BASIC CALCULUS CM1  Lim (x2 + 1) =2

x -> -1
Limits are the “backbone of calculus”, and Calculus is called
the “Mathematics of Change”. The study of calculus always X F(x) x F(x)
starts with the understanding of the concept of limits. The -1.5 3.25 -0.5 1.25
-1.2 2.44 -0.8 1.64
solving and evaluating of certain limits formulate the idea on
-1.01 2.0201 -0.9 1.98
derivatives and integrals of functions.
-1.0001 2.0002 -0.999 1.998
Lim f (x) as x approaches to n Observe that as the values of x get closer and closer to -1 the
A limit is the value that a function approaches as it go closer values of f(x) gets closer and closer to 2. Therefore, the limit of
to a certain value or infinity (x2 + 1) as x approaches to 2 is 7.

 Lim f(x) if f(x)

x -> 4

X F(x) x F(x)
3.7 4.7 4.3 3.09
3.85 4.85 4 3.01
To describe clearly what is happening to the function as it 3.995 4.995 4.001 3.000001
3.9999 2.9999 4.0001 3.00000001
goes closer to a certain value n

Notes:
(-) values of x from the left ( + ) values of x from the left

-If the value of x from the right isn’t equal to the value of x from
the left then the limit of the function DOES NOT EXIST (DNE) Let us say that we want to observe the function values of 𝑓 as 𝑥
becomes closer and closer to 2. Note that we are not solving for the
Concept of a Limit of a Function function value at 𝑥 = 2. In fact, if we are to solve it, (2) is undefined.
-Table of Values and Graph

 Lim (1+ 3x) =7

x -> 2
X F(x) x F(x)
X F(x) x F(x) 0 2 4 6
1 4 3 10 1 3 3 5
1.4 5.2 2.5 8.5 1.75 3.75 2.25 4.25
1.9 6.7 2.1 7.3 1.9 3.9 2.01 4.01
1.95 6.85 2.03 7.09 1.99 3.99 2.001 4.001
1.999 6.997 2.005 7.015 1.999 3.999 2.0001 4.0001
1.9999 6.9997 2.0009 7.0027 Notice that in both tables, as 𝑥 approaches 2, the function values get
Observe that as the values of x get closer and closer to 2 the closer and closer to 4.
values of f(x) gets closer and closer to 7. Therefore, the limit of
(1+3x) as x approaches to 2 is 7.

-Consider again f(x) = 1+3x its
graph is a straight line with
slope of 3 and x and y
intercepts (0,1) and (-1/3,0).
Look at the graph in the x=2.
-You can easily see the points
from the table of values in
values from the left as it
approaches the level where
Based on the two tables, the function approaches 0 as 𝑥 gets
y=7. The same can be seen
from the right.
closer and closer to 1. In symbols, we have
-Hence, the graph affirms that Note that f (1) 5  , but the limit is not equal to 5. In this
the limit of (1+3x) as x illustration, we can see that the limit of the function at a value 𝑥
approaches to 2 is 7. may not be equal to its function value at the same value 𝑥.


Observe that as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the left, it decreases
without bound. It is visible in the graph as shown in the right.
Also, you can observe it with the table of values whereas the
function value decreases as the value of 𝑥 is closer to 3.
Similarly, as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the right, it increases without
bound. It is shown evidently with the table of values and the
graph. Finally, since ℎ(𝑥) does not approach any value, we say
that the limit does not exist.

Based on the table, as 𝑥 approaches -2 from the left, the function
values approaches 1. We can write it as follows:
On the other hand, the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches -2
from the right is 4. It can be written as:
If the limit on both side is not equal, then the limit does not
exist. So, 2 lim does not exist
Find the following limits using the graph.
= DNE
Based on the graph, as the 𝑥 value approaches to 0 from left, the
𝑦 value of the graph approaches 0. So, its limit from the left is 0.
Similarly, the limit from the right of 𝑥 = 0 is 𝑦 = 2. Since the limit
on both directions is not equal, hence the limit does not exist.
=4
As the 𝑥 values approaches 2 on both sides, the function
values gets closer and closer to 𝑦 = 4. Note that (2) = 1.5
but it is not important in solving for the limit. Our focus
is where the function values gets closer and not in
exactly 𝑥 = 2.
= DNE
The limit of the function from the left of 𝑥 = 3 is equal to 3, while
the limit from the right of 𝑥 = 3 is equal to 1. Since they are
unequal, so the limit does not exist.
= DNE
The limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 5 from the left is equal
to 1. However, based on the graph, an asymptote is located at 𝑥
= 5. So, we can observe in the graph on the right of 𝑥 = 5 that the
graph increases without a bound. Hence, the limit from the right
does not exist. With this, it follows that the limit does not exist.
Conclusion: In solving the limit of a function, we have two
methods we can use. First is by using a table of values indicating
several values that gets closer and closer to the given constant.
The other method is by observing the graph of the given
function.
Remember that in solving the limit of a function, the left and
right limits must exist and must be equal for the limit to exist. If
at least one of the limits does not exist, then the limit at exactly
at the given point does not exist.
BASIC CALCULUS: LIMIT THEOREMS Theorem 4: Limit of Sum and Difference

Theorem 1: Limit of a Constant - the limit of a constant

is itself. (c is a constant)

Substitute & add or subtract

Examples:
Lim 5 = 5 - because constant yung c, kung ano yung katabi ng
x -> 4 limit yun yung sagot, kahit san pa nag aapproach yung x
Lim (-2) = -2
x -> 0
Lim 3 = 3
x -> 2
Lim 1000 = 1000
x -> 5

Theorem 2: Limit of an identity function – the limit of a

function f (x) = x as x approaches c is equal to c.

Examples: kung ano yung value ng inaapproach ng x yun

yung answer, any value.
Lim x = 4
x -> 4
Lim x = 3
x -> 3
Lim x = 1/2
x -> 1/2
Lim x = 0.005
x -> 0.005

Theorem 3: Constant Multiple Rule – k is constant

pwedeng ilabas yung constant(k) and multiply it

If given ng constant ang nakamultiply sa function ng x

pwede siyang ilabas dun sa limit

Examples:
-Lim 5x dahil constant yung 5 pwede siya ilabas at
x -> 3 nakamultiply siya kay x

=5 lim x multiply 5 and limit and x

x -> 3 value ng x is 3 (theorem 2)

= 5 (3) = 15

-Lim 5 (x + 1)
x -> 4

= 5 * (4 + 1) copy 5 ksi constant, then palitan ng 4 yung x

= 25 add and multiply = final answer

Continuity of a function on an Interval
Slope

Derivative
Then, e-equal sa 0 , then divide.

Yung answer don yun yung ipang direct substitution sa

given na problem ,

Then final answer.