DCC PROGRAMMER TEAM

Physics
By

Md. Arifur Rahman Shojib

And
Md Moontasirul Islam Moon
Mostafizur Rahman

DEDICATED TO

THE STUDENT OF FIRST SEMESTER OF DHAKA CITY COLLEGE.

12th June 2014

 1. Define the term electromagnetism?

Electromagnetism:
When current passes through a conductor, a magnetic field will be generated
around the conductor and the conductor become a magnet. This phenomenon is called
electromagnetism.
When current flow through a conductor, magnetic field is generated and when the current
ceases, the magnetic field is disappeared.

Electromagnetism: Interaction of electricity and magnetism, esp. magnetic effects produced by

currents.

Electromagnetism is the force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles;
the areas in which this happens are called electromagnetic fields. It is one of the four
fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak
interaction and gravitation.

2. Define Conductor, Semiconductor and insulator.

Conductor:
The materials through which electric charge can flow easily are called conductor. In metallic conductors
such as Copper, the movable charged particles are electrons.
Example: Copper, Silver, Gold, Iron etc.

Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound that can conduct
electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the control of electrical
current. It‟s a material whose resistivity is between that of insulators and conductors. Current flow is often
achieved by transfer of positive holes as well as by movements of electrons.

Example: Diamond, Silicon, Led Sulfide Selenium etc.

Insulators
The materials through which electric charge can hardly flow at all are called insulator.
Example: glass, plastic etc.

Most solid materials are classified as insulators because they offer very large resistance to the
flow of electric current. Metals are classified as conductors because their outer electrons are not
tightly bound, but in most materials even the outermost electrons are so tightly bound that there
is essentially zero electron flow through them with ordinary voltages.
 3. State and explain Coulomb’s Law. Also explain the Vector form of
Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s Law:
“The electrical force exerted by one charged body on another depends on the product of the magnitudes
of the two charges & inversely on the square of the separation.”
OR
“The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point electric charges is directly proportional to the
product of the magnitudes of each of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the two charges”

According to coulomb‟s law:

| || |

| || |
 [k = Proportionality constant]

| || |


Where x 10-12 C2N-1m-2

Coulomb’s Law Vector form:

In fig. 2 suppose we have two point charges q 1 and q2 separated by a distance . For the
moment, we assume the two charges to have the same sign, so that repel one another.

If the two charges have the same sign, then the force is repulsive and as shown in fig 2(a), ⃗ must be
parallel then the force ⃗ is attractive and anti parallel to ⃗ .

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
⃗
where ̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂

⃗
Where ̂
 4. Write down the basic steps to find the force exerted by continuous change
distributions on a point charge.

Procedures for finding the force exerted by continue charge distributions on a point
charge:

i) Divide the continuous charges distribution into a large number of small charge elements.
ii) Pick an element and express dq= σdA or dq = ρdV or dq = πdx

| || |
iii) From Coulomb‟s law find
iv) Find the direction of the force element⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
v) The total force is found by adding all the force elements.
⃗ ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

5. A uniform Line of Charges:

Considering a thin rod of length L carries uniformly

distributed positive charge q along z axis.

Linear charge density,

Take an element of length, dz.

dq = 𝝀dz
So,
Now we are considering a positive point charge
located at a distance y on the perpendicular
bisector from the center of the rod. dq exerts a
force on .
Figure: Uniform line of charge.

From fig.
dFy = dF cosѲ cosѲ =

(√ )
Evaluating the integral by the limit of . so we write..

∫ ∫

∫
(√ )

[ Let, t
z= t
dz =

=
(√ ) ( )

=
( ( ))

=
( )

=
=

= =

∫
s
[ ]

[ ]
√
 √
√ ( )
[ ]

* +
√

√
]
√

If y >> L,

This is the expression for the force that reduces to coulomb‟s law for point
charges.

6. A ring of charge:
Considering a thin ring of radius R, carrying
a uniformly distributed positive charge q so,

Linear charge density,

Take an element of the ring has a length

Rd and carries a charge

.
From figure,
dFy= dF cosѲ cosѲ=
√

(√ )

Evaluating the integral by the limit of so we write..

∫ ∫

∫
(√ )

∫
⁄
( )

[ ]
⁄
( )

( ) ⁄

( ) ⁄

⁄
( )

If, z >> R,
 .

That is just the expression for the force of one point charge on another.

7. A disk of charge:
Fig. shown
Considering a circular disk of radius R that carries a positive charge q uniformly distributed over its
surface

Now we divide the disk into a series of concentric rings.

Let the radius of internal ring is w and thickness dw.

( ) ⁄

( ) ⁄

To add the force elements due to all of the rings, we integrate as w ranges from 0 to R.

∫
( ) ⁄

[ ]
√( )

[ ]
√( )

[ ]
√( )
 8. What do you mean by conservation of charge?
Charge conservation is a physical law that states that,
The change in the amount of electric charge in any volume of space is exactly equal to the amount of
charge flowing into the volume minus the amount of charge flowing out of the volume.
In essence, charge conservation is an accounting relationship between the amount of charge in a region
and the flow of charge into and out of that region.

Mathematically, we can state the law as a continuity equation:

Q(t) is the quantity of electric charge in a specific volume at time t,

QIN is the amount of charge flowing into the volume between time t1 and t2,
And QOUT is the amount of charge flowing out of the volume during the same time period.

9. What do you mean by electric charge is quantized?

It is said that electric charge is quantized because electric charge comes in certain sizes,
multiples of a charge known as “unit charge”. A particle can have a charge of 0, +1, -2 etc but no
fraction thereof.

Experiments show that the electric charge always exists only in quantities that are integer
multiples of a certain elementary quantity of charge e. That is,

q = ne; n = +1, +2, +3, +4, ……

where, e = 1.602 × 10-19 C.

it is possible to have a net charge in an object of +10e or -6e but never 3.57e. When the values of
a property are restricted to discrete multiples if a basic quantity, we say the property is quantized.
 ……………………….Chapter 26....................................

Electric Field
1.
Electric field:
Electric field is a region in which an electric charges experiences force usually because of a
distribution of other charges.

2. Electric field strength:

It is defined as the force experienced by a unit (+ve) charge placed at a point under consideration. Let
us a small test charge q0 at a point and we measure the electric force ⃗ acts on this body. The electric
fields strength ⃗⃗ at that point is defined as

⃗
⃗⃗

3. Dipole in an electric field:

The fig. shown a dipole in a uniform electric field

⃗⃗ . The dipole moment ⃗⃗, makes an angle with
the direction of the field.

Here the net torque about the center of the

dipole.

s s
s
s
s
s
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

Here work done,

∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

∫ ( )
 ∫ s

∫s

[ ]

[ ]

We know,

The potential energy, U = w

U= PE ( )

If then

U= PE

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗.

4.
Find the electric field at the point near to an infinite line of charge?

From fig. a thin rod of length L carries uniformly distributed positive charge q.

Linear charge density,

Take an element of length dz.
dq= dz
so,
 ∫ cos

cosѲ=

(√ )

Evaluating the integral by the limit of . so we write..

∫ ∫

∫
(√ )

Now, y>> L

4. Uniform ring of charge:

Fig. shows that, a thin ring of radius R carrying a uniformly distributed positive charge q.

Linear charge density,

Take an element of the ring has a length Rd and carries a charge

Now by the equation, and,

( ) ⁄
From fig.
dFz = dF cosѲ cosѲ=

(√ )

(√ )

(√ )

Evaluating the integral by the limit of so we write..

∫ ∫

∫
(√ )

∫
( ) ⁄

[ ]
( ) ⁄

( ) ⁄

( ) ⁄

⁄
( )
If z >> R,

6.

Electric field lines never cross, why?

Electric field line is a way to represent electric field. It is defined in such a way that its tangential at any
point on the line follows the direction of the electric field at that point. At any point where the electric field is finite,
its direction is unique, therefore there can only be one electric field line going through that point. However, at places
where there is point charge the electric field is infinite and its direction is undefined, there can be multiple electric
field lines. But even at such points, the electric field lines just converge to that point or diverge from that point, and
they never cross.

7.
Show the electric field lines for-
1. Uniform field
2. Non uniform field
3. Isolated positive point charge
4. Near a thin uniform sheet
5. An electric dipole
6. Two equal positive charge

Uniform line of charge:

Non uniform field:

Isolated positive point charge and (isolated negative charge):

Near a thin uniform sheet:

An Electric dipole:

Two equal Positive charges:

8.
What is electric dipole? Calculate the electric field `E` of the dipole at point `p` a
distance `x` along the perpendicular bisector of the dipole?

We now calculate the electric field ⃗⃗⃗⃗ of the dipole at point P a distance x along the
perpendicular bisector of the dipole as shown in fig. ..

The positive and negative charges set up electric field ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , respectively. The magnitudes of
these two fields at P are equal. The total electric field at P is determined, according to the equation, by the
vector sign,

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

The magnitudes of the fields from each charge are given by,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
( ⁄ )

The field ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ have equal as shown the x component of the total field s s .
The total field in z component, of magnitude

cos cos

cos

⁄
The angle determine according to cos
√ ( ⁄ )

⁄
We obtain,
√ ( ⁄ )

⁄
( ⁄ ) √ ( ⁄ )

⁄
we know, p=qd
* ( ⁄ ) +

For x >> d then we gets

Infinite line of charge:

From the fig. by applying Gauss‟s Law:

⃗⃗ ∫ ⃗

[ is the area of the infinite line]

[ = ]

This is the expression for E at a distance r form the line of charge.

Coulombs law from Gauss‟s law:

From the fig. by applying Gauss‟s law:

⃗⃗ ∫ ⃗

[ is the area of surface]

---------------------(i)

Let the second point charge q in to the surface so the magnitude of the force;

Putting the value of E (i);

This is Coulomb‟s law; we have derived coulomb‟s law from Gauss‟s law.

………………………………………………..…28……………………
…………………………………
Potential due to the Electric Dipole:-

Let the electric potential at the point P and distance R from the centre and angle from the axis of
the dipole.

The distance, from the positive and negative charges to P is restively r+ and r- . We find the
potential to be,

( )

( )

If r>> d

cos [ ]

cos

[dq=p]

If

Ques: derive the expression for electrical potential energy due to the interaction between
two electric chares.
Ans:

We can calculate the charge in potential energy when a charge q2 moves from point a to b, with respect to
the force due to another charge q1 at rest.
Considering the equation,

……………………………………………write equation……………………………………….

Where vector ds represents the infinitesimal displacement among the directions of the motions from a to
b.

[add figure]

From figure, ds = dr; then ………………….

………………….[ add equation ]

If q2 moves toward q1, then rb<ra and dU>0. And if q2 moves always from q1, then rb>ra and dU<0.

In the figure we have………………….[ add equation ]

How can you calculate the potential from the field?

Ans:

The connection between V and E follows directly from the definitions of potential.
………………….[ add equation ]

Considering a test charge q0 is moved from a to b in an electric field E, the work done by the electric
force,
………………….[ add equation ]

We obtain ,

………………….[ add equation ]

If the electric field is along the direction of ds, then the integral in equation ( ),
Will be positive and the potential difference will be negative. That is, vb<va.
If we choose the reference point to be at infinity and define V = 0 as the reference, then equation ( )
gives for the potential at point P. ………………….[ add equation ]

How can you calculate the field from potential energy?

Anser:

Considering the figure (a),

[ add figure (a) ] [ add figure (b) ]

Figure shows a positive test charge q0 as it moves from point a to b. The electric potential energy is
………………….[ add equation ]

There is a electric field E, that exert a force ………………….[ add equation ]

The work done by, W = ………………….[ add equation ]

Where Es and Fs are the component of vector E and Vector F along ds.
The mathematical connection between the two equivalent description is ………………….[ add
equation ] which gives, ………………….[ add equation ].

[limit of infinitesimal displacement ]

Considering figure (b), the test charge moving along the path acb that means the charge along the
X axis from a to c and then along the path from c to b, the work done by the electric field along
ac is,

………………….[ add equation ]

We have again from ………………….[ add equation ]

If we move the particle on path adb, the work is Dy………………….[ add equation ].

We obtain ………………….[ add equation ]

If we take the limit as the path length very small, then we can write the relationship between E and V.
………………….[ add equation ]
 1. What is electric potential energy and electric potential?

Potential energy can be defined as the capacity for doing work which arises from position or
configuration.
In the electrical case, a charge will exert a force on any other charge and potential energy arises
from any collection of charges. For example, if a positive charge Q is fixed at some point in space, any
other positive charge which is brought close to it will experience a repulsive force and will therefore have
potential energy. The potential energy of a test charge q in the vicinity of this source charge will be:

where k is Coulomb's constant.

Figure: Calculating the electric potential energy

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Electric Potential:
The electric potential energy per unit charge, called electric potential or voltage.

[ add eqn. from your note ]

Differentiate between electric potential energy and electric potential.

Answer:
Differences between electric potential energy and electric potential is given below:

Electric Potectial Electric Potential energy

The amont of work to bring a positive charge
in electric field from infinite distance is known
as electric potential of that point.
Electric potential represents the effect of one
charge at a point in space.
It is expressed by „V‟
The unit of the Electric potential is „j/c‟
The equation of the Electric potential due to a
point charge is [add equation]
The electric potential energy per unit
charge, called electric potential
Electric potential energy represents the
interaction between two charges.
It is expressed by „U‟
The unit of Electric potential energy is „J‟
The equation of the Electric potential energy
due to a point charge is [add equation]

2. Define current and potential difference.

Current: Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit, measured in
Coulombs/second which is named Amperes. In most DC electric circuits, it can be assumed that the
resistance to current flow is a constant so that the current in the circuit is related to voltage and resistance
by Ohm's law.

The standard abbreviations for the units are 1 A = 1C/s.

Figure: Current
Potential Difference:
1. The amount of energy per unit charge needed to move a charged particle from a reference point to
a designated point in a static electric field
2. he difference in electric potential between two points in an electric field; the work that has to be
done in transferring unit positive charge from one point to the other, measured in volts

3. the electric potential difference is the difference in electric potential (V) between the final and the
initial location when work is done upon a charge to change its potential energy. In equation form,
the electric potential difference is

Equipotential Surface

Any surface over which the potential is constant is called an Equipotential surface.

In other words, the potential difference between any two points on an equipotential surface is zero.

For example, consider two points A and B on an equipotential surface as shown in figure.

VB - V A = 0
VB = VA

It may be noted that an equipotential surface may be the surface of a material body or a surface drawn in an
electric field.

Some important properties of equipotential surfaces :

Work done in moving a charge over an equipotential surface is zero.

The electric field is always perpendicular to an equipotential surface.

The spacing between equipotential surfaces enables us to identify regions of strong and weak fields.

Two equipotential surfaces can never intersect. If two equipotential surfaces could intersect, then at the point
of intersection there would be two values of electric potential which is not possible.
Potential of a charged conductor:
When a conductor is at equilibrium, the electric field inside it is constrained to be zero.

Since the electric field is equal to the rate of change of potential, this implies that the voltage
inside a conductor at equilibrium is constrained to be constant at the value it reaches at the
surface of the conductor. A good example is the charged conducting sphere, but the principle
applies to all conductors at equilibrium.

Figure: Potential of a charged sphare

[End of chapter 28]

 Chapter 30
1. Define capacitance. Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

Capacitance:
When we charge a capacitor, the charge Q that appears in the capacitor plates is always directly
proportional to the potential difference V that is,

Capacitance is typified by a parallel plate arrangement and is defined in terms of charge storage:

where

 Q = magnitude of charge stored on each plate.

 V = voltage applied to the plates.
 C = proportionality constant

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor:

Considering a parallel plate capacitor having the surface area A for each plate and they are very close
together that is the separation d is much smaller than the length or width of the plates.

The electric field for a single large uniformly charged disk at points near its center,
⁄

The net electric field is the sum of the field due to the two plates:

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
As the fields due to the positive and negative plates have the same direction, so we can write,
+
⁄ + ⁄
⁄

Substituting σ = ⁄ in the above equation we obtain,

[add equation]
The capacitance is obtained from the equation, c , or

c [ ]
which is for the parallel plate capacitor.
FOR ANY DISCUSSION:

MD. ARIFUR RAHMAN SHOJIB

CSE- 7TH SEMESTER, ROLL-70
01683777144

MD MOONTASIRUL ISLAM
CSE 7TH SEMESTER, ROLL-68
01684507604

Mostafizur Rahman Razib

CSE 7TH SEMESTER, ROLL-69
01680501224