INTEGRAL CALCULUS UIC SPECIAL TOPICS (CE)

Indefinite Integrals
If F(x) is a function whose derivative F'(x) = f(x) on certain interval of the
x-axis, then F(x) is called the anti-derivative of indefinite integral f(x). ∫ ( )
When we integrate the differential of a function we get that function plus √
an arbitrary constant. In symbols we write ∫ ( )
√
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( )
√
where the symbol ∫ called the integral sign, specifies the operation of
integration upon f(x)dx; that is, we are to find a function whose derivative
is f(x) or whose differential is f(x)dx. The dx tells us that the variable of Solution to Indefinite Integral
integration is x.

Definite Integral Problem: ∫

( )
The definite integral of f(x) is the difference between two values of the
integral of f(x) for two distinct values of the variable x. If the integral of
f(x)dx = F(x) + C, the definite integral is denoted by the symbol A. B.
√ √
∫ ( ) ( ) ( ) C. D.
( ) ( )

The quantity F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) between the Solution 1:
limits a and b or simply the definite integral from a to b. It is called the In order to solve indefinite integral, we must know the different
definite integral because the result involves neither x nor the constant C
techniques used in integration. For this integral we are going to
and therefore has a definite value. The numbers a and b are called the
limits of integration, a being the lower limit and b the upper limit. use substitution and power formula.
∫
( )

INTEGRATION FORMULAS Let u = x2 + 4; du = 2xdx; xdx = du/2

∫ ∫
o Basic Formulas √

∫
Solution 2:
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) Problems in the board exams have choices. Therefore, you can
do reverse engineering by using the finite integration in your
∫[ ( ) ( )] ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) calculator and by testing the choices. This is what we call
testmanship.

Let us make the integral definite by seting arbitrary limits. Say

o Integration by Parts from 1 to 5. Be sure that the limits will not make the integrand
∫ ∫ undefined. Let us input this in the calculator.
∫
( )
Now, let us also substitute these limits to the choices.
o Power Formulas
]
√
∫
]
∫ √
]
( )
∫
]
∫ ( )
Based on the result, answer is

*This technique is applicable for any indefinite integral. When

o Trigonometric Functions using this, always be careful when dealing with trigo functions. I
∫ advise to set your calculator to Radian mode.

∫ [ ] Perimeter of Rectangular Curves

∫ √ ( ) or ∫ √ ( )
∫ [ ]

∫ [ ] Problem: A particle moves along the curve having parametric

equations y = 4t3 and x = 3t4. Find the distance travelled by the
∫ [ ] particle from t = 0 to t = 2.

Solution 1:
Let us use the equation ∫ √ ( )
INTEGRAL CALCULUS UIC SPECIAL TOPICS (CE)

dy = 12t2dt; dx = 12t3dt; dx/dy = t Based on the result in your calculator, the graph looks like this

Therefore,

∫ √ ( )

∫ √ ( )

S = 58.208 units

Solution 2:
∫ ∫ [ ( )]
Let us use the equation ∫ √ ( )
dy = 12t2dt; dx = 12t3dt; dy/dx = 1/t
Therefore,
Solution 2:
∫ √ ( ) Now, let us try to solve this using vertical rectangular strip.

√ ∫
∫ ( ) ( )
y = r sin = 4(1 – sin )sin
This integral yields math error in your calculator because when t = x = r cos = 4(1 – sin )cos = 4cos – 4sin cos
0, the expression inside the integral is undefined. The remedy for dx = -4sin d – 4(cos2 – sin2 )d =-4(sin – cos2 )d
this is to approximate the integral by moving the lower limit to the
right by a very small amount, say 0.0001. ∫ ∫ ( ) (
∫ √ ( ) ( ) = 58.208 units )

*If your calculator gives “math error” in the first equation, use the ∫ ( )( )
other equation.

*We move the strip from left to right. So it is from 2 to 0. Set

Perimeter of Polar Curves calculator to Radian mode.
*Make sure that when you use a circular sector strip, it is really a
circular sector! Note that a circular sector has curvature towards
∫ √ ( )
the center. 

o Determine the total length of the curve r = 8 cosθ. *Try to solve the area of this curve: x = 2cos3 and y = 2sin3 .
Solution:
dr/d = -8 sin

∫ √( ) ( ) = 50.26 Moment of Inertia

units I = Ad2 (second moment of area)
This is the basic definition of moment of inertia. In Calculus we do
*If not specified, limit will be from 0 to 2 radian. Of course set not use the transfer formula. But we can solve moment of inertia in
your calculator to Radian.  calculus using the transfer formula I = ILOCAL + Ad2. 

Problem: Find the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis of

the region bounded by the parabola x2  8y , the line y  2 , and
Area of Polar Curves the y-axis.
∫
Solution 1:
∫ or ∫ Now when we use the first equation, the strip should be parallel to
the axis where the moment of inertia is required so that ILOCAL is
*In finding the area of a polar curve, it is helpful to draw first the negligible.
curve. Once you graph the curve correctly, you are now in better
position to solve any problem involving this curve. Since Iy is required, we are going to use a vertical strip. The
*Written above are the formulas in finding the area of a polar distance ‘d’ in the formula is the distance from the centroid of the
curve. The second formula, which uses rectangular strip, is more area towards the axis. Since the differential area is vertical, d = ̅
general compared to the first formula which uses a circular sector = x.
strip. ∫ ( ̅ ) ∫ (
)( )
Problem: For the polar curve r = 4(1 – sin ), determine the area.
∫ ( )( )
Solution 1:
Let us graph the curve using Mode – Table
f(x) = 4(1 – sinx) Solution 2:
Start = 0 For the sake of demonstration, we are going to solve the problem
End = 360 (one full revolution) using a horizontal differential strip. Since the strip is not parallel to
Step = 30 the axis, ILOCAL is not negligible.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS UIC SPECIAL TOPICS (CE)

I = ILOCAL + Ad2; ILOCAL = bh3/12 (rectangular strip) Pappus Theorems

∫
o Pappus First Proposition:

( ) o Pappus Second Proposition:

∫ ∫ ( ) ( ) (Volume of Solid of Revolution)

(√ ) √ *If angle of rotation is not specified, use =2 .

∫ ∫ (√ )( )

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

*The second solution is more tedious but I hope you enjoy

learning it. 
INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION
2
1. Integrate xcos(2x + 7)dx.
*Radius of gyration, r = √
A. ( ) C. ( )

( )
Centroid of Rectangular Curves B. ( ) D.

2 1
2. Integrate e x 2xdx
̅ ∫ ̅

̅ ∫ ̅ A. C.
B. D.
The technique in using Varignon’s theorem to find the centroid of
a rectangular curve is to select the strip that is parallel to the axis 3. ∫
⁄

where the centroid is required.

A. 0.0391 C. 0.0428
For ̅ , use vertical differential strip so that ̅ = x. B. 0.0614 D. 0.0672
For ̅, use horizontal differential strip so that ̅ = y.
PLANE AREAS
o A line having an equation of y – 2x = 0 intersects the curve y2 4. Find the area bounded by the parabola y = 5 + 2x – x and
2

– 8x = 0. Determine the location of the centroid of the area the chord joining (−2, −3) and (3, 2).
bounded by the two curves. A. 22.83 sq. units C. 20.83 sq. units
B. 19.33 sq. units D. 18.33 sq. units
Solution to solve for ̅:
We are going to use vertical strip. 5. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y =
2
12x/(x +4), the x-axis, x = 1, and x = 4.
∫ ( ) ∫ (√ ) A. 4 ln 6 C. ln 24
B. 6 ln 15 D. 6 ln 4

CENTROID OF AN AREA
2
A line having an equation of y – 2x = 0 intersects the curve y – 8x
̅ ∫ ̅ = 0.
6. Determine the area bounded by the line and the curve.
A. 1.33 sq. units C. 0.67 sq. units
̅ ∫ (√ ) ( ) B. 0.33 sq. units D. 1.67 sq. units
7. Determine the location of the centroid of the area from the
̅ = 0.8 units (measured from the y-axis) y-axis.
A. 0.40 C. 0.80
B. 1.00 D. 2.00
Solution to solve for ̅:
8. Determine the location of the centroid of the area from the
We are going to use horizontal strip.
y-axis.
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) A. 0.40 C. 0.80
B. 1.00 D. 2.00

̅ ∫ ̅ A curve is expressed as √ .
9. Determine the area bounded by the curve and the lines x =
4 and y = 0.
̅ ∫ ( ) ( ) A. 1.33 sq. units C. 2.33 sq. units
B. 2.67 sq. units D. 3.67 sq. units
̅ = 2 .0 units (meaured from the x-axis) 10. Determine the distance of the centroid of the area from the
y-axis.
*Sometimes it is unpractical to solve ̅ and ̅ using two strips. Try A. 1 unit C. 2 units
solving the problem above using only one strip.  B. 3 units D. 4 units
11. Determine the moment of inertia of the area with respect
to the x-axis.
A. 3.47 C. 2.69
B. 1.52 D. 0.45
INTEGRAL CALCULUS UIC SPECIAL TOPICS (CE)

MOMENT OF INERTIA
12. Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded by the lines
y = x, y = 2x, and x + y = 12 about the y-axis.
A. 148 C. 152
B. 156 D. 160

13. Find the radius of gyration, with respect to the y-axis, of the
2
area bounded by the curve x = 4y, the line x = 4, and the
line y = 0.
A. 3.10 units C. 3.27 units
B. 4.10 units D. 4.25 units

LENGTH OF AN ARC
2
14. Find the length of the curve y = x from x = 0 to x = 3?
A. 9.39 units C. 9.58 units
B. 9.75 units D. 9.93 units

VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION

15. Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the
2 2
curve 9x + 4y = 36 along the line 4x + 3y = 20.
A. 236.87 cu. units C. 355.31 cu. units
B. 473.74 cu. units D. 532.97 cu. units
2
16. A region is bounded by the curve x = 4y and the line x = y.
Find the volume generated if the bounded area is rotated
about the x-axis.
A. 24.17 cu. units C. 26.81 cu. units
B. 22.95 cu. units D. 25.32 cu. units

CENTROID OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION

3
17. A curve has an equation x = y . Determine the centroid
from the y-axis of the solid formed by revolving the area
bounded by the curve, the line x = 4 and the x-axis about
the x-axis.
A. 2.5 units C. 2.0 units
B. 1.5 units D. 1.0 units
x
18. A curve has an equation y = e . Determine the volume
generated by the area if revolved about the line x = 1.
A. 2.513 cu. units C. 4.513 cu. units
B. 5.513 cu. units D. 7.513 cu. units

SURFACE AREA OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION

19. Find the total area generated by revolving the segment of
2
the parabola x – 4x – 8y + 28 = 0 from x = 3 to x = 6 about
the y-axis.
A. 92.86 sq. units C. 103.08 sq. units
B. 110.39 sq. units D. 128.44 sq. units

PLANE AREAS (POLAR COORDINATES)

2
20. Find the area bounded by the curve r = 16 cos .
A. 27 sq. units C. 30 sq units
B. 36 sq. units D. 32 sq. units

21. Find the area within the curve r = 3 + 3 cos .

A. 9/2 C. 2/9
B. 27/2 D. 2/19