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MONOTONOCITY
(Significance of the sign of the first order derivative)
DEFINITIONS :
1. A function f (x) is called an Increasing Function at a point x = a if in a sufficiently small neighbourhood
f (a h) f (a ) and
around x = a we have increasing;
f (a h) f (a ) disregards whether f is
non derivable or even
f (a h) f (a ) and discontinuous at x = a
Similarly decreasing if decreasing.
f (a h) f (a )
2. A differentiable function is called increasing in an interval (a, b) if it is increasing at every point within the
interval (but not necessarily at the end points).A function decreasing in an interval (a, b) is similarly
defined.
3. A function which in a given interval is increasing or decreasing is called “Monotonic” in that interval.
4. Tests for increasing and decreasing of a function at a point :
If the derivative f (x) is positive at a point x = a, then the function f (x) at this point is increasing. If it is
negative, then the function is decreasing. Even if f ' (a) is not defined, f can still be increasing or decreasing.
Note : If f (a) = 0, then for x = a the function may be still increasing or it may be decreasing as shown. It has to
be identified by a seperate rule. e.g. f (x) = x3 is increasing at every point.
Note that, dy/dx = 3 x².
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
(b) LMVT THEOREM :
Let f(x) be a function of x subject to the following conditions :
(i) f(x) is a continuous function of x in the closed interval of a x b.
(ii) f (x) exists for every point in the open interval a < x < b.
(iii) f(a) f(b).
f (b) f (a )
Then there exists at least one point x = c such that a < c < b where f (c) =
ba
Geometrically, the slope of the secant line joining the curve at x = a & x = b is equal to the slope of the
tangent line drawn to the curve at x = c. Note the following :
Rolles theorem is a special case of LMVT since
f ( b) f (a )
f (a) = f (b) f (c) = = 0.
ba
Note : Now [f (b) – f (a)] is the change in the function f as x changes from a to b so that [f (b) – f (a)] / (b – a)
is the average rate of change of the function over the interval [a, b]. Also f '(c) is the actual rate of
change of the function for x = c. Thus, the theorem states that the average rate of change of a function
over an interval is also the actual rate of change of the function at some point of the interval. In particular,
for instance, the average velocity of a particle over an interval of time is equal to the velocity at some
instant belonging to the interval.
This interpretation of the theorem justifies the name "Mean Value" for the theorem.
(c) APPLICATION OF ROLLES THEOREM FOR ISOLATING THE REAL ROOTS OF AN EQUATION f (x)=0
Suppose a & b are two real numbers such that ;
(i) f(x) & its first derivative f (x) are continuous for a x b.
(ii) f(a) & f(b) have opposite signs.
(iii) f (x) is different from zero for all values of x between a & b.
Then there is one & only one real root of the equation f(x) = 0 between a & b.
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Find the intervals of monotonocity for the following functions & represent your solution set on the number line.
2
(a) f(x) = 2. e x 4 x (b) f(x) = ex/x (c) f(x) = x2 ex (d) f (x) = 2x2 – ln | x |
Also plot the graphs in each case & state their range.
Q.2 Let f (x) = 1 – x – x3. Find all real values of x satisfying the inequality, 1 – f (x) – f 3(x) > f (1 – 5x)
Q.3 Find the intervals of monotonocity of the functions in [0, 2]
(a) f (x) = sin x – cos x in x [0 , 2 ] (b) g (x) = 2 sinx + cos 2x in (0 x 2 ).
4 sin x 2x x cos x
(c) f (x) =
2 cos x
Q.4 Let f (x) be a increasing function defined on (0, ). If f (2a2 + a + 1) > f (3a2 – 4a + 1). Find the range of a.
max {f ( t ) : 0 t x} , 0 x 1
Q.5 Let f (x) = x3 x2 + x + 1 and g(x) =
3 x ,1 x 2
Discuss the conti. & differentiability of g(x) in the interval (0,2).
Q.6 Find the set of all values of the parameter 'a' for which the function,
f(x) = sin 2x – 8(a + 1)sin x + (4a2 + 8a – 14)x increases for all x R and has no critical points for all x R.
Q.7 Find the greatest & the least values of the following functions in the given interval if they exist.
x 1
(a) f (x) = sin1 ln x in , 3 (b) f (x) = 12x4/3 – 6x1/3, x [–1, 1]
2
x 1 3
(c) 5 4 3
y = x – 5x + 5x + 1 in [ 1, 2]
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
1
Q.8 Find the values of 'a' for which the function f(x) = sin x a sin2x sin3x + 2ax increases throughout the
3
number line.
a 2 1 3
Q.9 x + (a - 1) x2 + 2x + 1 is monotonic increasing for every x R then find the range
If f(x) =
3
of values of ‘a’.
Q.10 Find the set of values of 'a' for which the function,
21 4 a a 2 3
f(x) = 1
x + 5x + 7 is increasing at every point of its domain.
a 1
dg
Q.11 Let a + b = 4 , where a < 2 and let g (x) be a differentiable function. If > 0 for all x, prove that
dx
a b
g (x) dx g (x) dx increases as (b a) increases.
0 0
x x 1
1 1
Q.12 1
Let f (x) = and g (x) = 1 , both f and g being defined for x > 0, then prove that
x x
f (x) is increasing and g (x) is decreasing.
Q.13 Find the value of x > 1 for which the function
x2
1 t 1
F (x) = ln dt is increasing and decreasing.
x
t 32
Q.14 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which the function ;
f(x) = 8ax a sin 6x 7x sin 5x increases & has no critical points for all x R.
Q.15 If f (x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1)x 3 monotonically increases for every x R then find the range of values
of ‘a’.
Q.16 Prove that, x2 – 1 > 2x ln x > 4(x – 1) – 2 ln x for x > 1.
3
Q.17 Prove that tan2x + 6 ln secx + 2cos x + 4 > 6 sec x for x , 2 .
2
Q.18 Find the set of values of x for which the inequality ln (1 + x) > x/(1 + x) is valid.
Q.19 If b > a, find the minimum value of (x a)3+ (x b)3, x R.
x2
Q.20 Suppose that the function f (x) = log c is defined for all x in the interval [a, b], is monotonic
x2
decreasing. Find the value of 'c' for which there exists 'a' and 'b' (b > a > 2) such that the range of the
function is [logcc(b–1), logcc(a–1)].
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 Verify Rolles throrem for f(x) = (x a)m (x b)n on [a, b] ; m, n being positive integer.
Q.2 Let f (x) = 4x3 3x2 2x + 1, use Rolle's theorem to prove that there exist c, 0< c <1 such that f(c) = 0.
Q.3 Using LMVT prove that : (a) tan x > x in 0, , (b) sin x < x for x > 0
2
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
Q.4 Let f be continuous on [a, b] and assume the second derivative f " exists on (a, b). Suppose that the
graph of f and the line segment joining the point a , f (a ) and b, f (b) intersect at a point
x 0 , f ( x 0 ) where a < x0 < b. Show that there exists a point c (a, b) such that f "(c) = 0.
Q.5 Prove that if f is differentiable on [a, b] and if f (a) = f (b) = 0 then for any real there is an x (a, b)
such that f (x) + f ' (x) = 0.
3 x0
x 2 3x a 0 x 1
Q.6 For what value of a, m and b does the function f (x) =
mx b 1 x 2
satisfy the hypothesis of the mean value theorem for the interval [0, 2].
Q.7 Assume that f is continuous on [a, b], a > 0 and differentiable on an open interval (a, b).
f (a ) f ( b )
Show that if = , then there exist x0 (a, b) such that x0 f '(x0) = f (x0).
a b
Q.8 Let f, g be differentiable on R and suppose that f (0) = g (0) and f ' (x) g ' (x) for all x 0. Show that
f (x) g (x) for all x 0.
Q.9 Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a and f (b) = b, show that there exist
distinct c1, c2 in (a, b) such that f ' (c1) + f '(c2) = 2.
Q.10 Let f defined on [0, 1] be a twice differentiable function such that, | f " (x) | 1 for all x [0, 1]
If f (0) = f (1), then show that, | f ' (x) | < 1 for all x [0, 1]
Q.11 f (x) and g (x) are differentiable functions for 0 x 2 such that f (0) = 5, g (0) = 0, f (2) = 8, g (2) = 1.
Show that there exists a number c satisfying 0 < c < 2 and f ' (c) = 3 g' (c).
Q.12 If f, , are continuous in [a, b] and derivable in ]a, b[ then show that there is a value of c lying between
a & b such that,
f (a ) f (b) f (c)
(a ) (b) (c) = 0
(a ) (b) (c)
Q.13 Show that exactly two real values of x satisfy the equation x2 = x sinx + cos x.
Q.14 Let a > 0 and f be continuous in [–a, a]. Suppose that f ' (x) exists and f ' (x) 1 for all x (–a, a). If
f (a) = a and f (– a) = – a, show that f (0) = 0.
Q.15 Prove the inequality ex > (1 + x) using LMVT for all x R0 and use it to determine which of the two
numbers e and e is greater.
EXERCISE–III
Q.1(a) For all x (0, 1) :
(A) ex < 1 + x (B) loge(1 + x) < x (C) sin x > x (D) loge x > x
(b) Consider the following statements S and R :
S : Both sin x & cos x are decreasing functions in the interval (/2, ).
R : If a differentiable function decreases in an interval (a, b), then its derivative also decreases in (a, b).
Which of the following is true ?
(A) both S and R are wrong
(B) both S and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation for S
(C) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S
(D) S is correct and R is wrong.
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
x lnx , x 0
Q.5(a) Let f (x) = . Rolle’s theorem is applicable to f for x [0, 1], if =
0, x0
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1/2
f (x 2 ) f (x )
(b) If f is a strictly increasing function, then Lim is equal to
x 0 f ( x ) f ( 0)
Q.7 If f (x) is a twice differentiable function and given that f(1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 9, then
(A) f '' (x) = 2, for x (1, 3) (B) f '' (x) = f ' (x) = 2, for some x (2, 3)
(C) f '' (x) = 3, for x (2, 3) (D) f '' (x) = 2, for some x (1, 3)
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3]
Q.8(a) Let f (x) = 2 + cos x for all real x.
Statement-1: For each real t, there exists a point 'c' in [t, t + ] such that f ' (c) = 0.
Statement-2: f (t) = f (t + 2) for each real t.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [JEE 2007, 3]
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
Paragraph [JEE 2007, 4+4+4]
Q.8(b) If a continuous function f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and negative values in R then the
equation f (x) = 0 has a root in R. For example, if it is known that a continuous function f on R is positive
at some point and its minimum value is negative then the equation f (x) = 0 has a root in R.
Consider f (x) = kex – x for all real x where k is a real constant.
(i) The line y = x meets y = kex for k 0 at
(A) no point (B) one point (C) two points (D) more than two points
(ii) The positive value of k for which kex – x = 0 has only one root is
(A) 1/e (B) 1 (C) e (D) loge2
(iii) For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which kex – x = 0 has two distinct roots is
(A) 0, 1 e (B) 1 e , 1 (C) 1 e , (D) (0, 1)
Q.9(a) Let the function g : (– , ) , be given by g (u) = 2 tan–1(eu) – . Then, g is
2 2 2
(A) even and is strictly increasing in (0, ) (B) odd and is strictly decreasing in (– , )
(C) odd and is strictly increasing in (– , )
(D) neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing in (– , )
Q.9(b) Let f (x) be a non-constant twice differentiable function defined on (–, ) such that f (x) = f (1 – x) and
f ' 1 4 = 0. Then
(A) f ''(x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1] (B) f ' 1 2 = 0
1/ 2 1/ 2 1
1 sin t
(C) f x sin x dx = 0 (D) f (t ) e dt = f (1 t ) esin t dt
1 / 2 2 0 1/ 2
[JEE 2008, 3 + 4]
1
Q.10 For the function f ( x ) x cos , x 1,
x
(A) for at least one x in the interval [1, ), f(x + 2) – f(x) < 2
(B) xlim
f (x) = 1
(C) for all x in the interval [1, ), f(x + 2) – f(x) > 2
(D) f (x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, ) [JEE 2009, 4]
p(x)
Q .11 Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extremum at x = 1, 2 and lim 1 2 = 2. Then the
x 0 x
value of p(2) is [JEE 2009]
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
Paragraph for Question 12 to 14
Consider the polynomial f(x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3. Let s be the sum of all distinct real roots of f(x) and
let t = |s|. [JEE 2010]
Q. 12 The real number s lies in the interval
1 3 3 1 1
(A) , 0 (B) 11, (C) , (D) 0,
4 4 4 2 4
Q. 13 The area bounded by the curve y = f(x) and the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = t, lies in the interval
3 21 11 21
(A) , 3 (B) , (C) (9, 10) (D) 0,
4 64 16 64
Q. 14 The function f '(x) is
1 1
(A) increasing in t, and decreasing in ,
4 4
1 1
(B) decreasing in t, and increasing in , t
4 4
(C) increasing (–t, t)
(D) decreasing in (–t, t)
Q. 18 If f and g are differentiable functions in [0, 1] satisfying f(0) = 2 = g(1), g(0) = 0 and f(1) = 6, then for
some c ]0, 1[ [JEE Main 2014]
(A) f '(c) = 2g'(c) (B) 2f '(c) = g'(c) (C) 2f '(c) = 3g'(c) (D) f '(c) = g'(c)
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
1
x t dt
t
Q. 19 Let f : (0, ) R be given by f(x) = 1 e . [JEE Adv. 2014]
x t
Then :
(A) f(x) is monotonically increasing on [1, ] (B) f(x) is monotonically decreasing on (0, 1)
1
(C) f(x) + f = 0, for all x (0, ) (D) f(2x) is an odd function of x on R
x
Q. 20 For every pair of continuous functions f, g : [0, 1] such that max {f(x) : x [0, 1]} = max{g(x) :
x [0, 1]}, the correct statement(s) is(are) : [JEE Adv. 2014]
2 2
(A) (f(c)) + 3f(c) = (g(c)) + 3g(c) for some c [0, 1]
(B) (f(c))2 + f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c [0, 1]
(C) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + g(c) for some c [0, 1]
(D) (f(c))2 = (g(c))2 for some c [0, 1]
1
Q. 21 The least value of R for which 4x2 + 1, for all x > 0, is : [JEE Adv. 2016]
x
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
64 32 27 25
Q. 22 If f : R R is a differentiable function such that f '(x) > 2f(x) for all x R, and f(0) = 1, then
(A) f '(x) < e2x in (0, ) (B) f(x) is increasing in (0, )
(C) f(x) is decreasing in (0, ) (D) f(x) > e2x in (0, ) [JEE Adv. 2017]
Answer Q.23, Q.24 and Q.25 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table.
[JEE Adv. 2017]
Let f(x) = x + loge x –x loge x, x (0, )
Column 1 contains information about zeros of f(x), f ' (x) and f ''(x)
Column 2 contains information about the limiting behavior of f(x), f '(x) and f ''(x) at infinity
Column 3 contains information about increasing / decreasing nature of f(x) and f '(x)
Column-I Column-II Column-III
(I) f(x) = 0 for some x (1, e2) (i) xlim
f (x) 0 (P) f is increasing in (0, 1)
Q.23 Which of the following options is the only INCORRECT combination ?
(A) (I) (iii) (P) (B) (II) (iv) (Q) (C) (II) (iii) (P) (D) (III) (i) (R)
Q. 24 Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination ?
(A) (I) (ii) (R) (B) (III) (iv) (P) (C) (II) (iii) (S) (D) (IV) (i) (S)
Q. 25 Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination ?
(A) (III) (iii) (R) (B) (IV) (iv) (S) (C) (II) (ii) (Q) (D) (I) (i) (P)
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
Q. 26 For every twice differentiable function ƒ : R [–2, 2] with (ƒ(0))2 + (ƒ'(0))2 = 85, which of the
following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ? [JEE Adv. 2018]
(A) There exist r, s R, where r < s, such that ƒ is one-one on the open interval (r, s)
(B) There exists x0 (–4, 0) such that |ƒ'(x0)| < 1
(C) lim
x
f(x) = 1
(D) There exists (–4, 4) such that f() + f''() = 0 and f '() 0
Q.27 Let f : [0, 2] R be a twice differentiable function such that f "(x) > 0, for all x (0, 2).
If (x) = f(x) +f(2 – x), then is : [JEE-Main 2019]
(A) decreasing on (0, 2) (B) decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, 2)
(C) increasing on (0, 2) (D) increasing on (0, 1) and decreasing on (1, 2)
x dx
Q.29 Let f (x) , x R , where a, b and d are non - zero real constant. Then :
a2 x2 b 2 (d x) 2
(A) f is an increasing function of x [JEE-Main 2019]
(B) f is a decreasing function of x
(C) f ' is not a continuous function of x
(D) f is neither increasing nor decreasing function of x
x2
Q.30 If c is a point at which Rolle's theorem holds for the function, f (x) log e in the interval
7x
[3, 4], where R, then f "(c) is equal to : [JEE Main 2020]
1 1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 12 7 12
Q.31 The value of c in the Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function ƒ(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 8x + 11, when
x is : [JEE Main 2020]
4 7 2 7 2 4 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
f 1 f c
(A) f 'c (B) |f(c) – f(1)| < |f '(c)|
1 c
(C) |f(c) + f(1)| < (1 + c) |f '(c)| (D) |f(c) – f(1)| < (1 – c) |f '(c)|
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
Q.33 Let f be any function continuous on [a, b] and twice differentiable on (a, b). If for all x (a, b),
f (c) f (a)
f '(x) > 0 and f ''(x) < 0, then for any c (a, b), is greater than : [JEE Main 2020]
f (b) f (c)
bc ca ba
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
ca bc ba
Q.34 Let the function, f : [– 7, 0] R be continuous on [– 7, 0] and differentiable on (–7, 0). If
f(– 7) = – 3 and f '(x) 2 for all x (– 7, 0), then for all such functions f, f(–1) + f(0) lies in the interval
[JEE Main 2020]
(A) [–6, 20] (B) (– , 20] (C) (– , 11] (D) [–3, 11]
Q.35 Let f(x) = xcos–1 (– sin |x|), x , , then which of the following is true? [JEE Main 2020]
2 2
(A) f '(0)
2
(B) f ' is decreasing in , 0 and increasing in 0,
2 2
(C) f is not differentiable at x = 0
(D) f ' is increasing in , 0 and decreasing in 0,
2 2
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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Application of Derivative
MONOTONOCITY
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 (a) I in (2 , ) & D in ( , 2)
(b) I in (1 , ) & D in ( , 0) (0 , 1)
(c) I in (0, 2) & D in ( , ) (2 , )
1 1 1 1
(d) I for x > or < x < 0 & D for x < or 0 < x <
2 2 2 2
Q.2 (–2, 0) (2, )
Q.3 (a) I in [0, 3/4) (7/4 , 2 ] & D in (3/4 , 7 /4)
(b) I in [0 , /6) (/2 , 5/6) (3/2 , 2 ] & D in (/6 , /2) (5/6, 3 /2)]
(c) I in [0, /2) (3/2, 2] and D in (/2, 3/2)
Q.4 (0, 1/3) (1, 5)
Q.5 continuous but not diff. at x = 1
Q.6
a < 2 5 or a > 5
Q.7 (a) (/6)+(1/2)ln 3, (/3) – (1/2)ln 3
(b) Maximum at x = 1 and f (–1) = 18; Minimum at x = 1/8 and f (1/8) = – 9/4
(c) 2 & 10
Q.8 [1, ) Q.9 a (– , – 3] [1 , )
Q.10 [ 7, 1) [2, 3] Q.13 in (3, ) and in (1, 3)
Q.14 (6, ) Q.15 a 0
1
Q.18 ( 1, 0) (, ) Q.19 (b a)3/4 Q.20 0 < c <
9
EXERCISE–II
mb na
Q.1 c = which lies between a & b Q.6 a = 3, b = 4 and m = 1
mn
EXERCISE–III
1 1
Q.1 (a) B ; (b) D ; (c) C Q.2 (a) A, (b) cos cos p Q.3 A
3
Q.5 (a) D; (b) C Q.7 D
Q.8 (a) B; (b) (i) B, (ii) A, (iii) A; (c) (A) P,Q,R; (B) P,S; (C) R,S; (D) P, Q
Q.9 (a) C, (b) A, B, C, D Q.10 B, C, D Q.11 p(2) = 0 Q.12 C
Q.13 A Q.14 B Q.15 2 Q.16 B Q.17 C
Q.18 A Q.19 A,C,D Q.20 A, D Q.21 C Q.22 B,D
Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 C Q.26 A,B,D Q.27 B
Q.28 C Q.29 A Q.30 D Q.31 A
Q.32 Bonus Q.33 C Q.34 B Q.35 B
*************************************
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