Flexural Analysis of Beams-2

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:Objectives
The following topics will be covered:

– Nominal Moment Strength Mn

– Balanced Strain Condition

– Maximum Reinforced Ratio

Quick review
• Modular Ratio:
The ratio of the steel modulus to concrete modulus is called
modular ratio, n

n=Es/Ec

• If the modular ratio for a particular beam is 10, the stress in

the steel will be 10 times the stress in the concrete at the
same distance from the neutral axis.
• Another way of saying this is that when n=10, 1 cm2 of steel
will carry the same total force as 10 cm2 of concrete.
 Quick review

• Transformed Section:

• The steel bars replaced with an equivalent area of

fictitious concrete (nAs) which supposedly can
resist tension.
Quick review
Nominal Moment Mn

• Mn is defined as the theoretical or nominal resisting

moment of a section.
• The usable strength of a member = its theoretical
strength X the strength reduction factor (Ø)
• The suable flexural strength of a member (ØMn)
must be equal to or greater than the calculated
factored moment, Mu caused by the factored loads:

ØMn ≥ Mu
Three Conditions of Flexural Sections

• Balanced section: the tensile stress will reach its

yield point at the same time the compression
concrete fibers reach a strain equal to 0.003.
• Compression control: When compression strain
reaches 0.003 before steel yields, then failure can
happen without warning (brittle failure)
• Tension control: the computed tensile strain are ≥
0.005 and at the same time the concrete strains are
0.003. Steel will yield before compression side
crushes and deflection will be large.
 Balanced Conditions
Concrete reaches crushing strain εcu = 0.003 and steel
reaches yield strain εy = fy/Es, at the same time

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 Balanced Conditions
From the linear strain condition,
xb  cu 0.003
 
d  cu   y 0.003  f y
200000
600

600  f y
The compressive force,
Cb  0.85 f c ' abb  0.85 f c ' 1 xb b
The tensile force,
T  Asb f y   b bdf y
From Eq.
C  T ; 0.85 f c ' 1 xbb   b bdf y
SI units:
0.85 f c ' 1 xb 0.85 f c ' 1 600
b   fc’ and fy are in units of MPa
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fy d fy 600  f y
 Calculation of b
 0.851 f c '  600   0.85(0.85)( 28)  6
b     
 fy  
  600  f y ( MPa )   420  600

Example #a

f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 420 MPa

 0.851 f c '  600   0.85(0.85)( 28)  600 

b        0.0283
 fy  
  600  f y ( MPa )   420  600  420 
 Section Types Based on ρ
Two types : (a) under-reinforced ρ ≤ ρb
(b) over-reinforced ρ > ρb

•For under-reinforced beams, tension steel will yield at failure i.e. at

ultimate condition, fs = fy and εs ≥εy

•For over-reinforced beams, tension steel will not yield at failure i.e. at
ultimate condition, fs < fy

For practical design, we only use under-reinforced beams, as over-

reinforced beams are not economical and also they are highly brittle.
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 Maximum Reinforcement Ratio ρmax
These limits are given to ensure ductility. Flexure
failure becomes brittle (less ductility), if beams are
highly reinforced.

Max. Limit.

max. ρ = corresponds to εt = 0.004 (ACI 9.3.3.1)

0.003   y
 ( t  0.004)   b   max
0.007

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 Maximum Reinforcement Ratio ρmax

Example#b
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
 0.851 f c '  600   0.85(0.85)( 28)  600 
b        0.0283
 fy  
  600  f y ( MPa )   420  600  420 
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Minimum Steel Percentage (fc’ and fy in MPa)

• Sometimes, because of architectural or functional requirements, beam

dimensions are selected much larger than are required for bending alone.
Such members, theoretically require very small amounts of reinforcing.

• Therefore, if the ultimate resisting moment of the section is less than its
cracking moment, this section will fail immediately (without warning) when
crack occurs.

• To protect against brittle failure, certain minimum amount of

reenforcing is specified and must be used.

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Minimum Steel Percentage (fc’ and fy in MPa)

• For rectangular cross-sections, ρ:

As
 min      max
bw d
• Minimum Reinforcement Ratio (ρmin) ACI Section 9.6.1.2
0.25 f c 1.4
 min  
fy fy

• This is to protect against brittle failure.

 0.25 f c   
As(min)   bw d   1.4  bw d
 fy   f 
   y

Where: bw = width of section and,

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d = effective depth of section.
Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage

EX: For the singly reinforced beam shown,

(a)Calculate ρb; fc’ = 35 MPa and fy = 350 MPa
(b)Minimum and maximum areas of tension steel
(c)Calculate the value of Mn.
3Φ25
Sol.
(a)For fc’ = 35 MPa ;
0.85 fc' 600 0.85 * 35 600
b  1 ( ) 0.81( )  0.0435
fy 600  fy 350 600  350
or from Table 3.6.1 b  0.0435
or from Table B.7 (Appendix B in the textbook) 17
Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage
(b) Minimum and maximum areas of tension steel
 0.25 f c   
As(min)    bw d   1.4  bw d
 fy   f 
   y
 0.25 35  1.4 
As(min)   350 * 530  784 mm 2 Or As(min)    350 * 530  742 mm 2

 350   350 
As(min)  784 mm 2 3Φ25

From Table 3.6.1  max  0.0295

As (max)   max bd  0.0295 * 350 * 530  5473mm 2

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Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage
(c) Calculate the value of Mn.

As  1470 mm 2
Since As(min)  As  As(max) OK
Steel yielded
C  0.85 f c ' ab
T  As f y
As f y 1470 * 350
We have C  T; a   49.4mm
0.85 f cb 0.85(35) * (350)
 a  a
.  M n  T  d  or M n  C  d  
 2  2
 a  49.4  1
M n  As f y  d    (1470 * 350) 530  ( 6 )  260 kN19
.m
 2  2  10
 Strength Reduction factor Φ and Mu
Strength reduction factor for moment, Φ
Actual moment capacity of beam = Φ Mn

Φ Mn ≥ required moment strength Mu (due to load)

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 Strength Reduction factor Φ and Mu
Strength reduction factors (Φ) account for
–uncertainties in material strength,
–inaccuracies in design equations,
–approximations in analysis,
–variations in dimensions and
–variations in placement of reinforcement

ACI Code Section 21.2 lists the factors

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 Strength Reduction factor Φ and Mu
From Table 21.2.1 (ACI-318-14) —Strength reduction factors ϕ
– Tension controlled beams and slabs – Φ= 0.90

– Shear and torsion in beams – Φ= 0.75

– Columns – Φ = 0.75 or 0.65

– Lightly loaded columns – Φ= 0.65 or 0.75 to 0.90

– Bearing on concrete – Φ= 0.65

Strength Reduction factor Φ

Flexural members in this

range is usually
uneconomical
x

εt

(d - x)
t   cu
x
END OF LECTURE