P

In lase section : Radiometric concepts -

RT in TIR I
✓ MW
\ BIL
z contrib
vI/NIn\3
contributions
7-
scattering

section I
→
i
)g⑧h:'T
C @
sensor
'
pnasgive , iffy

I@
→
Voy
sensor

ii ) Active ( trans .
and Reiner
)
MW VIINIR
( radar )
( Lidar)
 Microwave systems
-

MW L @ sensor
→
Ht *
Is -

w ga
-

ng?IIE§
Transition
* shape ,
size material
,
of antenna
between

properties

%7ansnfenn.ae
radiation

guided medium, reci ever

( Antenna )
or vice versa
( transmitter )

Typically antenna to transmit or Recieve energy from a

particular
,

direction .

revered antenna
-
Distribution
of power transmitted or by

Antenna pattern ( radiation pattern )

is called
all dir
e Isotropic Antenna → transmit
or Reier equally in .

g .

( reference)

•
Antenna transmit or reeve certain polarization

( Antenna or H pot antenna

)
-

V -

pot

" "
of power
o¥TFpol causes some loss
Antenna material

%
-

a-
×
> pattern solid angle ( Np )

Antenna radiation characteristics ↳ Beam width ( P)

↳
B DA Directivity CD)
DII =
↳ Gain CG
)
= R R2 Sino do do
↳ effective Area ( Aert)

DLI ,
= dr = Sino dad 0
 dprad = 5. DA
( w) t
Power
Density
( Wm )'t

power radiated
-

d. Praia = R2 Sr de
-
radiation
intensity
II )

Total power radioed by Antenna @ a fixed R

(transmitted)
21T
IT
Praz R
'
SS Sco )
=

,
0 sino dado
O
( w
) 0

Radiation Intensity
FCO ,
0) = R2 Sr ( Wsr
"

)
Normalized radiation intensity

Fn ( 0,0) S (o ,
( Power density @ particular )
r
= -

Snax

)
( maximum power
( density
21T IT
Prud =
R2 Snax JS (zenith) 04-0
Fn ( o
, ) dr ⑦ = elevation 0h04 H -

F-
90
(Z D
° 0 ( Sino dado
-

) ¢ = Azimethd angle

#
Pattern
€ Ctn) 0=90

0µF
solid angle
or
p -

ha
0
x

main lobe : most of radiation transmitted or relieved ×

sheelobe : Little energy

 directive dB scale
designed to have patterns → plop in
-

Antenna are

FnCdB7-lologlFn#
of the actual antenna
which all the radiation
come over
Np → Equivalent
is concentrated

→ =

?! Fn 10,0) dr (Sr)
If Antenna is Isotropic

}fpITgr
It Bean width (B) = > half power
beam width ,
Bye 3dB Beam width
, =

co .
s
)
I -

M
"
as - 13=02 -

Q
,

If Symetric then 13=20

M ups ,

0 , O
L