 0).
Solution:

(x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2
r 2 = CA2 = ( x A − xC ) 2 + ( y A − yC ) 2
r 2 = [(−2) − (−1)] + [(0) − (−3)]
2 2

r 2 = 10
Substituting the values of h, k and r in the equation of a circle with translated axes.
[x − (−1)]2 + [y − (−3)]2 =10
(x + 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 10
3. Find the equation of the circle with center at the origin touching the line 3x + 4 y = 10.
Solution:
For the line:
3x + 4 y = 10
3 4
x + y =1
10 10
x y
+ =1
10 10
3 4
10
x − int ercept =
3
10 5
y − int ercept = =
4 2
Ax + By1 + C
d =r = 1
± A2 + B 2
Where:
A=3
B=4
33
 C = −10
(3)(0) + (4)(0) −10 −10 −10
r= = = = −2
(3)2 + (4)2 25 5
Therefore:
x 2 + y 2 = (−2) 2
x2 + y 2 = 4

Problems:
Write the equation of the circle.
1. With center at (2, -3), radius 5.
2 2
Ans. x + y − 4x + 6 y −12 = 0
2. With radius “a” and touching both axis.
2 2 2
Ans. x + y − 2ax − 2ay + a = 0
3. With center at (2a, a) and touching the y-axis.
2 2 2
Ans. x + y − 4ax − 2ay + a = 0
4. With center at (a, b) and passing the origin.
2 2
Ans. x + y − 2ax − 2by− = 0
5. With the points (2, 5), (6, -1) as ends of diameter.
2 2
Ans. x + y − 8x − 4 y + 7 = 0

PARABOLA
A parabola is a locus of a point that moves in a plane so that its distance from a fixed line, called the directrix, is
always equal to its distance from a fixed point called the focus.

Condition:
d1 = d 2
d1 = x − (−a)
d1 = x + a
d 2 = ( x − a) 2 + ( y − 0) 2
d 2 = x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + y 2
Equating:

x + a = x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + y 2
Squaring both sides:

34
 (x + a) 2 = (x 2
− 2ax + a 2 + y 2 )
2

x 2 + 2ax + a 2 = x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + y 2
y 2 = 4ax

1. Equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and symmetrical with the x-axis and concave to the right

y 2 = 4ax

Properties:
4a = length of the latus rectum
a = distance from the vertex to the focus also, the distance from the vertex to the directrix
Latus rectum = the line perpendicular to the axis of symmetry passing through the focus
Location of vertex (0, 0)
Location of focus (a, 0)
Equation of directrix, x = -a
d1 = d2
d1
eccentricity, e = =1
d2

2. Equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and symmetrical with the x-axis and concave to the left

y 2 = −4ax

3. Equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and symmetrical with the y-axis and concave upward

x2 = 4ay
35
4. Equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and symmetrical with the y-axis and concave downward

x2 = −4ay

5. Equation of a parabola with the vertex not at the origin, axis of symmetry parallel to the x-axis, and concave to the
right

( y − k) 2 = 4a(x − h)

36
6. Equation of a parabola with the vertex not at the origin, axis of symmetry parallel to the x-axis, and concave to the
left

( y − k ) 2 = −4a( x − h)

7. Equation of a parabola with the vertex not at the origin, axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis, and concave upward

(x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k )

37
8. Equation of a parabola with the vertex not at the origin, axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis, and concave
downward

(x − h)2 = −4a( y − k )

Examples:
2
1. Locate the vertex, focus, and ends of the latus rectum and draw the curve x + y = 6 y − 5 .
Solution:
x + y2 = 6 y − 5
y 2 − 6 y = −x − 5
Completing the square on y,
y 2 − 6 y + 9 = −x − 5 + 9
( y − 3)2 = −x + 4
( y − 3)2 = −( x − 4)
For the vertex:
y −3 = y − k
k =3
x−h = x−4
x=4

38
Therefore:
V (4, 3)
Distance of the focus from the vertex:
4a = 1
1
a=
4
1
2a =
2
For the focus:
3
F (3 ,3)
4
For the latus rectum:
Length= 4a = 1

2
2. What is the length of the latus rectum of the parabola x + 8x − 16 y + 32 = 0 ?
Solution:
x 2 + 8x − 16 y + 32 = 0
x 2 + 8x = 16 y − 32
Completing the square 0n x:
x2 + 8x + 16 = 16 y − 32 + 16
( x + 4)2 = 16 y − 16
( x + 4)2 = 16( y − 1)
x+4 = x−h
h = −4
y −1 = y − k
k =1
Therefore;
V(-4, 1)

39
Length of latus rectum = 4a = 16

16
a= =4
4

2
3. How far is the directrix of the parabola ( x − 4) = −8( y − 2) from the x – axis?
Solution:
( x − 4)2 = −8( y − 2)
h=4
k =2
V(4, 2)
LR = 4a = 8
a=2
Directrix = 4 units from x-axis

4. A parabola has its vertex at (-2, 3) and its directrix is y = 7. Find the length of its latus rectum.

Solution:

40
 a=4
Latus rectum = 4a = 18

2
5. Find the distance of the vertex of the curve ( x − 2) = 4 y to the line 2 x − 3 y − 8 = 0 .
Solution:

For the given curve:

V 2,0)
LR = 4a = 4
a=1
For the given line:
2x − 3 y − 8 = 0
3 y = 2x − 8
2 8
y = x−
3 3
2
m=
3
8 2
Y – intercept = − = −2
3 3

41
 Ax1 + By1 + C (2)(2) + (−3)(0) + (−8)
d= = = 1.10
± A2 + B 2 − (2) 2 + (−3) 2

6. A parabolic has a width of 18 m across the bottom. At a vertical distance of 3 m above the bottom, the width across
the arc is 12 m. What is the height of the arch in meters?

(6)2 y
2
=
(9) y +3
36 y
=
81 y + 3
81y = 36y + 108
45y = 108
y = 2.4m
h = y +3
h = 2.4 + 3 = 5.4m

Problems:
1. A parabolic arch is 20 m across the bottom and 5 m high. Find the length of a beam that can be installed
horizontally across the arch 4 m above the bottom.
Ans. 2x = 8.94 m
2. A parabola passes thru (3, 4). The vertex is at the origin and the focus on the x-axis. Find the length of the
latus rectum.
Ans. Latus rectum = 16/3
3. Find the latus rectum of a parabola whose vertex is at (-3, 2) and its focus is at (0,2).
Ans. Latus rectum = 12

ELLIPSE

An ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points, called the foci,
is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis. It is a conic whose eccentricity is less than one.

1. Ellipse with center at the origin and major axis is along the x-axis

42
 x2 y2
(1) 2 + 2 = 1
a b

(2) d1 + d2 = 2a
2b 2
(3) Latus Rectum =
a
(4) a 2 = b2 + c2

(5) Focus from center, c = ae

a
(6) Directrix from center, d =
e
c
(7) Eccentricity, e = <1
a
d1
(8) e = <1
d2
Properties:
a = length of the semi-major axis
b = length of the semi-minor axis
2a = length of the major axis
2b = length of the minor axis

From the figure:

a 2 = b2 + c2
43
 c 2 = a 2 − b2

2. Ellipse with center at the origin and major axis along the y-axis
x2 y 2
+ =1
b2 a 2

3. Ellipse with translated axes, and with major axis parallel to the x-axis

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1
a2 b2

4. Ellipse with translated axes, and with major axis parallel to the y-axis

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1
b2 a2

44
Examples:
1. Given:
3x2 + 4 y 2 −18x + 8 y +19 = 0
Required:
Sketch the graph
Solution:
3x2 + 4 y 2 −18x + 8 y +19 = 0
3x 2 −18x + 4 y 2 + 8 y = −19
3( x 2 − 6x) + 4( y 2 + 2 y) = −19
Completing the square on x and y.
3( x2 − 6x + 9) + 4( y 2 + 2 y +1) = −19 + 3(9) + 4(1)
3( x − 3) 2 + 4( y +1) 2 = 12
Dividing both sides by 12:
3( x − 3) 2 4( y + 1) 2
+ =1
12 12
( x − 3) 2 ( y + 1) 2
+ =1
12 12
3 4
( x − 3) ( y + 1) 2
2
+ =1
4 3
Therefore, the major axis is parallel to the x-axis.
C (3, -1)
a2 = 4
a= 4 =2
b2 = 3
b = 3 = 1.73
c 2 = a 2 − b2
c = a2 − b2 = 4 − 3 = 1

45
2. Find the center and foci, plot the vertices and the ends of the latera recta and draw the curve. Find the eccentricity
and the equations of the directrices.
x2 y2
a. + =1
25 16
Solution:
Major axis is parallel to the x-axis.
a 2 = 25 ; a = 5
b2 = 16 ; b = 4
c 2 = a 2 − b 2 = 25 − 16 = 9 ; c = 3
c = ae
c 3
e= =
a 5
2b 2 (2)(4) 2 32
LR = = =
a 5 5

C (0, 0)
Foci: (3, 0) , (-3, 0)
Vertex: (5, 0), (-5, 0)
Ends of Latus Rectum (3, 16/5), (3, -16/5); (-3, 16/5), (-3, 16/5)
a 5 25
Equation of directrix: x=± =± =±
e 3 3
5

46
 x2 y2
b. + =1
144 169
Solution:
The major axis is parallel to y-axis.
Center: (0, 0)
a 2 = 169 ; a = 13
b 2 = 144 ; b = 12
c = a − b 2 = 169 − 144 = 25 ; c = 5
2 2

2b 2 (2)(144)
LR = = = 22.15
a 13
Foci: F1 (0,5), F2 (0,−5)
144 144
Ends of LR: (± ,5), (± ,−5)
13 13
c 5
e= =
a 13
a 13 169
Equation of directrix: y = ± =± =
e 5 5
13

47
3. Find the equation of the ellipse.

a. Eccentricity 1/3, distance between foci 2.

Solution:
1
e=
3
2c = 2
c =1
c = ae
c 1
a= = =3 ; a2 = 9
e 1
3
a2 = b2 + c2
b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = (3) 2 − (1) 2 = 8
b= 8=2 2
x2 y 2
+ =1
a 2 b2
x2 y2
+ =1
9 8
8x 2 + 9 y 2
=1
72
8x 2 + 9 y 2 = 72

b. Eccentricity ½, distance between directrix 24.

Solution:
1
e=
2
48
 2x = 24
x = 12
a
x=
e
1
a = ex = ( )(12) = 6 ; a 2 = 36
2
1
c = ae = (6)( ) = 3 ; c 2 = 9
2
b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = 36 − 9 = 27
b = 27 = 3 3
x2 y 2
+ =1
a 2 b2
x2 y2
+ =1
36 27
27x 2 + 36y 2
=1
972
27x 2 + 36y 2 = 972
3x 2 + 4 y 2 = 108

2 2
4. Find the length of the latus rectum of the curve 9x + 25y = 225.

Solution:
9x 2 + 25y 2 = 225
x2 y 2
+ =1
25 9
a2 = 25
a=5
b2 = 9
b=3
2b2 (2)(3) 2
L.R. = = = 3.6
a 5

5. The curve Ax2 + By2 + F = 0 passes thru (4, 0) and (0,3).

①What is the coefficient A?
②What is the coefficient B?
③Compute the area enclosed by the curve.
④Identify the curve.

Solution:
①Coefficient A:
Ax2 + By2 + F = 0
B 2 F
x2 + y + =0
A A
When x = 4 and y = 0,

49
 B F
(4)2 + (0)2 + = 0
A A
F
= −16
A
When x = 0 and y = 3,
B F
(0) 2 + (3) 2 + = 0
A A
B
9 + (−16) = 0
A
B 16
=
A 9
Hence the coefficient of A =9.

②The coefficient of B = 16.

③Area of curve:
16 2
x2 + y −16 = 0
9
Multiplying both sides by 9:
9x 2 + 16y 2 = 144
Dividing both sides by 54:
x2 y 2
+ =1
16 9
a 2 = 16
a=4
b2 = 9
b=9
Area= πab = π (4)(3) = 37.70 sq units

④The curve is an ellipse.

5. The semi-major axis of an ellipse is 500 m and the semi-minor axis is 300 m. What is the perimeter of the ellipse?

Solution:

a 2 + b2 (500) 2 + (300) 2
Perimeter= 2π = 2π = 2,590.6 m
2 2

6. An elliptical lot has a semi-major axis of 8 m. The latus rectum is 1 m. What is the perimeter of the lot in meters?

Solution:
2b2
L.R. =
a
aL.R (8)(1)
b2 = = =4
2 2

50
 a 2 + b2 (8) 2 + 4
Perimeter= 2π = 2π = 36.6 m
2 2

7. The area of an ellipse is 62.83 m and the latus rectum is 6.4 m. Determine its longer diameter.

Solution:
A = πab
A
b= Eqn. ①
πa
2b2
L.R. =
a
aL.R
b2 = Eqn. ②
2

Substituting Eqn. ① in Eqn. ②.

2
 A  aL.R
  =
 πa  2
A2 aL.R
=
π 2a2 2
2A2
a3 = 2
π L.R.
2A2 (2)(62.83) 2
a= 2 3 = 3 =5 m
π L.R. π 2 (6.4)
2a = 10 m longer diameter
10. Fencing an elliptical garden costs P200/linear meter. If the semi-minor axis is 40 m and the foci are 60 m apart,
determine the total cost in pesos.

Solution:
2c = 60
c = 30
b = 40
a 2 = b2 + c 2
a 2 = (40) 2 + (30) 2
a 2 = 2,500
a = 50
a 2 + b2 (50) 2 + (40) 2
Perimeter= 2π = 2π = 284.48 m
2 2
Toatal cost = (284.48 m)(P200/ m) = P56,896
Problems:
2 2
1. Find the length of the latus rectum of the curve 16x + 64y − 1024= 0.
Ans. L.R. = 4
2. The area of the ellipse is 62.83 sq m. The semi-minor axis is 0.8 times the semi-major axis. Find the perimeter of the
ellipse.
Ans. Perimeter = 28.45 m
51
3. The perimeter of ellipse is 21.3 m. The semi-major axis is 4 m. What is the length of the latus rectum?
Ans. L.R. = 3.5 m
4. The distance between the foci of an ellipse is 6 m. Find the length of the latus rectum in meters.
Ans. L.R. =6.4 m
5. Determine the eccentricity of ellipse whose diameters are 10 m and 8 m long.
Ans. e = 0.60

HYPERBOLA

The locus of a point that moves so that the difference between its distances from two fixed points is a constant.

A. Equation of a hyperbola with center at the origin, transverse axis along the x-axis.

52
 x2 y2
(1) − =1
a2 b2
(2) c 2 = a 2 + b 2
(3) Distance from center to focus, c = ae
2b 2
(4) Length of latus rectum =
a
d1
(5) Eccentricity, e = >1
d2
c
(6) Eccentricity, e =
a
(7) d1 − d2 = 2a
a
(8) Distance of directrix to center, d =
e
b
(9) Asymptotes: y = ± x
a
Properties:
a = length of the semi transverse axis
b = length of the semi conjugate axis
c = distance from the center to one of the foci

53
 c2 = a2 + b2
c = a2 + b2

Equation of asymptotes:
For L1: For L2:

b b
m1 = m2 = −
a a
C (0, 0) C (0, 0)
y − yC = m1 ( x − xC ) y − yC = −m2 ( x − xC )
y − 0 = m1(x − 0) y − 0 = −m2 ( x − 0)
y = m1x y = −m2 x
b b
y= x y=− x
a a

B. Equation of a hyperbola with center at the origin, transverse axis along the y-axis.

y2 x2
(1) 2 − 2 = 1
a b
(2) c 2 = a 2 + b 2
(3) Distance from center to focus, c = ae
2b 2
(4) Length of latus rectum =
a

54
 d1
(5) Eccentricity, e = >1
d2
c
(6) Eccentricity, e =
a
(7) d1 − d2 = 2a
a
(8) Distance of directrix to center, d =
e
a
(9) Asymptotes: y = ± x
b

C. Equation of a hyperbola with translated axes, transverse axis parallel to the x-axis.

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
(1) − =1
a2 b2
2b 2
(2) Latus Rectum =
a
(3) Distance from center to focus, c = ae
a
(4) Distance from center to directrix, d =
e
(5) c 2 = a 2 + b 2
b
(6) Asymptotes: y − k = ± ( x − h)
a

D. Equation of a hyperbola with translated axes, transverse axis parallel to y-axis.

55
 ( y − k ) 2 ( x − h) 2
(1) − =1
a2 b2
2b 2
(2) Latus Rectum =
a
(3) Distance from center to focus, c = ae
a
(4) Distance from center to directrix, d =
e
(5) c 2 = a 2 + b 2
a
(6) Asymptotes: y − k = ± ( x − h)
b

Examples:
1. Locate the center, vertices, foci, and ends of the latera recta, draw the asymptotes, and trace the curve. Determine
the eccentricity and write the equations of the directrices and asymptotes.
y2 x2
− =1
16 9
Solution:
Transverse axis is parallel to x-axis.
a 2 = 16 ; a = 4
b2 = 9 ; b = 3
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 ; c = 5
Center: C(0, 0)
c 5
e= =
a 4
Vertices: (4, 0) and (-4, 0)
2b (2)(3) 2 9
LR = = =
a 4 2
9 9
Ends of LR = (5,± ), (−5,± )
4 4
Equation of asymptotes:

56
 b 3
y=± x=± x
a 4
Equation of directrices:
a 4 16
x=± =± =±
e 5 5
4

2 2
2. What is the angle in degrees, between an asymptote of the hyperbola x − 4 y − 2x − 63 = 0 and the x-axis?

Solution:

x2 − 4 y 2 − 2x − 63 = 0
Completing the square on x:

x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 4 y 2 = 63 + 1
( x − 1) 2 − 4( y − 0) 2 = 64
Dividing both sides by 64:

( x − 1)2 4( y − 0) 2 64
− =
64 64 64
2 2
( x − 1) 4( y − 0)
− =1
64 16
a 2 = 64 , a =8

b 2 = 16 , b=4
b 4
tan θ = =
a 8

4
θ = Arc tan  = 26.56 0
8

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 2 2
3. Find the angle in degrees, between the asymptote of the hyperbola 9 x − 25y + 50 y − 250 = 0 and the x-axis.

Solution:

9 x2 − 25y 2 + 50 y − 250 = 0

9 x 2 − 25( y 2 − 2 y) = 250

9 x 2 − 25( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = 250 − 25(1)

9x 2 − 25( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = 225

9( x − 0) 2 − 25( y − 1) 2 = 225

( x − 0) 2 ( y − 1) 2
− =1
25 9

a 2 = 25 , a=5

b2 = 9 , b=3

b 3
tan θ = =
a 5

 3
θ = Arc tan  = 30.96 0
5

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 POLAR COORDINATES

y = r sin θ

x = r cos θ

r 2 = x2 + y2

r = x2 + y2

Examples:

1. Using polar coordinates, a point is at (7, 380). Find its rectangular coordinates.

Solution:

x = r cos θ

x = (7)(cos380 ) = 5.52

y = r sin θ

y = (7)(sin380 ) = 4.31

Rectangular coordinates (5.52, 4.31)

2. Using rectangular coordinates, a point is located at (3, 4). Find its polar coordinates.

Solution:

59
 x = r cos θ

r 2 = x2 + y2

r = x2 + y2

r = (3) 2 + (4) 2 = 5

y 4
sinθ = =
r 5

 4
θ = arcsin  = 53.130
5

Polar coordinates (5, 53.130)

3. The vertices of a triangle have polar coordinates of (0, 00), (6, 300) and (9, 700). Find the area and perimeter of the
triangle.

Solution:

(9)(6)(sin 400 )
Area = = 17.36 sq. units
2

( BC) 2 = ( AB) 2 + ( AC) 2 − 2( AB)( AC) cos 400

( BC) 2 = (9) 2 + (6) 2 − 2(9)(6) cos 400

BC = 5.85

Perimeter = 9 + 6 + 5.85 = 20.85 units

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 4
4. Determine the length of the latus rectum of the curve r =
1 − sinθ
Solution:

r − r sin θ = 4

x2 + y2 − y = 4

x2 + y2 = y + 4

Squaring both sides.

x 2 + y 2 = y 2 + 8 y + 16

x 2 = 8 y + 16

x 2 = 8( y + 2)

x 2 = 4a( y + 2)

Latus rectum = 4a = 8

2
5. The polar equation of the curve is expressed as r = . Find the ordinate of the vertex.
1 − sinθ
Solution:

r − r sin θ = 2

x2 + y2 − y = 2

x2 + y2 = y + 2

Squaring both sides.

x2 + y 2 = y 2 + 4y + 4

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 x2 = 4y + 4

x 2 = 4( y + 1)

y +1 = 0

y = −1

Ordinate of vertex = −1

6. Find the total length of the curve r = 2(sinθ + cosθ ).

Solution:

r = 2(sinθ + cosθ )

Multiplying both sides by r :

r 2 = 2r sin θ + 2r cosθ

x 2 + y 2 = 2 y + 2x

x 2 − 2x + y 2 − 2 y = 0

Completing the square in x and y :

( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = 0 + 1 + 1

( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = ( 2 ) 2

Total length of curve = 2πr = 2π 2 = 8.9 units

Problems:
1. Using polar coordinates, a point is at (6, 700). Find its rectangular coordinates.
Ans. Rectangular coordinates (2.05, 5.64)
2. In rectangular coordinates, the location of a point is (8, 6). Find its polar coordinates.
Ans. Polar coordinates (10, 36.90)
2
3. Find the length of the latus rectum of the curve r sin θ = cosθ .
Ans. L.R. = 4a = 1

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