Ethan Erika T.

Biona (STEM11-L)

BasCal – Long Exam 1 Reviewer

Coverage

Limits and Continuity

1. Limits of a function using table of values  If the limit of the function from left and from right
2. Graphical Approach to Limits of Functions are different, then the limit does not exist.
3. Definition of the Limit of a Function
4. Properties of limits and their applications in (2) Find the limit of a function using table of values
evaluating limits of algebraic functions
(a) evaluation of one-sided limits 1) 𝐟(𝒙)= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟐
(b) infinite limits
(c) limits at infinity x F(x) x F(x)
5. Limits of exponential, logarithmic, and
trigonometric functions using tables of values or
graphs of the functions
1.9 3.71 2.050 4.1525
6. Evaluation of limits involving the expressions
1.95 3.8525 2.010 4.0301
1.99 3.9701 2.005 4.0150
7. Continuity of a Function at a Number 1.999 3.9971 2.001 4.0030
8. Continuity on an Interval
From the table of values, we see that as x is closer to 2 the
9. Different types of discontinuity (hole/removable,
value of f(x) is closer to 4
jump/essential, asymptotic/infinite)
10. Intermediate Value Theorem
lim 𝒙𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟐 = 4
𝒙→2
The derivative and Differentiation
11. The Tangent Line and the Derivative
12. Theorems on Differentiation of Algebraic “the limit of the function 𝐟(𝒙)= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟐 as x approaches
Functions and Higher-Order Derivatives 2 is equal to 4”
13. The Derivative of a Composite Function and the
Chain Rule 2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (x+2)
𝒙→4
LIMITS
Module 1.1: Introduction to Limits x F(x) x F(x)

(1) Define the limit of a function 3 5 5 7

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝑳 3.5 5.5 4.7 6.7
𝒙→𝒂
 Let 𝒇 be a function defined on some open 3.7 5.7 4.5 6.5
interval containing the number a except possibly
3.9 5.9 4.1 6.1
at a itself. Then the limit of 𝒇 as 𝒙 approaches 𝒂
is 𝑳, written as 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (x+2) = 6 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (x+2) = 6
 “The value of 𝒇 gets closer and closer to one and 𝒙→4- 𝒙→4+
only one number 𝑳 as x takes values that are
closer and closer to a” 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (x+2) = 6
 The limit of a function refers to the value that the 𝒙→4
function approaches, not the actual value (if “the limit of the function 𝐟(𝒙)= 𝒙+2 as x approaches 4 is
any). equal to 6”
(3) Find the limit of a function using graphical function
 𝒙→1
(b) lim f(x) = 1
𝒙→−𝟐
(c) lim f(x) = 4
𝒙→3+
(d) lim f(x) = 0
𝒙→3−
(e) lim f(x) = 3
𝒙→0
(f) lim f(x) = 1
𝒙→6
(g) lim f(x) = 1
𝒙→−𝟐
(a) 1
Graph the given piecewise function
(b) -6
1) f(x) =
(c) DNE
x+1 if x<4
(d) 4 2
(x-4) + 3 if x≥4

(a) lim f(x) = 4

𝒙→3
(b) lim f(x) = 3
𝒙→4
(c) lim f(x) = 4
𝒙→5
(d) f(3) = 4

Summary of concepts about limits:

1. The limit of a function is a value of the function as
the input of the function gets closer or
approaches some number.
2. Limits are used to define continuity, integrals, and
(a) -∞ derivatives.
(b) -2 3. The limit of a function is always concerned with
(c) DNE the behavior of the function at a particular point.
(d) -8 4. The limit of a function exists if and only if the Left-
Hand Limit is equal to the Right-Hand Limit.

Exercise

(a) lim f(x) = 2

 (a) lim f(x) = -1 Direct substitution property
𝒙→0  If a function f is a polynomial or rational function
(b) lim f(x) = 3 and a is the domain of f, then
𝒙→-3 lim f(x) = f(a)
(c) lim f(x) = -1 𝒙→a
𝒙→-2+
Evaluate the following using limit laws:
(d) lim f(x) = DNE
𝒙→-∞
1) lim (2x2 – 8x)
(e) lim f(x) = DNE
𝒙→-1
𝒙→+∞
= lim (2x2) – lim (8x)
𝒙→-1 𝒙→-1
= 2 (-1)2 – 8 (-1)
LIMITS
=2+8
Module 1.2: Limit Theorems
= 10
(1) Limit Laws
2) lim {(x+5)(x-2)}
𝒙→1
= [lim (x+5)][lim (x-2)]
𝒙→1 𝒙→1
= (1+5)(1-2)
= -6

3) lim x+3/2-x
𝒙→-2
= lim (x+3) / lim (2–x)
𝒙→-2 𝒙→-2
= (-2+3) / (2+2)
=¼

4) lim (4x3 – x2 – 8x)

𝒙→-1
= lim (4x3) – lim (x2) – lim (8x)
𝒙→-1 𝒙→-1 𝒙→-1
3 2
= 4(-1) – (-1) – 8(-1)
=3
 5) lim 4/5
𝒙→-1
= 4/5

Points to remember in evaluating limits of rational

functions:
1. Substitute. Plug the value of a into the function. If
the answer is a real number, then the limit is the
function value itself.
2. If we plug in a and we get the indeterminate form:
0/0, then we need to simplify the function by:
a. Factoring
b. Conjugate method (for radicals)

6) lim (x – 2)2 – 4 / x
𝒙→0
= lim x2 – 4x + 4 – 4 / x
𝒙→0
= lim x(x – 4) / x
𝒙→0
= lim (x – 4)
(1.1) One Sided Limits
𝒙→0
 In some cases , a function may approach either
= -4
of two different limits, depending on whether the
variable approaches its limit through values
7) lim x2 + x – 2 / x – 1
larger or smaller than that limit.
𝒙→1
 In such a case, the limit is not defined or does not
= lim (x – 1) (x + 2) / x – 1
exist, but the right-hand and left-hand limits exist.
𝒙→1
= lim (x + 2)
𝒙→1
= (1 + 2)
=3

8) lim (√x – 3 )/ x – 9
𝒙→9
= lim (√x – 3 )/ x – 9 (√x+3/√x+3) - If the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit
𝒙→9 both exist and are both equal to L, then (the
= lim x – 9 / (x – 9)(√x+3) two-sided limit) exists and is equal to L.
𝒙→9 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝑳
= lim 1 / (√x+3) 𝒙→𝒂
𝒙→9 - If the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit
= 1/6 both exist but are not equal, or if one of
these exists while the other does not, then
the two-sided limit does not exist.
 Left-hand limit
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂-
the left-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches a is
equal to L if we can make the values of f(x)
arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently
close to a and x is less than a.
 Right-hand limit (b) lim f(x)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝑳 𝒙→0-
𝒙→𝒂+ = lim x + 2
the right-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches a is =2
equal to L if we can make the values of f(x)
arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently (c) lim f(x)
close to a and x is greater than a. 𝒙→0
=2
1) lim √x – 3
𝒙→3+ (1.2) Infinite Limits (Vertical Asymptotes)
= √3.0001 – 3  𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= +∞
= √0.0001 𝒙→𝒂
= 0.01 means that the values of f(x) can be made
=0 arbitrarily large by taking x sufficiently close to a
on either side but not equal to a.
2) lim √x – 4  𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= -∞
𝒙→4- 𝒙→𝒂
= √3.999 – 4 means that the values of f(x) can be made
= √-0.001 arbitrarily small by taking x sufficiently close to a
= undefined on either side but not equal to a.
 Infinite limit theorem
3) piecewise Let r be any positive integer
f(x) = 1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1/xr= +∞
x–1 if x<1 𝒙→0+
x2 if x≥1 2.1 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1/xr= +∞ if r is even
𝒙→0-
(a) lim f(x) 2.2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1/xr= -∞ if r is odd
𝒙→1+ 𝒙→0-
= lim x2  Other theorems
= 12 Let lim f(x) = c ≠ 0
=1 lim g(x) = 0
1. lim f(x)/g(x) = +∞
(b) lim f(x) 𝒙→a
𝒙→1- - If c is positive and g(x) 0+
= lim x – 1 - If c is negative and g(x) 0-
=1–1 2. lim f(x)/g(x) = -∞
=0 𝒙→a
- If c is positive and g(x) 0-
(c) lim f(x) - If c is negative and g(x) 0+
𝒙→1
= DNE 1) lim 2x + 1 / x – 3
𝒙→3-
4) piecewise = 2(3) + 1 / x – 3
f(x) = =7/x–3
x+2 if x<0 = 7 / 2.9 – 3
√x2 + 4 if x≥0 = 7 (c=positive) / -0.1 (g(x)=negative)
= -∞
(a) lim f(x) or
𝒙→0+ = 7 / 2.9 – 3 = -70
= lim √x2 + 4 = 7 / 2.999 – 3 = -7000
=2 = -∞
 2) lim x + 1 / x – 1 =0–0+0/4–0
𝒙→1+ = 0/4
= (1) + 1 / x – 1 =0
= 2 / (1.01) – 1
= 2 (c=positive) / 0.01 (g(x)=positive 3) lim (3x + 1/x2)
= +∞ 𝒙→+∞
or lim (3x ) + lim (1/x2)
= 2 / (1.01) – 1 = 200 𝒙→+∞ 𝒙→+∞
= 2 / (1.0001) – 1 = 20,000 = 3(+∞) + 0
= +∞ = +∞

(1.2) Limits at Infinity 4) lim (3x + 4) / (√2x2 – 5)

 Let f be a function defined on some open interval 𝒙→-∞
(a,∞) = (3x + 4 / √x2) / (√2x2 – 5 / √x2)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝑳 = (3x / √x2 + 4 / √x2) / (√2x2 – 5 / √x2)
𝒙→∞
means that the values of f(x) can be made as property:
close to L as we like by taking x sufficiently large. √x2 = |x| = -x if x<0
 Let f be a function defined on some open interval √x2 = |x| = x if x≥0
(a,∞)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)= 𝑳 𝒙→-∞ = (3x/-x + 4/-x) / (√2x2/√x2 –
𝒙→-∞ 5/√x2)
means that the values of f(x) can be made as = (-3 – 4/x) / (√2 – 5/x2)
close to L as we like by taking x sufficiently small.
 Theorem lim (-3 – 4/x) / (√2 – 5/x2)
Let r be any positive integer. 𝒙→-∞
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1/xr = 0
𝒙→+∞ = -3 – 0 / √2 – 0
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1/xr = 0 = -3 / √2
𝒙→-∞

1) lim 4x – 3 / 2x + 5
𝒙→+∞
(divide by highest power and distribute values)
= (4x/x – 3/x) / (2x/x + 5/x)
= (4 – 3/x) / (2 + 5/x)
lim (4 – 3/x) / (2 + 5/x)
𝒙→+∞
=4–0/2+0
=4/2
=2

2) lim 2x2 – x + 5 / 4x3 – 1

𝒙→-∞
(divide by highest power)
= (2x2 – x + 5 / x3) / (4x3 – 1 / x3)
(distribute values)
= (2x2/x3 – x/x3 + 5/ x3) / (4x3/x3 – 1/x3)
= (2/x – 1/x2 + 5/x3) / (4 – 1/x3)
lim (2/x – 1/x2 + 5/x3) / (4 – 1/x3)
𝒙→-∞
 Exponential functions (Graphical/Substitution)

1) lim ex
𝒙→0
=1
2) lim ex
𝒙→1
=e

LIMITS Logarithmic functions (Graphical/Substitution)

Module 1.3: Limit of Transcendental Functions
evaluate the limit of exponential, logarithmic and
trigonometric functions.

Recall:
 Exponential function
If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, the exponential function with
base 𝑏 is defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥 𝑥∈ℝ
 Logarithmic function
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, If 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑥, the 𝑦 is called the
logarithm of 𝒙 to the base 𝒃, denoted by
𝑦 = log𝑏 𝑥 1) lim ln 𝑥
Determination of limits: Table of values, Graphical, or 𝒙→1
Substitution =0
2) lim log 𝑥
𝒙→1
=0
3) lim ln 𝑥
𝒙→e
=1
4) lim log 𝑥
𝒙→3
= 0.477
5) lim ln 𝑥
𝒙→0+
= -∞
6) lim log 𝑥
𝒙→0+
= -∞
Trigonometric functions (Graphical/Substitution)

1) lim sin 𝑥
𝒙→0
=0
2) lim sin 𝑥
𝒙→π/2
=1
3) lim sin 𝑥
𝒙→π
=0

1) lim cos 𝑥
𝒙→0
=1
2) lim cos 𝑥
𝒙→π/2
=0
3) lim cos 𝑥
𝒙→π
= -1

Evaluation
Evaluating the theorems (using table of values)

(1) (2)
(3) Applying the theorems (the numerator x should also be the
denominator x)
 Continuity of a Function at a Number (discontinuity)
A function f is said to be continuous at a if the following
three conditions are satisfied:
1. f(a) exists
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥→𝑎
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

If one or more of these three conditions fails to hold at 𝑎,

the function 𝑓 is said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

1) piecewise
c(x) =
x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
9/10 x if x > 10

determine if c(x) is continuous at 10

c(10) = 10

lim c(x) = undefined

𝒙→10
(get the one sided limits)

lim c(x)
CONTINUITY 𝒙→10+
Module 2: Continuity = lim 9/10x
=9
h(x) = 1/x
Is it continuous at x = 0? lim c(x)
𝒙→10-
= 10

discontinuous at 10

2) f(x) = 2x2 + x – 3 / x – 1
x≠1

f(1) = not defined

 lim h(x) = +∞
f(x) = (2x + 3)(x-1) / (x-1)
𝒙→0+
f(x) = (2x + 3)
 lim h(x) = -∞
2(1) + 3 = 5
𝒙→0-
The function is discontinuous at x = 0
discontinuous at (1,5)
Is the function continuous at x = 2? YES
3) piecewise
 c(x) =
x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
0.7x+3 if x > 10

determine if c(x) is continuous at 10

c(10) = 10

lim c(x) = 10
𝒙→10
(get the one sided limits)

lim c(x)
𝒙→10+
= lim 0.7x + 3
= 10

lim c(x)
𝒙→10-
= 10

lim c(x) = c(x) = 10

𝒙→10

continuous at 10
(1)

(2)
 Continuity of a Function at a Number (aymptotic or infinite
discontinuity)

Continuity of a Function at a Number (removable

discontinuity)
A function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to have a removable discontinuity
at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥→𝑎
2. either 𝑓(𝑎) does not exist or lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
It is said to be removable because the discontinuity may
𝑓(𝑎) so that it will equal lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑎

Removable discontinuity is also called hole discontinuity.

Continuity of a Function at a Number (jump discontinuity)

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have an essential discontinuity at

𝑥 = 𝑎 if lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
𝑥→𝑎

1. if lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.

𝑥→𝑎
because the limits from the left and right of 𝑥 = 𝑎 both
exists but are not equal, then 𝑓 is said to have a jump
discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Find the values of the constants 𝑐 and 𝑘 that make the
function continuous at every number.

Continuity on Interval

Intermediate-Value Theorem
DERIVATIVES
Module 3.1: Tangent Lines, Rates of Change, and the
Derivative

line L = tan line

green = tan line

bold black line

slope of tan line → negative reciprocal slope of tan line

(slope of normal line)
e.g. 5 → -1/5
DERIVATIVES
Module 3.2: Theorems on Differentiation Rules for
Derivative of Algebraic functions and Higher Order
Derivatives
DERIVATIVES
Module 3.3: Chain Rule
The Derivative of a Composite Function and the Chain
Rule