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EE
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SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA
ct
Mabarashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE)
di
Semester IV Electrical Engineering Program Group/Diplom in Industrial
Electronics (EE/ÆP/EUIE)
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Striolyasper newrevsed Soheme wef.academic year 2018-2019
P
-
S.M. Chauunar
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M.E (Electrical Engineering)
Assistant Professor,
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Electrical Engineering Department AISSMS TOrr,

Pune-01, Maharashtra, India
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https://t.me/ALL_INDIA_POLYTECHNIC_AICTE
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Tech-Maxaan MDE178A
Innovation Throughout
Polytechnic Division
Syllabus
oitongu0
gyedamain)?
Unit
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la. Describe with sketches
function of
Applications of given components used in
he 1.1 Funcion of each blodk
.
instrumentztion cf Instromeatafion
Transducers system. syten
Refer chapter 16. Explain with sketcbes 12 Tranotooer:Need, Cassiicaion-
1 the construction Acivea
ct
and working of Passve, Anaog d Digital,
the givea type («)
transducer (). of
Secordery, Mecanical
Primary z
azd Eecrical
lc Differentiate the
worting of the given 13 Etrical Transdocoes:Resisive
types of transdocers trsdom
di
with sketches. -Liear 2ad Angnkr poteatiometers,
click here 1d. Select relevant transducer
application with justification
for given
14
ug,ypes,gnge fecton.
Capecitdve transducer.
szin
le Prepare
transduce rethe specification
of given15 nžoctivetrensducer-LVDT,RVDT
Fiezoelectric trznsdocer,
transdocer LDR, pboto
phcto electrie
votzic cell
P
Unit 1.7 Selecioacriteria
2a. Describe with sketches of transénceis.
Pressure the construction
the given type of pressure transdocer of21 Pressure and its units,
Types, Absorts,
Measurement 2b. Explain Gange, Atmosphetic,
-
with sketches the working Vacum.

Refer chapter 2 given typeofpressure transducer of the 2.2 Classifñcatioa
with ofPressure me2suring devices:
sketches.
a Manometr-U
e
Selectthe relevant pressure tnbe, ncfined Tabe,

transducer for Well type manometer.
the given appieation
with justification.
ub
b. "Elastic pressure
transducer: Boardoa
2d. Describe with sketches Tube, Bellows, Diaphragm,
the calibration Capsule
procedure for ggven c. Electricalpressure
the pressure transducers:
transducer.
Bourdon
tube with LVDT, Bellow
with LVDT
Diaphragm with
uT
2e. Prepare the specification Strain gau

of the given23 Spectieation
ofelectrical pressure transduxcer.
pressure transducer.
2.4 Calibration pressure
of gange using dead
2f. Describe with sketches weight testet.
the procedure to
Yo
troubleshoot the given

type of pressure
transducer.
Unit-Il
3a. Describe with sketches the
Flow Measurement construction3. Flow and its units, Types of Flow-
of the given type of flow transducer Lamina
with turbalent, Reynolds, number.
Refer chapter 3 sketches.
3.2 Classification of flow
measuring transducers:
3b. Explain with sketches the a Variable head flow
working of the meter: Venturimeter
given type. of flow tränsducer orifice plate meter,
with fow nozle, pitot tube
sketches. b. Variable area flow
meter- Rotameter
https://t.me/ALL_INDIA_POLYTECHNIC_AICTE
Eutonteuoy
nmeter: Turdine fMow

3c. Difierendiato the salient features of tho Elatrieal flow
FMow weter,
EE
meter, Electromagnetle
given type of fow tanstuces. difference
Utrasonic flow meter Timo
wire anenoneter,
3d. Select relovant flow transdueer for the and Doppler Type, Hot
siven apptication with Justificadio. Vorter flow meter.
ct
Pueltvo displacement meter
nutaung use
Preparo the specification of given flow 3.3
transducer. pe
flow meters
3.4 Typical specifications of various
di
s Desenbe with sketches the proceduro to
troubleshoot the given typo of flow
transdycer
Unit-IV 4a
re
Describe with sketches the construction of
the given type of lovel transducer.

4.1 Lovel and its units,
measurement methods:
Classification of leve
Level Measurement Direct methods - Hoak

ope, Sight glass,
Explain with sketches the working of tho a
P
4b.
Refer chapter 4 Hydrostatie type (air purgek
given type of level transducer.
method: Flaat Ope
Different the salient feaures of the given &, Indirect measurement
4c.
potentiometer,
with Hnear and rotary
-
type of leveltransducers.
Capacidivo type Utrasonic type,
Nackear
4d. Select relevant lèvel transducer for tho
Raxdiation type, Radar type
e
given application with justification.

spociñcations of electrical evel
calibration42 Typical
Describe: with sketches the
ub
4e.
measurement nethods
procedure for the given typo of level
4.3 Calidation of Air pure and Capacitance typ*|
transducer.
level sy'stem.
4d. Prepare the specification of given lovel
uT
transducer.
to
4e. Describe with sketches tho procedure
troubleshoot the given type of level
transducer.
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Temperature and its Uaits, temperaturm

scaes
Unlt-v construction of 5.1
5a. Describe with sketches the
temperatura transducer. and onversions
Temperature the given type of
measurements Classifiçation of temperature measurng

Explain with sketches the working of the 5.2
5b.
Refer chapter 5 transducers
given type of temperature transducer.
Differentiato the salient features of tho a Filkd system thernnoneter vapour

Sc.
given types of temperature transducers pressurd thennometer.
Sd. Select relevant temperaturo transducer for b tpansion therunoneter Biaetallic

Justificatlon. themnometer
tho given applicatlon with
topics
etomain
Sa Describe the calibration procedure
Blectrical methods
of 5.3
temperahuro measuring system with
inputs
EE
a. Themistors,
from RTD and thermocouple.
b. RTD-PT-100, 2/3 wire)
Sf. Preparo the specification of given
c. Thermocouple Law
temperahure transducer. of intermediate
ct
temperaturdt and intermediate
Sg. metals
Describe with sketches the
procedure to Seebeck and Peltier effect, Types
troubleshoot the J, K, R,
given type of S, T.
temperature transducei.
di
54 Pyrometer Optical method, Radiation
method.
55 Typical
re 5.6 Calibration
specifications of Thermistor, RTD
and Themocouple
of temperature measuring
transducers.
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*
-
e
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Table of Contents
Incustrial Measuremets (MSSTE-Sem 4-Elecl)
1.7.1 LVDT
UNTTE
1.7.2 RVDT (Ptary Variatla Differerfial Transducer
Applkations of Transducers 1-1 to 1-22 (-14, S-15)- **************m
Chapter1:
1.7.3 Compariscn of LVDT and RVDT (S-14). 1-15
di each block of Instumerntaicn Systemn

Syiebus: Funcan 8 Piezoelectic Transdvoer (S-14, W-14, S-15,
S-18, W-16,
Acive and Passive, Analog and
Transdoer Nead, Cassii S-17, W-17, S-18)-
.1-16
*********** *******er*****
EE
Saordary, Mechanical and Eectica,
Digte Ptinay and LDA)
: Fessiie tarscucers Linear and 1.8.1 Photoelectrc Transducer (Also called
Electical Transdurs
gauge, pes, çauge factor. (S-14,S-15) .1-18
Angier potentometers, Sren
**********e****** ***************
LVDT, AVDT.
Capacthe ransdcer, ndcis tarsdrer: 1.8.2 Photovotaic Cel. ********er****** * 1-20
Piazoelactic tansoier, photolsctc
tansicer, photovotaic Transducer ..1-21
ct
Sylabus Toplc: Selecion Criteria of
Selectan crteria d trersdcer. (S-14, W-14, S-15, W-15,
cel 1.9 Selection Citeria cf Transducer
1-1 1-21
Besic nstumentason Systam-
J******************************mes
1.1 s-16, W-16, S17,
hshunsrtason System (H-14, S-15, 1-22
di
1.1.1 Bbok Diagran d Chapter Erds.. rnen ****************
W-17, S-18). 11
W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17,
Eech Bkocd
Sykbus Topic: Funciond 2
Insrunertan Systen.- 2-1 to 2-29
1.1.14) Funcions d E2ch Block of
Syabus Topie: Transduce

Trensduer (S-15, S-18)
Instuumentaion System...1-2
*******
re Z
Chapter 2 : Pressure Measurement
Syilabus Pressure and its units, Types

:
Atmospheric, Vacuum, Classication of
Absolute, Cauge,
pressura measurirg
1.2 hube, Incined Tube, We type
devices (a) Manometer U
P
Need of Trerssie (Necessit)
(¥-14, W-16, S-18)-1-2 transdiucer Bourdon Tube
121 mancmster (b) Eastc pressure
pressure transducers:
1.2.1(A) Campaison of Seasor and Transdicer 13 Bellows, Diaphragm, Capsde (¢) Electical
with LVDT Diaphragm vith strain
of Transducers- Active Bourdon tube with LVDT, Bellow
Syllabus Topic: Cassiicascn pressure transducer, Celibrafon
Secondary,
Analog and Digial, Primary and gauge, Specicafon of electrical
-
Passive,
and
Mechanical and Eectical *********** pressure gauge using dead weight tester.
of
2-1
Units ****************
1.3
Classifñcation of Transácers (S-14, W-15). 14 Sylabus Topic: Pressure and its
e
(W-15, S-16). 4 Need of Pressure Measurements

1.3.1 Based on Requirement of Supply
end Passive Definiion and Unit of Pressure
(S-16, W-17). .2-1
1.3.1(4) Campariscn between Actve
ub
21.1 Gauge,
S-18) Absolute,
Trenecucers (S-14, W-14, S-17, Syllabus Tople: Types of Pressure-
2
"**************************************a***a*p*E6
wthich Atmospheric, Vacuum
Output Signal (Output
13.2 Types Besed on Nature of W-15, S-16,
cf Time cr Discrete Types of Pressure (S-14, W14,
may be Cortuas Fincton 21.2 2-2
W-16, S-17) ***
Steps) (W-14). ****
Pressure Measuning
Syllabus Topic: Classification of
uT
and Digital Transducer. 2-3

13.2(A) Comparisan of Anelog
wíth
Transducers Based on Connectivity Classification of Pressure Measuring
Devices
1.33 .1-6 2.2
Measurand (W-14, S-17). ******************************
(S-15, S-16, W-16, W-17, S-18).munuunuuanuanEN
Transducers... 1-7 Manometers- U-Tube, Inclined Tube,
1.3.344) Comparison of Primary and Secandary Sylabus Tople:
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4
(W-14,S17).. Wel Type Manometer.. ***************a**********************
1.34 Based on Coversion
Manometers (Non Elastic) (W-16).
*aesssnennansusssnso.C
Electricel and Mechanica 2.2.1
13.44) Compaison between
.
U-Tube Manometer (S-15, S-16, S-17,

W-17).
24
Transducers
1-10
221(a)
Transducers. Inctined Tube Manometer (W-15, S-16, S-17, W-17).-5
Syllabus Toplc: Electrical 22.10)
.1-10 W-16).*****e snk"O -6
*Daaaasnns*eaae******************
Electical Transducers. 22.1() Well Type Manometer (S-14,
14
Non-Elastic
22.1() Advantages of Manometers
**********s*aa********
15 Resistive Transducer. ***************
Potentiometer (Shortly called as POT)

(W-14).1-11 TransducerS. *tseoeeenesee****************e*ss*se********************
1.5.1
Transducer) 2.2.1(e) Disadvantages of Non-Elastic Manometers.
io******aa**sssassnZ°
Capacitive Type (Level Measuring
(Contact Type) (5-14). **********
asasasssassnsseseeunesnes °lo
22.1(0 Applications (Uses) of Manomater (Non-Elastic) 8
*********************eesseeses *************a**eseseaee*********************eteasuaseueC©
1.7 Inductive Transducers (W-17) 2.2.1(g) Fluids Used.
click here https://t.me/ALL_INDIA_POLYTECHNIC_AICTE

Table
industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.) ofCon
Syllabus Toplo: Types of Flow Laminar, Tuthat tbulent
22.10 Comparison of U Tube Manometer with Woll bype
.
Reynolds Number (S-15).. u*ssasesansssssees*sse**.
Manometer (S-15, W-17,S18).... .2-8 ******
32.1 Types of Flow (S-15).. * *****************************nss.

Sylabus Topie: Bastc Pressure Transducers- Bourdon
Tube Bellows, Diaphragm, Capsule.. 29 3.2.14) Laminar Flow (S-14, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S.1a
222 Elastic Prèssure Transduces..
3.2.1) Turbulent Flow (S-14, W-14, S-16, W-16, S-17,
2220) Boundon Tuba (otype) Prissura Geuge (W-14, S-16, W-17, S-18)... *******a*******************"*********** *****
W-16, W-17, S-18)- nw Reynold's Number (Re) (S-17).
-***oaws nsC TO
3.2.2 *******************
EE
22.20) Diaphragm Pressure Trenschcers (-15, S-17).212 Sylabus Toplc: Classification of Flow Measuring
2.2.2(0) Bellows (S-14). Iransoucers...sessnesssssen*********************ss*********....
222() Capsule Gauge for Pressure Measurement (S-14, W-14, 3.3 Classification of Flow Measuring Transducers (S-14,
S-15, S-16, Ww-16, S-18). *********************sss*ssese****C°I W14, S-16, W-17, S-18). ***********************
ct
22.2(0) Comparison between Capsule and Bellows (W-14)..2-17 Syllabus Toplc: Variable Head Flow Meter
sylabus Toplc: Blectical Pressure Transducers. 3.3.1 Variable Head Flow Meter . ***********************************
Bourdon' Tube with LVDT, Bellow with LVDT, Diaphragm

sylabus Topic: Venturimeter..
a********************************
with Strain Gauige...
*********************s******************s
3.3.1(A) Venturi Tube Meter (S-14, S-15, S-16, W-16,
di
223 Iectrical Pressure Transdicers. W-17, S-18).. ****************************************5
22.3(a) Bourdon Tube with LVDT (S-14, S-16, W-16). Syllabus Toplc: Ontice Plate Merer.mossooeo7
2-20
22.30) Below with LVDT Transcducer 3.3.1B) Oifice Plate Meter (S-14, S-15, W-15, W-16,
22.3)
(to Measure Pressure)..
Daphragm Strain Gauge (S-14, W-15,
S-17, W-17). ********w****************esow
***
re 2-21
*********************************
2-23
S1, -1).*
3.3.1(C) Flow Nozzle

m
Meter..
e***************s*sasoST
Syilabus Toplc: Flow Nozzle Meter..
*****************
***************************************************°
-S
224 Diierence bstween Bourdon Tube and Diaphragm...2-25 Syillabus Topic: Pitot Tube.
P
**************************
syllabus Topic: Specification of Electrical

Pressure
3.3.1(D) Pitot Tube. . o **
Syilabus Topic: Variable Area Flow

2.3 Specification of Electrical Pressure Meter Rotameter
**
Transducer..2-25 **
************************.*******
-
3.3.2 Rotameter (Variable Area Flow Meter)

2.3.1 (W-15, S-16,
2-26 w-16, S-17, W-17,
S18)...
24 Pressure Measurement Calibration
(S-18). 3.3.2(A) Comparison of Variable Area Meter .N
2-265 with Variable Head
e
Syilabus Topic: Calibration of Pressure Flow Meter (S-14).

Gauge using
Dead Weight Tester .. *************************************e************
syllabus Toplc: Electrical Flow Meters.

ub
24.1 Calibration of Pressure Gauges

by Dead Weight Tester 3.3:3 Electical Flow Meters..
(s-14, W-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16,
S-17, 3.3.3(A) Turbine Flow
W-17, S-18).
***nanasmo*********************na**************CE
Meter.. 16
syilabus Topic: Electromagnetic
Chapter Ends.
***************e*******s******************CC 2-293.3.36) .Electromagnetic Flow Meter (W-14, W-15,
Flow Meter
....3-17
S-16, W-16,
S-17)..*******************************aasessa*a******************************
uT
3.3.3(C) Uitrasonic Flow

Meter (S-14, W-16).
:
Chapter 3 Flow Measurement
3-1 to 3-31 Syllabus Toplc: Hot Wire
Anemometer...
0
3.3.3(D) Hot Wire Flow
Meter.. 24
Sylabus: Flow and its units, Types of fiow- Laminar, Turtbulent, 24
Syllabus Toplc: Vortex Flow Meter.
Yo
Reynolds number. Cassification of flow measuring transducers:

(a)Variable
head fiow meter- Venturirmeter, Orfice plate meter,
3.3.3(E) Vortex Flow Meter .. a**********************************
-26
-26
.Flow nozzle, Pitot tube, (b) Variable area flow meter Rotameter, Syllabus Toplc: Positive Displacement
Mater- Nutating
(o) Electrical flow meter- Turbine flow meter, Electromagnetic Disc Type.
flow
**
**************sss*s*seo**
3.4 Positive Displacement Meter(S-15). snd<6
meter, Uitrasonic flow meter Time diference and Doppler
type, -28
**********usmnd2
Hot wire anemometer, Vortex flow meter, Posllive 3.4.1 Nutating Disc Type Positive Displacement
displacement Meter ...3-28
meter.- Nutating dise type, Typlcal speciflcations of various flow syllabus Tople: Typical Specifications of
meters. Vanous FlOW Meter.
SU
3.5 Spectfications of Various Flow
3.1 Introduction. **********************4**************************4*9*.3-1
Meters..
*** usss 30
Syllabus Toplc: Flow and Its Units... Chapter Ends. ******************************************************
****ssenngsn
3.2 ****************************nees**apessntsusnsimun m°T|

4PIndustrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.) Tablo of Contonts
Sylabue Toplo: Typlcl 8peclficatlons of Eloctrleal Lovol

DNETA Moasurement Mefhod..wwwwwwwwwww.4-16
Typlcal Spoclicalons of Electdoal Lovel Moanutomont
Chapter 4: Level Measurement 4-1to 4-19 4.4
Methods na oaurnoweneneoesosonengasi GP]6
Syllabus: Level and its units, classlficatlon df level measurement syllabus Tople: Calibration of. Alr Purge and
EE
methods: Dlrect methods - Hook.ype, Sight glass, Hydrostatic Capacltance Typo Lovel System..
e*satssssteseseasesdsgis***e**"
type (alir purge), Indirect measurement method: Float type with 4.5 Callbratlon Procos0-eneral Descriptlon.. u4+-17
linear and rotary potentiometer, Capacllve type, Ultrasonlc
thype,
Typlcal speclfications of 4.5.1 Calbratlon of Alr Purge Level 8ystem...17

Nuclear Radiation type, Radar type,
electrical level measurement methods, Calbratlon of Alr purgo and 4.6.2 Callbratlon of Capacitance Type Level Measurement
ct
capacitance type level system. syst a*418
syilabus Tople: Level.. 4.5.3 Classificatons of Methods..i
Need of Level Measurement (S-14, W-14, S-16, W-16,

4.1 **********************************************##1 0909dane*4-19
Chapter Ends...
di
W-17, S-18).
Sylabus Topic: Unit. AINLEURM
2 Unit of Level.
Temperature Measurements 5-1 to 5-25
4.3
Sylabus Topic: Classification of Level Measurement
Methods. 2
ssasssssansnnnassaessntess**************T6
Classlfication of Level Measurement Methods (S-14,

re
Chapter 5:
Syllabus: Temperature and its Unis, temperature scales and

conversions. Classificatlon of temperature measurfng transducers
W-14,S-16, W-16, W-17)... (a) Filled system thermometer- vapour pressure thermometer,
P
(6) Expanslon thermometer Bimetallc themometer. Electrical
Dip-Stick Method.
4.3.1
Syillabus Toplc: Hook Type Method
.
**********************************tseeestestssuatG
us4-3
methods- (a) Themistors, (b) RTD - (PT-100, 2/3 wire),
()Themocouple Law of intemediate temp and intermediate
4.3.2 Hook Gauge..n 43 metals Seebeck and Pelter effect, Types J, K, R, S, T. Pyrometer
-
Sylabus Tople: Sight Glass Method. .4-4 Optical method, Raciation method. Typical specificaions of
Thermlstor, RTD and Themocouple. Calibration of temperature
4.3.3 Sight Glass Method .. ****s**dnen******bssags********soa***bhasa
.. 4
msasuring transducers.
e
Syllabus Topic : Hydrostatic Type (Air Purge)

Method. Syllabus Toplc: Temperature and ts Units. re
ae***
*ennsneses*anaannsasaaa****s*esse*********************as**tans
ub
4.3.4 Air Purge or Hydrostatic Type or Pneumatic Method...4-5 5.1 Temperature and Its Units (S-14).
)******tossssosse
Syillabus Toplc: Float Type with Linear and Rotary Sylabus Topic: Temperature Scales
ndomerer.. aosooomoroaon*O and Conversions * sssessosossasssseaeeespas******sssses***
4.3.5 Float Method (W-15, S-16, S-17).
-
.4-6 5.1.1 Temperature Scales (W-14, S-16).*********************nsnsta E
Syllabus Toplc: Capactve Type Method. Syllabus Toplc: Classification of Temperature

uT
Capacitive Method (S-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17, Measuring Transducers...ne
4.3.6
W-17, S-18). 4-8 5.2 Classification of Temperature Measuring
Transducers (S-15).. smagonono
4.3.6(4) Difference between Float Type, Capactive Type and
Uitrasonic Type Measurement (S-18). Sylabus Toplc: Flled System Thermometer
g-10 Vapour Pressuré Themometer, 4
Yo
A4
sylabus Tople: Ultrasonic Type Method.
4.3.7 Utrasonlc Mathod (S-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17,
2.1 Vapour Prøssure Themometer.
.
W-17). *******************************************************stennepsseTI
5.2.1(4) Advantages, Disadvantages and Applicetions
Syllabus Toplc : Nuclear Radiation Type Method ...4-12 of Vapour Pressure Thermometer ..
d
Nuclear Radiation or Nucleonic Method (S-14, W-14, Syllabus Topla: Expansion Thermometer Bimetalllc
4.3.8
S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16,S-17, W-17,S-18)..www.4-12 Themometer..
Syllabus Toplc: Radar Type Method. 4-14 5.2.2 Expansion Thermometers .. suassen
A.3.9 Radar Type Method (S-15, W-15, S-16, S-17, S-18).4-14 5.2.2A) Blmetalle Thermometer (S-14, W-14, S-15,
W-15, W-17, S-18)..
4.3.9(A) Comparison of Ultrasonlc and Radar Type Level
Measurement (W-14, S-16, W-15).wwwwww+16 Syllabus Toplc: Electrical Methods..
5.3 Temperature Measuring Devices by
Electric Methods.
*********** snsessusessseunasaisn8
PIndustrlal Measuromonts (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.)
Table
Syllabus Toplo: Thomlstors olC
6.3.1
68 6.3.3(F) Basle Thermoelectric Circui.
************at*.
Themistor for Temperature Measurements
(8-15.-8 6.3.3() Basle Thermocouples and lunction
Junction
5.3.1(4) Shapas of Themstore (S-14, W-17). Types.
Typas
Sylabus Toplc: Pyrometer.
5.3.1(8) WorkingofThemlstor. *******
5.4 Pyrometer. su asasse*****sdidts
8.3.1(0) Eloctrical Connection.
...
EE
6.4.1 Types of Pyrometers
sosessea*****************negs
5.3.1(D) Advantages, Disadvantges
and Applications syllabus Toplc: Radiation Method.
of Thermistor (S-14). ************te
u 10 5.4,2 Radiatlon Type Pyrometer.
Sylabus Toplc:RTD. *********************tuse
****11
..
5.4.2(A) Advantages, Dlsadvantages and Applications
5.3.2
ct
RTD(S-15).
5-11 of Radiation Pyrometer.
5.3.2(4) Advantages **********s*ssssssstssus
and Disadvantages of Platinum
Resistance Syllabus Toplc: Optical Method
Inemoneter... moua
Syllabus Toplc: Thermocouple s1 5.4.3 Optical Pyrometer (S-14,
W-14, S-15, W-17,
di
Temperature and Intermediate
- Law of Intermediate S-18).
Metals, Seebeck and 5.4.3(A) Advantages,
Peltier Efitect. Disadvantages and Applications
of Optical
5.3.3 .. 13
Pyrometer.nooos
Themocouple
*****************************s
ssas sylabus Toplc: Typical Specifications umw
5.3.3(A) Laws
of Thermoelectricity.
5.3.3/B) Different
Thermocouple
Temperature and
re man°14
Materials and their Sensitivity,
% Accuracy (W-16,
us| 6-13
5.5 Orientation Table Specifications

remperature
SensoIS...ssssosoetee**a
of
of Themiston
RTD and Thermocouple..usoesanusoenessso
S-17, W-17)
5.3.3(C) Connectlon ..-15 sylabus Toplc: Calibration
of Temperature md4
P
Diagram of a Practical
Thermocouple...5-16 TransducerS. Measuing
5.3.30) Advantages,
Disadvantaes
and Applcations of 5.6 Calibration of Meters..
Thermocouples
5.3.3(E) Factors
(S-14)...e 5-17 Chapter
************************************
Ends..
-
for Selection
of Thermocouple
Materials..5-18
..
e
ub
uT
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UNIT1
CHAPTER
1 Applications of Transducers
EE
ct
Syllabus
Passive, Analog and
Transducor: Nood, Clasilfication-Actlvo and
Function of each block of Instumentatlon Systom,
Electrlca, Eloctrical Transducers: Reslstive
transducers LInear-
di
Digital, Primary and Secondary, Mechanlcal and
LVDT,
Capactive transducer, Inductive transducer:
Angular potentiometers, straln gauge, ypes, gaugo faotor.
and
photovoltale coll.Solection criterla of transducer.
RVDT. Piezoelectric transducer, photóelectric transducer,
re
P
1.1 Basic Instrumentatlon System
-
Deflinitlion of Instrumentatlon
e
and other components interconnected to

mesure, to analyse and
It is defined as an assembly of various instruments
control physical quantities in a process.
ub
Instrumentation system basically has the main 3 components:
'measurand'. I delivers proportional analog electrical

1. Input device : It receives quantity to be measure called as
signal to signal conditioner.

uT
In this the signal is amplified, attenuated, filtered,

modulated (or modified) in an acceptable
2. Signal processing :
format to the output device

non electrical quantity into electrical
Yo
3. Output device : Transducer plays the important part generally converting

analog8, digital or frèquency
form. It provides an usable output in response to a specific input. Output may be
modulated.
1.1.1 Block Dlagram of Instrumentation System
(MSBTE W-14, S-16, W-15, S-16, S-17, W-17, s-18)

Ctondt
W-14, W-17, S-18, 4/2 Marks

Industrial Measurements(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect) 1-2 Applications

ofTranad,
S-15, W-15, S-16, S.17.21t

Mac
Variabe
enpufato
abenoasug Kdement EOlema
EE
Oata presentato Presented
ct
servaUO
element data
Fig. 1.1.1: Block diagram of Instrumentation System
di
Syllabus Topic: Functon of Each Block of Instrumentation System
1.1.1(A) Functions of Each Block of Instrumentation System
2Primary
re
Measurand: Quantity -to bemeasuredi.e. inaput quantity.
sensing element :It receives energy from the masured medium
and produces an output. Output depends
measured quantity.
P
3. Variable conversion elment: This element converts output signal of primary
sensing elements in suitable variable.
4. Variable manipulation element: It manipulates the signal (represented
by some physical variable) to performi
-
intended task of instrument.
/5. Data transmission unit: Function ofthis unit is to transmit the

e
data from one to other element.

6. Data presentation element (unit) >At performs-translation function
either indicator moving on scale, pen recording
on the graph of thequantityi.e. final output.
ub
Syllabus Topic:Transducer
1.2 Transducer
uT
(MSBTE S-15,S-18)
S-15, S-18,2 Marks
Yo
Definltion of Transducer
Ais deined as a device which converts one.form ofenergy (or physical parameters) into another form, which is used
for measurement purpose.
1,2.1 Need of Transducer (Necesslty)
(MSBTE- W-14, W-16, S-18)
tateteeedoTenc
ans W-14, S-18, 2 Marks
aseeainstamernaion w-16, 2 Marks

Industrlal Measurements (MSBTE:Sem 4-Elect.) 1-3 Applcations of Transduce
- Transducer plays an important part in measurement system.
Mostly many times in measurement system one form of energy is to be converted into another form of ener8y.
Transducers has wide range of applications such as process control in many industrial operation, temperature
measurements, pressure and flow measurements, level measurements, force and torque, speed measurements and such
EE
Lmany applicatioas we 'need' the transducer
- The quantity to be measured (measurand) is the input. This measurand first contact with primary sensing clement 1e..
input device. This sensor senses the input'and which is converted into another form.
ct
In pressure measurements Bourdon Tube is a primary sensing element. This conyérts pressure into displacement
displacement conyerted into electrical signal by second transducer like LVDT and then electrical signal is calibrated to
di
measure presSure by pressure gauge.
Output signal in the form of electrical has advantages like no wear/tear, amplification easy, signal conditioning p0ssible
and signal calibrated to measure measurand in its basic unit.

re
Indication and recording of quantity for a length of period is also done by the use of such different transducers.
Transducers are needed everywhere

P
In communication, Radio, TV, functioning
Automatic room heaters

-
Boilers, temperature control
In ait conditioner
e
Different quantities to be measured by using gauges.

ub
So in various conversions transducers are needed.
Transducers are of various types, shapes, compact and easy to be inserted in these systems of operation.
1.2.1(A) Comparison of Sensor and Transducer

uT
comparlson nsor
Yo
1. Function. Converts energy from one form to other.| It responds to the physical phenomenon.
Type of element Conversion element. Sensing element.
3. Example Strain gauge Diaphragm
Contact with measurement Some times in contact or no contact Direct contact.

(Lndustral Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct) Applications
4
ofTran
Syllabus Toplc: Classlflcatlon of Transducers Actlve
and Passlve, Analog and Digital.
lgltal, r
Primary
Secondary, Mechanical and Electrlcal
Classification of
Transducers
MSBTE
EE
lasšiytransdicerncaail S-14,
egeaSScauonogRransouceM 14,2a
W-16.4
9ar
ct
Classification of transducers
di
(1) Based on (2) Based on nature
requirement () Based on (4) Based on
of output signal. connectivity
of supply with conversion
measurand
Active
ransducer
) Passive
transducer
re 0Analog
transducer
() Digital
transducer
-0 Primary
ansducer
-) Secondary
transoucer.
0Eectrical
L
ducer
mMechanical
uansducer
P
Fig. 1.3.1: Classification
of Transducers
1.3.1 Based on Requlrement
of Supply
(MSBTE W-15, S1
-
e
W-15, 4 NMarks
ub
)Active Transducer S-16,4 NMarks
.These types of transducers

do not require any external
uT
controlling principle. power input for their

functioning. Their
operation is under energy
Energy is required for production
of output Signals obtained
develop their own voltage from physical quantity
or current output. being measured. These
types
Yo
These are therefore called

as "self generating tranisducers".
Examples of açtlive transducers
(1) Solar ell (2) Tachogenerators

(3) Themocouples 4) Piezoelectric transducers
etc.
() Passive Transducer
These types of transducers require external power
input for their functioning
Industrial Measuroments (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.)
1-6 Applloallona of Tranaduooro
Operating princlple: Bnergy controlling principle
In such principle of operation - cnergy required for productlon of oulput slgnals from oxtenal power aupply.
Their output is a measure of some variaions such as resistance (R), inductarnce (L) or capacitance (C)
Examples
EE
(1) Strain gauge
(2) Electronic amplifier
(3) Thermistor
ct
(4) Potentiometers
(5) LVDT
di
(6) Capacitive transducers
1.3.1(A) Comparison between Active and Passive Transducers
tard
re (MSBTE-S-14, W-14, S-17, S-18)
adyantage
erexample
S-14,4 Marks
P
Active and nsduc W-14, S-17, S-18, 4 Marks
-
Operating Operate under energy conservation Operate under energy controlling principle.
e
principle principle.
Other name Called as self generating transducer. Called as externally powered transducer.
ub
3. Source required Doés not require external source. Requires extemal source.
Applications To measure temperature speed. To measure temperature, pressure,

4.
displacement.
Examples Thermocouple, piezoclectric transducer, | Resistive, capacitive, inductive, thermistor,

uT
photovoltaic strain gauge etc.
1:3.2-Types Based on Nature of Output Signal (Output which may be Continuous Function of
Time or Discrete Steps)
Yo
(MSBTE- W-14)
W-14, 2 Marks
Analog Transducer
These transdlucers convert Input' physical quantity into.an analog output which is a continuous fünction of time.
Examples
1. Thermocouple
KIndustrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.)
16 Applicat
olTransdy,
2 LVDT
3. Strain gauge
4 Thermistors
i) Digital Transducer
EE
These types of transducers convert
an 'Input' physical quantity into discrete steps of electrical
output in the
pulses. The output digital form
f
is signals.
By using "ADC" (i.e. Analog
to Digital converters) one can get digital output.
ct
Examples
1. Rotary Encoder.
di
2. 5 digit scale for digital indication
of linear position of a moving object.
1.3.24) Comparison of Analog
and Digltal Transducer
Naure of output
re Digitaltransd
Output is of analog nature
P
Output is of digital nature
Conversion.
Converts the input
quantity in
analog| Convert the input quantity
output. in
digital output.
-
Examples
| Potentiometer, strain gauges.
Rotary encoder, optical
encoder.
1.3.3 Transducers Based
e
on Connectivity with
Measurand
ub
(MSBTE -W-14, S-17)
Primary w-14, S-17, 2 Marks

Transducer
uT
Definltion
Transducer
which directly comes in contact
with measuring quantity (1ike temperature,
acts as a sensorto sense (detects) pressure) ie. measurand
Yo
that physical quantity iscalled as primary and

transducer.
For example thermistor used for temperature
measurement.
When there is a change in temperature,
resistance of thermistor also changes
Temperature is measured in terms of resistance.
Take the case Bourdon tube. It acts as a

primary transducer, senses
the pressure and converts
(mechanically) at its free end. it to displacement
Industrial Moasuromonte (MSBTE:Som 4-Elocl) 1-7 Appllcatlona of.Tranaducoro
(I) Secondary Transducor
- Direct use of primary transducer many a times does not prove to measure the measurand. So another transducer is
nceded called as secondary transducer,The output of peimary transducer Is an input to secondary transducer whose
output is the measurement of the input quanty in the calibraled scal
Folowing are the two examples of primary and sccondary transducers for combined operatlon.
EE
1. Pressure measurement by using Bellow with LVDT.
Bellow as a primary transduccr and LVDT as a sccondary transducer.
Displacemont Prossure
ct
Pressure gaugo
yolage_
di
Primany Secondary
transducer transducer
Fig. 1.3.2
'
Pressure to bellow compressed displacement produced

re transmitted to LYDT generation of output voltage
Vocalibrated to read pressure.

P
2. Pressure measurement by Bourdon Tube with LVDT.
Free end
-
Pulley
Bourdon tube Magnetlc core

e
777
Phmary
E
JSecondary
ub
Pressure
input
V
=V-V2
Fig. 1.3.3
uT
When pressure (measurand) is applied to bourdon tube, its free end moves (displacement), this is primary transducers
action.
Displacement is transferred by pully string arrangement to magnetic core. It moves in the gap of primary and devided in -
TwO parts of seondary. In secondary the resultant voltage is
V,=V, -V, calibrated to read pressure.
Yo
1.3.3(A) Comparison of Primary and Secondary Transducers
1. Nature Mostly these are sensors. These are transconduction elements.
Contact/connection Direct contact with measurand:| Connection with primary transducer.
3 Examples 1) Bourdon tube LVDT
Gi) Bellow
Appllcationg of Tran
Measurements (MSBTE-Som4-Eloct,)
Industrial (MSBTE-W-14,8
1.3,4 Besed on Converslon E
W17,2 Mark (
(0 Mechanical Transducer
mechanical/nh.
physical/mechanical quantity into another uphyska
converts
Mechanical transducer is a device. This device
EE
guantity proportional to input (measurand).
pressure, flow rates and so
many others. Conversion members areelanl
elh
Mechanical quantities : force, displacement,
types.
ct
Elastic members
Tortion type
i) Bending type
di
i) Compression type
.Generally mechanical transducers are primary transducers.

Mechanical quantities- Mode of operation re
1. Elastic member Bourdon tube Pressure displacement
P
Bellows Pressure displacement
Diaphragm Pressure displacement

-
Spring Forcedisplacement
Thermal Thermocouple Temperature >electric current
e
Bi-metallic Temperaturedisplacement
Hydro pneumatic Float Fluid leveldisplacement
ub
Orifice
Velocity pressure
Venturi Velocity= pressure
Turbines Linear > angular.velocity
5
uT
4 Mass Manometer Pressure displacement
Advantages of mechanlcal transducers
1. High accuracy.
Yo
2. Rugged construction.
Disadvantages of mechanlcal transducere

1. Poor frequency response
2. Large force requirements for operation.
3.. Not compatible with electronic system whiçhi is very important today.
Industrial Moasuremonts (MSBTESem 4-Elect)_
1-9 Applilcatlon9 of TransducOrs
(I) Electrical Transducers
This transducer is a sensing device which converts a physical quantity or condition into an electrical signal. The signal
may be voltago or current proportional to input quantity.
Voltage and current is calibrated to read the quantity in its unit by indicator or recorder.
EE
Electrical phenomenon cmployed in the transduction elements may be
1. Resistive
2. Inductive or
ct
3. Capacitive
4. Electromagnetic
di
5. Piezoelectric
6. Photo emissive
7.
8.
9.
Thermoelectric
Potentiometric
Frequency generating
re
P
10.-Photoresistive
Parameters needed for electrlcal transducers

-
1. Physlcal sze i minimum weight, size, volume.
2. Dyname range: shall be wide.

e
3. Repeatablity : over a long period, the input outpat relationship should be predictable.
ub
4. Linearity : shall be linear.
5. Sensitlvity : Ratio of change in output to change in input should be good,
Examples of electrical transducer

uT
1, Thermistors: convert temperature into resistance.
2. Potentiometer: convert angular displacement into resistance.

3. Strain gauge : convert pressure (or stréss) into resistance. **
Yo
4. LVDT
* ***'
***' " ****
Advantages of electrilcal traneducers
Very small power is needed to control the systems.
Compact in size.
. Frictional effect is minimum.
With static device electrical amplification

and attenuation can be done very easily.
. The mass inertia effects are minimum.
With the provision of electronic circuit, computers

etc. electrical signals can be produced easily and can be
stored au o.
Maasurements (MSBTE:Sem 4-Eec)
1-10
ndustrial medium
a distance
from sesing
inticated and stored remotelyat trznsdooervc
Output can be with ostpzts ofsiilzr
Voatrd
The signalcan any combinztions tiz
8. c be mixed to obtein
Mechanlcal Transducers
3.4A) Comparison between Electrical and
Becnia
EE
Otpat requires signal cozsnts
|Output Output is easily amplified
proportional y.
Oatpat is another paysiczl qzar
ct
Na
of outpat Outpat is cureat/votage
to input.
3. Coaversion Convert pbysical quantity into Convet the pysicel qaza
di
physicel qu2ntity.
clectrical outpat.
4 Eramples RTO, thermistors Bordon tube, bellons e
re Syflabus Toplc: Electrical Transducers
1.4Electrical Transducers
P
Electrical transducers convert physical condition or mechanical output into zn electic signal,
These work using Bellows, Dizphragms, Bourdon Tube.

-
Three stages of electrical transducer's.
1 Stage 1:Sensing element (Bellows, Diaphragm,

e
Bourdon tibe)
2 Stage 2: Primary conversion element-Resistance,

votage.
ub
3. Stage3 : Secondary conversion element converts

into electrical signals calibrated to reed
measrend
Four categories of Electrical transducers
1. Resistive transdnçer
uT
2. Capacitivetransducer
3. Inductive transducer
4. Piezoelectric transducer
Yo
Let us see their mechanical, electrical

circuit construction and
working for conversion.
1.5 Resistive Transducer
- Advántage of using thís resistance
transducer is that ît can
used on both alternating
In such transducers, resistance changes ACor direct DC vultzs
due to çhange in physical
pheiomenon.
If resistance changes then cuTeat or voltage changes
On outpat side
which can be calibrated
on the meter/recorder in the unit of measurand. so that outyt
LJndustrlal Measuremonts (MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct.) 1-11 Appllicatlons
of TransdUcera
The well known relation R =pplays the Important part.
By different ways the resistance changes by physical phenomenon.
are various types of resistance transducers uscd to measure quantitles.

Therc
Types
Potentiometer
EE
1.
)Linear and
i) Rotational (Angular)
ct
(Gii) Helix type
2. Resistance thermomcter
di
3. Thermistor
4. Strain gauge
In the chapters 2 to 5 thie detailed study such as constriction, working, advantages, disadvantages, uses are explajned
re
Here in this chapter, we have to study the primary introduction of all ypes of transducers
1.5.1 "Potentiometer (Shortly called as POT)

P
(MSBTE-W-14)
aston Skelchs o4near and to

-
5D W-14, 4 Marks
e
This element basically a variable resistance. It is basically an electrical (or electronic) component.
This element in the cireuit introduces linear variation or angular (Rotational moment) variation of its magnitude by
ub
which curent or voltage variation takes place which at the output indicates the value of measurand and by calibration in
S unit.
Linear Potentiometer (POT)

uT
In this type the resištanice clement has sliding contact. This sliding contact is called as "Wiper". This is for measurment
of linear displacement.
Total voltage across whole length x=Vji.e. input voltage. Wiper moved from zero position upto X.
Yo
Output voltage will be proportion to the movement of wiper.
So under normal condition the output has linear relation with input. So sensitivity is constant.
-LInear
Fig. 1.5.1
Industrlal Measuroments (MSBTE Som 4-Eloct.) Applcationg of Tr
112
Wiper
Input
Votage"
EE
Flg. 1.5.2
() Rotational Potentiometer (also called
as Angular): This resistance gives a circular shape. The wiper rotates on
giving angular displacement.
ct
di
In this also V, and V,
re Rolational (Anguar)
Fig. 1.5.3:Rotational (Angular)

are in linear relation.
P
(u) Helix (Hellcal)
Helix shape potentiometer
has resistance in multi
circular shape. Wiper moves
linear/angular displacement on it. This is suitable
measurement. Potentiometer for both
-
is a passive element requires

power source.
e
1
ub
Flg. 1.5.4
Vg and
V are in linear relation
uT
Advantages of reslstance pötentlometer

1. Conveniently used for large amplitude
measurement.
Yo
2. Operation is simple.
3. Inexpensive.
4. Provide sufficient output to

operate controls.
Disadvantages of reslstance potentilometer

1. .Noise maybe produced due
to wiper contacts mis-shaped
by long period operations.
2 Much force is neededtomovewiper.
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.)
1.13 Appllcatlons ot TransGucera
Uses
1. Measurements of linear displacement.
2. Measurements of angular displacement.
Measurements of pressure displacement.
EE
Materlals for POT
carrying high currents. Ct i.e. temperature

Wire wound type :Platinum, nickel chromium, nickel copper capable of
0 frequencies.
coefficient is very smal. So change resistance value is negligible. Suitable to use for low
ct
Carbon film, cement. These have high contact resistance for wiper but more
) Non wire wound type : Material
sensitive temperature changes.

3
di
Note
Type)
Capacitive Type (Level Measuring Transducer) (Contact
1.6
re (MSBTE.S-14)
S-14,4 Marks
P
for the transducer. Capacitor is formed by two metallic plates
In this case capacitive effect is made use in operation
space is filled with a dielectric material, may be air, gas, liquid, solid, etc.
sèparated by a distance. The separating
Capacitance of a capacitor is expressed by the following

relation.
-
C
e
Where
Eodielectric constant of air

ub
8.854 x10"(permitivity)
E, relative permittivity of substance between space of plates.
A = area of each plate.

distance between the two plates
uT
'E,'A and d' are cónistant terms, E, depends upon the nature of filling material (i.e. dielectric constant)
NotesaHeader a2vid tori

Yo
1.7 Inductive Transducers

(MSBTE-W-17)
Woangg arindiciw
W-17,4 Marks
-. These are useful to measure displacement due to change in coil inductance.
These are in thè measurement system, work as secondary transduce.

Industrial Measurements(MSBTE
Sem4-Elect.) 1-14 ollcallong
ofTransducan
Types
1. Linear Variable
2. Rotary Variable
Differential Transducer
Diffcrential Transducer
EE
LVDT)
(RVDT)
Fig.1.7.1:Types ofInductive Transducer
These are the passive
transducers.
ct
These are used to conyert
Linearmotion/Rotary
motion into voltage
i.c. clectrical signal.
1.7.1 LVDT
di
Roosread9
d from Gh
1.7:2 RVDT (Rotary
re
Varlable Differentlal
Transducer)
(MSBTE-S-14, S-15)
P
S-14,4 NMarks
Similar to LVDT Marks

the RVDT is also
an Inductive Transducer
S-15.4
-
to AC supply and which has also

secondary winding a transformer whose primary
is divided into two is connected
are V, and V, which sections in which
are in opposite to EMF (vóltage) induced
each other. in the two sections
e
V V-V, as
in LVDT
ub
Constructlon
Primary Shait
Secondary
uT
V2
Core (Cam shaped)

Yo
Fig.1.7.2:Schematic
Dlagram
Princlple
Rotary yariable differential
transducer converts
angular displacement
read the measurand. into electrical signal Vo,
which is calibrated
to
zataa
1-16 Applicatlons of Transducors

Moasurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct,)
4Industrlal
Secondaty Secondary
Wirdlog WiNdin
part
Pa
Sof:
EE
-Primary windng
Connotör Bll bearing
ct
Fig. 1.73: RVDT (Actual (Physical) Diagram)
di
Constructlon
shaped magnetic core supported on shaft and located
between primary and
As shown in the Fig. 1.7.3 there is a cam
secondary of the transformer.
When there is no angular displacement V,=V,-V2

re
And V=V,(opposite)
P
Vo=0
core rotates through some angle within the space of windings
Now if shaft is rotated by any primary transducer then
inducing V, and V, which are opposite in signs.
-
V V-V
in its unit).
This electrical signal is fed to the calibrated gauge to measure the input (i.e. measured
e
Now if the shaft rotates in opposite direction then

ub
So RVDT can determine the angular displacement and jts direction too.
Advantages and Disadvantages are similar to LVDT.

uT
Applcations
measure angular displacements.,
To
2. To determine the direction of angular displacement.
Yo
1.7.3 Comparison of LVDT and RVDT
(MSBTE-S-14)
S-14,4 larks
.Core shape Simple rectangular Cam shaped core

LIndustrlal Moasuromonts (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.) 1-16 Applicatlon of Transdue
2 Core support String Shaft
Motion of coro To and frow, up-down

|Angular
Measurement Lincar
EE
Angular
5. Principle Differential voltago
of two secondary Differcntial voltage of two
secondary windin2
windings of transformer varied by
linear| of transformer varied by angular
displacement of core. movement of
shaft and core.
ct
6. Applications Measurement of displacement, force pressure.
Measurement of angular displacement.
1.8 Plezoelectrlc Transducer
di
(MSBTE S-14, W-14,
S-15, S-16, W-16,
S-17, W-17, S-18)
re S-14, S-16, S-17, 4 FMarks

P
W-14, W-16, 4 FMarks
15, S-18, 4 Marks

cer
-
W-15,4 Marks
e
S-17.4 FAarks
w-17,4 FAarks
ub
Prior to study this transducer, W-17,4

ecric Qelectic
Marks
let us know what
is a piezoelectric effect?
Plezoelectric effect
uT
Piezoelectric effect can

be stated as crystaline
material like crystalline
motive-force (EMF) i.e. substance or quartz
voltage is generated across crystal then an electro-
these two sidés of that
material.
Force(F)
Yo
Output
VOltaga
Piezo-alactrc ForceyF)
cystal Electrödes
(Plates)both sldes
Fg.18.1
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE Sem
4-Elect)1-17 Appllcatlons of Trangducerg
appears as Vo the voltage across clectrodes

deformation generate changes which
The mechanical
Q C.V
V
Where, Q=
charge
EE
C capacitance
Piezoelectric Transducer
mechanical movement into an
element can be used to convert
ct
seen in the above primary diseussion the piezoclectric
As
electric signals.
Constructlon Pressure input
di
IHWnidow
Force summing
membrane
Upperiand-
re
ZBRZAFezoledtie
P
calibrated
scale gauge
Basemeni ste
Flg. 1.8.2: Piezoelectric Transducer
-
Maln parts
e
1. Basement
ub
2. Piezoelectric crystal
3. Upper and lower electrodes
4. Force summing membrane
Window
uT
5.
Pressure input
1. Vo: Output electrical signal (output voltage)
metal electrode rests on this base. The seccond electrode is

. At the basement the piezoelectric crystal ís placed. I's one
Yo
connected to the force summing membrane with the help of a link.

membrane which is transferred via link to the
The force coming from the window is collected by this force summing
upper electrode.
This force (pressure) produces vibrations on the piezöelectric crystal.
Vibralions produce an electio-motve-force (EMP) across electrodes of the erystal. This output EMF volage V, is
measured on the calibrated scale in the unit of measurand.
- This emf (VJis proportional to the magnitude of force or pressurc applied through the window.
Industrial Mlaesurements
(MSBIESem 4-2lect.,)
18 Applicalions
of iraneducen
Advantages
Compact, smallsize transducer.
2 thas the ability to form into usable shape
3. High frequency response
4Is stability is higher.
EE
5. Self generating
ypa
6. Output is higher
and no effect of temperature
or vibration on it
Disadvantages
ct
1. Unableto static condition,
only suitable-for dynamic
measurements.
2 Protection from moisture
is needed.
di
3. Cystals are soluble
in water.
4 Afected by temperathure
variations.
1.
Applications
Used in ultrasonic
flow meters.
re
2 In ultrasonic transducers.
P
3. Used in high frequency
accelerometers.
4. Used in industrial cleaning
apparathus.
-
5. Used to measure surface

roughness in
vbration pickups.
Plezoelectric Materials
e
ub
Quartz
Output is small,
Róchelle salt so amplification
is needed.
Provides high output,
Barium titanate but to be protected
from moisture.
| It can be formed into variety
Natural crystals of shapes and sizes.
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These have high mechanical

and thermal properties.
1.8.1 Photoelectrie Transducer
(Also called LDR)
Yo
(MSBTE-S-14,
S-15)
S14, 4 tlarks
This is also called

as photoconductive
cell. S-15, 4 Marks
Function: It converts
the light energy into
electric energy.
(MSBTE:Som 4-Eloct) 1-19 Appllcaona of Traneducers
7Industrlel Measuromonts
resistance varies (changes)
materials, when light falls on them, their clectrical
In somo semlconducting
semiconductors, curent varies if light falls on It (as resistance changes).
constant voltage is applied to such
.Ifa cells or Photo reslstors or Light Dependent Resistors
semiconductors aro also called as photoconductive
Theso
(Le. LDRs).
used are
Photoconductive materials commonly
EE
()Cadnuium sulphate (Cds)
selenido (CdSe)
(1) Cadnium
sensitive clement.
ct
Photoelectric transducer uses a photo
Housing
(Encapsulaion)
Photo conductive
di
material
Symbol
Elecrodes
Output
re -For extemal
connecio
P
Flg. 1.8.3
thus causing more current to flow for some

sufficient energy to the electrodes to become free,
The light energy provides
-
decreases.
amount of voltage. This is because resistance
these are placed on the photoconductive material.
Electrodes: Electrodes are made of Gold materials
e
resistance is called as "Dark Resistance".

When photoconductive màterial is kept in darkness its
ub
This dark resistance is in the range of 10x 10"a.

photoconductive cell, the resistance decreases.
But when the light falls on the
Fig. 1.8.4.
The variation of resistance against light (ilumination) is shown
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Dark Characteristic of
resistance variation of esistanca
due to light energy
Yo
Resistanca
k2)
(iltumination)
Lumens/m
Flg.L.84
Appllcatlon
Photoconductive cell used for rclay control is shown in Fig. 1.85.
s
Industilal Measuremena(MBATE:fem 4-Elaot)
90
Y
Llght
LIght
lectromagnetlo
ralay
Power
supply a-Photbcondauctlvo
EE
Gell
8orlas roaletance
ct
Ng. 1.8.5 Photoconductlve cell forrelayoperatlon
Operatlon of Relay
di
When light on tho photoconductive
cell lncrenses and exceods a partloular yaluo, the current In
the clrcult IneIeAE8
the relay comes in opermtion, Bd
When the lightis not suficlent then relay

wll not opernto.
1.
Uses
Relay operation
re
2 Many control circults
P
3. Phototransistors
Photodlodes
Drawback
-
Increase in temperaturo affects

tho working because temperature
causes' varlatlon of resistanco, so
dependent only on amount resistance is nos
of light.
e
1.8.2 Photovoltalc Cell

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Llght rays
Antreflectingo
Coatng
N-type
8illcon
Load
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P-typo
3llcon
Holes ()
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Electrons (-)
Fig. 1.8.6:Photovoltalc cell
These are semiconductor devices which

generate voltage when subjected
to Electromagnetic (EM) radiations.
PN junction is kept above N doped semiconductor
and these layers are sandwiched between
two conductor plates.
The EM radiations (photons) strikes the P layer
and penetrate in N layer.
This causes conduction of electrons and holes.
Electrons Holes
A depletion layer is developed.

1-21 Applicatlons of Transducers
Measuremen's (SBTESem 4-Bect.)
hdstid
(ioftage) across the conductor plates.
- This cares potential difference
Tbese cells are self

generating
functioning.
reguire no extemal source for their
They
Applicatdon
EE
power.
Esgecially in space aircraft as source of
Syllabus Toplc: Selectlon Criteria of Transducer
ct
1.9 Selection Criteria of Transducer
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17)
di
S-14, W-14. S-16, 2 Marks
Q19 State selecicn crueiaodiransduEKEET
re S-15. W-15, S-17, W-17,4 Marks
W-16,2 Marks
P
mechanical to
energy into another i.e. electrical to mechanical, or
These are energy converters converting one form of
electical
-
satisfactorily in the selected ranges).

YIts operating range [shall work, etc.].
C2Iis operating principle [Resistive, capacitive, inductive, photoelectric
e
Frequency of response and resonant frequency. [Flat over desired ange].

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4is sensitivity requirement [to produce detectable input).
5. Is accurecy requirement [High degree of accuracy shall be assured.]

6. Alowable earors (shall maintain input -output relationship,
erors minimum).
Loeding eitet (should have high ingaut impedance, low output impedancol.
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7.
8. Is staic ctaracteristic [Low hystcresis, low static eor, high resoution, high degrec of repeatability
9. ts reliabiliy (sbould be reliable throughout the range).-
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10. Is sability sbould have high degree of stability].

1. Environnment compatibility [Temperature range, type of fluids, pressure shock, mounting restriction].
12 Iis construction [Compact, rugged, smal, bigl

13. Electrical aspect [Electrical circuitry, cables, controls reguired].
14. General consideration
(9 Shall have accessibility for repairs, maintenance, replace ment, mounting, cabling resistance to eorosion.
(6) Low, medium cost
)Availability of test data for calibration.

Applloatlono
Industrlal Measuromonts (MSDTE: Som 4-Eloct) 1-22 olTranaducor
RVMAWCLgRon
.1 Deline transducor and draw the block dlagram of Inetrumont ayotom. (Rofor 8octlono 1.1.1 and 1.2)
Q.2 Eplan the need of transducor. (Rofor Sootlon 1.2.1)
Q.3 Compare transducer and 8ensor, (Rolor Sootlon 1.2.1A))
EE
Q.4 Gve the complete claslfication of transducor. (Rolor 80otlon 1.3)
Q.5 Compara actve transducer with Passlvo transducor. (Rolor Soctlon 1.3.1(A))
Q.6 Eplaln with Mlustratlon any ono secondary transduco. (Rolor Soctlon
1.3,3()
Q:7 Compare primary with secondary transducor. (Rolor Soctlon 1.3.34))
ct
Q.8 . What is electric transducor ? Gvo Its acvantagos. (Rofor
Sootlon 1.3.4(1))
Q.9, Compare electrical transducer with mechanioal
transducor. (Rolor Soctlon 1,3.4(A))
a. 10 Explain Linear POT and Rotational POT.
di
(Relor Soctlon 1.5.1() and (U))
a.11 Gve the acdvantages of reslstance potontlomoter.
(Refor Secton 1.6.1)
a. 12 Bxplain LVDT. (Rolor Sectoni
1.7.1)
Q.13. Explaln RVDT. (ReferSection
Q.15 What ls Piezoelectric effect Explain

?
re
1.7.2)
a.14 Compare LVDT with RVDT. (ReferSectlon 1.7.3)
plezoelectic transducer briefly. (Refer.Secton 1.8)
Q.16 Gve the advantages, disadvantagos9
P
and applcatlons of plezooloctric transducer.
(Aefer Section 1.8)
Q. 17 Give the brief explanaton of ditferent
materals used in plezoelectric transducer.
Q. 18 Explaln photoalectric (Reter Sectlon 1.8)
transducor. (Refer Soctlon
1.8.1)
Q.19
-
Explan photovoltaiocell.(Refer Seclon

1.8.2)
a. 20 Give the selection criteria
of transducers. (Refer Section
1.9)
e
Chapter Ends..
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sesstaa aaibidklil
CHAPTER
UNT I9
Pressure Measurement
EE
ct
Syllabus
of pressure measuring
Pressure and its units, Types Absolute, Gauge, Atmospheric, Vacuum, Classification
di
pressure transducer: Bourdon
devices: (a) Manometer U tube, Inclined Tube, Wall type manometer (5) Elastic
with LVDT, Bellow with LVDT
(c) Electrical pressure transducers: Bourdon tube
Tube Bellows, Diaphragm, Capsule
transducer, Calibration of pressure gauge using
strain gauge, Specification of electrical pressure
Diaphragm ith
dead weight tester.
re
P
Syllabus Topic: Pressure and its Units
-
2.1 Need of Pressure MeasureméntsS

e
industries which use liquids, or gases or both liquid as well as

Mostly in industries, that to chemical industries or metal
gases. For controlling the processes in these industries of liquid and gases
pressure measurement is most important,
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2.1.1 Definition and Unlt of Pressure
(MSBTE-S-16, W-17)
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S-16, W-17, 2 Marks
Deflinltlon
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Pressure is defined as the amount of force applied to a suface (or distributed over the surface area).
Unit
.(MSBTE-S-15, W-15, W-17, S-18)
H23List ho fourdifeantuntsot pe S-15, W-15, W-17, S-18, 2 Marks
Force per unit area Nw/ unit area (m). Note that for the surface they mut be at right angle to it.
Ifit is inclined with the surface, thea force must be resolved into two components and perpendicular componeat is to be
taken. (Horizontal component of force has no effect on the surface).
Unit of pressure in
or SI system: Nw/m
)Metric

4Industriai Measurements (MSBTE Som 4-Elect.)
2-2 Pressure Measurement
i) In British system pound/ in'. The atmospheric pressure
is 1kg/cm'= 14,696 pounds / inch.
Sometimes pressure is measured in liquid columns,
In this the atmospheric pressure = 760 mm= 1 pascal

(IPa)
Division ofpressure-
EE
(1) High pressure
(2) Low pressure
ct
(1) High pressure
-'1 Nw/m
=1Pa
di
I atmospheric pressure (1 atm)
= .14.696 psi (i.c. per squàre inch)
101.325 kPa i.e. kilo pascal
) Low pressure
I milibar = 100 dyne/cm= 14.5 x

re
10psi
P
1 micron = 10 mHg =19.34 x 10 psi
1 Torr= 1 mm Hg= 1000 micron = 19.34 x
10 psi.
-
Syllabus Topic: Types of Pressure Absolute, Gauge,

Atmospheric, Vacuum
2.1.2 Types of Pressure

e
*
ub
(MSBTE-S-14, W-14, W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17)

A
S-14, 2 Marks
uT
W-14. N-15, S-16, W-16, 4 Marks

Yo
S-17,4 Marks
Different types of pressures
Gauge Pressure: The gadge that indicates

zero at atmospheric pressure measures
the difference between actual and
atmospheric pressure. [The difference is called
as "Gauge Pressure"] Psig- long
form is pounds per square inch
gauge
(2) Absolute Pressure: Pressure actually acting

on the surface including atmospheric pressure
is the absolute pressure.
4Industral Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.)2-3 Preasure Measurement
(DiTerential or Yacuum Pressure: The indicating gauges which we use are designed to indicate pressure below zero.
Such a gauge is called as "Vacuum Gauge.
Velocity Pressure
(4) Statiç and
0 Static Pressure : When the flaid is in equilibrium the pressure at a particular point is same in all the direction on
the surface. This is independent of orientation.
t s
EE
() Velocity Pressure the difference betwcen total pressure and atmospheric pressure
ic.velocity pressure = Total pressure Static pressure.
() Atmospheric Pressure
ct
is approximately 14,696 psi (i.e. 1
kg/cm). Pressure can also be measured in terms of liquid columns
mm or 29.92 inches.
760
Syllabus Topic: Classlfication of Pressure Measuring Devices
di
Classification of Pressure Measuring Devices
2.2
re (MSBTE- S-15, S-16, W-16, W-17, S-18)
S-15,2 Marks
P
S16, W-17,2 Marks
W-16,2 Marks
W-16,
-
2 Marks }
W-16, 1 Mark
e
S-18, 2 Marks|
ub
There are main three categories of such devices.
Pressure measuring devices

uT
(a) Manometer
(Von-elast)
lastic
pressure transducer re () Electrica
pressure transducer
(1)Uube (2) Indined (3) Well (1) Bourdon (2) Diaphragm (3) Bellows (4) Capsule (1) Bourdon tube (2) Bellow)Diaphragm
Yo
tube gauge With LVDT ith LVDT With straln gauge
Fig. 2.2.1: Clasification of Pressure Measuring Devices
Detailed study with constructional figures, components,

functions, working, applications, advantages and disadvarntages.
are explained briefly in sucesive order below.
CIndustrial Measuremants (MSBTE Som 4-Eloct.) 24 Pressuro Monsuromon
Syllabus Toplo: Manomotors-U-Tubo, Incllnod Tubo, Wol Typo Manomotor
2.2.1 Manometers (Non Elastlo)
(MSBTE-W-16)
EE
2270 hat W-16,1 Mark
Manometer is a pressure measuring devico. It is used to measuro low pressures. It is a non clastic pressure
tansducer
2.2.1(a) U-Tube Manometer
ct
(MSBTE S-15, S-16, S-17, W-17)
aRätereolon2 2 1a) S-15, 2 Marks
di
S-16,4 Marks
Gionadetalsa re S-17, 4 Marks
W-17,2 Marks
Construction
P
Very simple in construction.
Parts: U shaped glass tube, liquid filled in tube, scale, high and low pressure tips and orifice plate.
-
U tube which is made of glass and therefore it is transparent and it is partly

filled by liquid.
e
The water is used to be filled in the U tube for low pressiure measurements.
But if high value pressures are measured, Hg i.e. mercury is used. (Hg is 14
ub
times the water in weight)

Mercury and water's specific weights are generally known
at various temperatures.
More over water or Hg does not harm the glass tube:
uT
00rifica plate
2 seale
Yo
3Low pressure tap

High pressure tap
U-tube
Water
OLevels
or Ho flled In
h=h-h2
Fig. 2.2.2:U tube manometer
As shown in the Fig. 2.2.2, the two ends of the tubes are connected
to the espective low pressure and high pressure
taps.
Induotrdal Monauromonta (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct) 2-5 Pressuro Measurement
Worklng of U tubo manomotor
When there is no presaure, there is no water level difference of water in the tube (h,-h^ =0).
But when there is a pressure diference betwecn the two ends of the tube the liquid levels in the tube change.
The diference (ha -h,) indicatcs the difference in the pressure. Pressure difference is P-P
f Density of uid (water or Hg) in the tube = p
Density of the fluid whose pressurc is mcasured=P
EE
Acceleration due to gravity =s
Diffcrence in fluid levels =h -h^=h

Then pressure is found as given below,
ct
P (P-P)=(0-P) (h-h) 8
Pressure P = (P=P/)g:h
di
Measurement calculations are somewhat dificult and so not convenient for use, As both side level difference cannotbe
noted corectly and causes the measurement errors
1.
Advantages
Construction is very simple.

re
2. Liquids required in manometer are easily available.
P
3. Easy to operate.
DIsadvantages
-
1. To be used in.only vertical position.

e
2. No over-1ange protection.
2.2.1(b) Inclined Tube Manometer

ub
(MSBTE-W-15, S-16, S-17, W-17)

a 2.212
inc sadyangeS
uT
w-15, W-17,4 Rlarks
awneat
on 2 S-16, 2 Hlarks
ray 17, 4 larks

Yo
As the name suggests its measuring side tube leg is inclined. This inclination is with the vertical by some angle 10
The advantage of such inclined leg of the tube is that the scále is expanded (much more) to increase the sensitivity.
Manometer is tilted with respect to gravity.
This gives greater motion of liquid along the tube for a given vertical height change.
This manometer is also called as "slant manometer" or "draft gauge"
nis a single leg device, and hence calibrated scale is corrected for the slight changes well level so that rezeroing
15
scale for each reading is not required. This is the advantage this manometer.
of
Industial Measuremonts(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect)
2-6 Presoure Meacuromert
Constructlon Loil preisrs
High prestrs
Conneion
Zerohe
EE
Fig.2.2.3: Inclined Manometer
ct
Inclined manometer is preferred for very
small pressure differences.
Liquid moves a longer distance through
the tube due to its inclined position.
di
X: distanceliquid rises
Y: distance liquid moves through the tube
See the Fig. 2.2.3.
Use
Y> X
re
Measuring low pressure differeaces.
P
On the same principle the other version
of it is "micTo-mano meter" which measures
differences very accurately. extremely small pressure
-
Advantages
Seasitivity is higher..
e
i) Convenient for using.

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Disadvantage
1. Area required for vessel is much more
than the inclined tube area.
2.2.1(c) Well Type Manometer

uT
(MSBTE S-14,W-16)
Oloyadi
Yo
onaoublee secion
s-14.2 Marks
Daueconsructonatrnstalso
TEerand is
w-16,4 Marks
This type of manometer gives accurate
measurement.
It is very convenient.
Reading on only one leg is required.
The side tube is of very small diameter size.
The well ie. vessel is of very large size (big

diameter).
AMoasuromornts (MSOTE:Som 4-Eloct,) Prosouro Moasuromont
Klndustrlal 2-7
Constructlon
Tubo
EE
Well (Vosaol
Scalo
ct
Fig. 2.24: Well type manometer (Clstern type)
accuracy
The arangenment is sensitive to non-uniformity
of tube cross-section area which affects its accuracy. But high
di
tho scale before each reading is taken.
is obtained by setting the zero level of
leg is to be read
Reading can be conveniently taken as only one
pressure.
Area
Advantages
re
of well is much more in comparison with tube area thus zero
level moves very little on application of
P
1. High sensitivity.
2. Easy for operation.

-
Disadvantage
1. Area of well (vessel) is much more than side tube shape.

e
In section 2.2.1(a, b, o) we studied manometer instrument for measurement of presure.

ub
These transducers are Non-elastic.
2.2.1(d) Advantages of Manometers Non-Elastic Transducers
1. Accuracy -Higher
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2 Sensitivity Higher
3. Cost-Reasonable - Not much
4. Construction - Very simple

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-
*** *
5. Suitable - For low and differential pressure measurements.
6. Availabliy of fuid to be used in it- Variety of fuids well sutcd.
2.2.1e) Disadvantages of Non-Elastic Manometers
1. Leveling is must.
2 Problem creating- Condensation may create problems.
3. Over range protection No.

tadshal AMensurenvons(AASBTE
Sem4-Elect)
Prossura Monauromont
4vtadlty Mtportablo
&iLangBulky.
22.100 Applleations (Uss) of Manomoter
(Non-Elaslo)
Manometers arv usnd
dr 1arious naasurenrnts sunch as
EE
rurt measurenrnt
Rnenusement.
iy Fow nRaUrMNt.
ct
22.1(g) Ftulds Used
di
Ruiis usd in U ope manomèter and genenul qualities
of fuid wquired for such purposes:
(Water
2) Aferury
)Red oil can de usd
Qualities required
re
.
P
ts viscsity should be kow.
Surface tension, capilary effects shall be negligible
-
) No cbemical reaction with

fluid whose pressurce is to be neasure
Gv) Noa corosive
e
2.2.1(h)Comparison of U Tube Manometer

with Well type Manometer
ub
(MSBTE-S-15, W-17, S-18)
S-15, W-17, S-18, 4 datksS

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Construction diagram Refer Fig. 2.2.2.

Refer Fig. 2.24.
Yo
2 |No. of limes Two Only one

Shape U shape Well (vessel) shape
4. Uses Pressure
Pressure measurement
measurement
Afeasurements (MSBTESem 4-Elect.) 2-9 Prossuro Measurement
kIndustrial
Syllabus Topic: Elastic Pressure Transducers-Bourdon Tube Bellowa, Diaphragm, Capsulo
2.2.2 Elastic Pressure Transducers
pressure transducers.
There are wide varieties of elastic
Bourdon tube, diaphragms or bellows as shown below:
These devices utilize one or more forms of
EE
Bourdon Tube
ct
di
C-ype o) Spinl
re
P
Twisted fue 4) Helleal
-
FIg. Z.2Z.S
e
) Diaphragms
(MSBTE-W-14, S-18)
ub
W-14, S-18, 2 Marks

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(a) Flat (b) Capsule
AAF:
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()Corrugated
Evacuated
(4) Differential e) Absolute

Flg. 2.2.6
2-10
Prêssu Measuremen
Industrlal Monsuromonts (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.)
(U) Bellows
EE
Absolute
Fig. 2.2.7: Differentlal and
In various types of clastic transducers we have to study (1)

Bourdon tube (2) Diaphragm (5) Bellows (4) Capsule
ct
2.2.2a) Bourdon Tube (o-type) Pressure Gauge
(MSBTE- W-14, S-16, W-16, W-17, S-18)
di
W-14, W-17,4
Marks
ng the.b
re S-16,4 Marks
Pressure
W-16.4 Marks
P
W-16,2 Marks
S-18, 4 Marks
-
Construction
It has long thin walled cylinder. Cylinder has non-circular cross section. It is sealed at one end.
e
Material used are: Stecel, phosphor bronze, berylium copper.

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It is attached by a light ine work to the mechanism. Mechanism operates the pointer and it reads the pressure on the
graduated scale
The other end of the tube is fixed and it is open for applying pressure
which is intended to be measured.
At the base, the tube is welded. Pressure connection is made
uT
through it.
Working
Fluid under pressure enters the tube.

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Fluid tries to change the section of the tube from oval to circular.
Now, the other end of the tube (free end) moves which
sets the motion of the pointer on the graduated scale
to read=
pressure
The lever length is adjustable
The segmental lever end on the segment side is provided with rack.
a Rack meshes to a suitable pinion mounted on the=
spindle.
The lever is pivoted, the.spindle holds the pointer (see the Fig. 2.2,8).
Sometimes a hair spring is used to fasten the spindle to the frame

of the instrument. This provides the necessary tensio
forproper meshing of the gear teeth.
PthéAiaa.iultaia L.makiatcaukdnee
(MSBTE Som 4-Elect.) 2:11 Prosouro Monouromont

kIndustrial Measurements
free from backlash.
This makes system
Tube
Materials used for Bourdon
steel, moncl metal, boryllium-copper.
Phosphor bronze, alloy steel, stainless
elasticity and better springing characteristles.
These materials have good
EE
Shape of Bourdon Tubes
(i) Helical (ii) Spiral type

Ctype
SCAle
ct
TUbe
Socdon
di
plnion
Spindls
re Aäutable link
Sogmentleve
P
Socket
Pressure
-
Fig. 2.2.8:C-type Bourdon Tube .

e
Adjustments provided to the Bourdon tube

. Muliplication adjustment.
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2 Angularity adjustment.
Advantages of Bourdon tube

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1. Very simple in construction.
2. Higher accuracy.
3.-Lowcost
*****
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*
*
4 Available in yarieties of ranges.. ****
5. Adaptable transducer designs for electronics instrument.
Limitations/ Disadvantages
1. Susceptible to Hysteresis
2. Susceptible to shocks
3. Susceptible to vibration
.
These have low spring gradient [below 50 psig]
Industral Measuremants (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect) 2-12 Pressureleasuremer
2.2.2(b) Dlaphragm Pressure Transducers
ASBTE W-16, &-17
Rain tineal dagam amcaugepessure trars d tho gargeot preesure iatcante

noasre ydpDegngaus0S on2220) W-15.4 Mars
EE
EPatinbiefwrdagrangDpvcgn FotrSecion2 22) S-17,2 Marks
-Different diaphragms may be
ct
) Flat type
i) Comugated or
di
i) Dished plates.
The selection of type depends upòn strength and amount of deflection desired.
To
re
The range of pressure that can be measured by diaphragm gange
form the elastic capsule the diaphragms are geaerally

is 0.01 to 040 Torr
used in pairs, back to back
Some suitable modifications are made in the diaphragm

P
elements which cause changes in electrical crcuits Wicn
convert pressure moments to, electrical signals.
These signals are transmitted to indicating or recording systems

-
to read or record pressures to be measured.
Generally there are two types of diaphragm gauges

e
1. Metallic Diaphragm gauge

ub
2. Slack Diaphragm gauge
1. Metallic Diaphragm gauge

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Construction and working

L Metallic Diaphragm: It is flexible and made of bronme.
L Pointer: Moves on graduated scale which reads pressure.

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-. Iisattached tó the diaphragm.
The force created by pressure against the effective area

of diaphragm produce deflection diaphragm
Spring helps to limit deflection.
Motion of diaphragm operates as indicating

system or recording system.
(MSBTE Sem 4-Eloct) 2-13 Prossure Measurement.
Industrlal Measurements
Graduatod
scale
Polnter
Metallc
EE
diaphragm
Pressure
Inlet
ct
Fig. 2.2.9: Metallic Diaphragm Gauge
DIlephragm Gauge
Speclaltles of Metallic
di
working in any position.
.i. Ithas capability of
Itis compact.
2.
3.
4.
Portable.
Due to its flexibility it can be installed

in aircrafts.
re
P
2. Slack Diaphragm Gauge
below. atmospheric pressures can be measured by this
With some modifícation in the diaphragm pressures even
-
instrument.
Resting Unknown
spring pressure
e
ub
Diaphragm Scale
Pivot
Polnter
uT
Fig. 2.2.10:Slack Dfáphragm Gauge
For smallchange in pressure the diaphragm is able to produce large change in the force. .
**
Yo
.Josead of a úight diaphragm ifit is slack it allows to move a large distance in response of small change in the pressure **
Material used for slack diaphragm- Rubber, any other flexible material.
The spring povided (see Fig. 2.2.10) is weak the large area can be used for the pressure ranges 0.01
to 0.40 Hg (tor).
Instrument has high accuracy 1-290.
Advantages of Dlaphragm Pressure Transducers
Good linearity.
. Compact small size.
92 Industrlal Measuremonts (MSBTE-Sem
4-Elect) 2-14 Pressure Measurement
3.. Materials have good corrosion resistance.
4 Cost is not much more.
5. Possess high over range characteristics.

6. Suitable for absolute and differential pressure measurements.
EE
7. Adaptable to slurry services.
LimitatlonsDisadvantages
.1. Used to limited low pressures.
ct
.2. Very difficult to repairs.
3. Lack good vibrations/shock resistance.
di
2.2.2(c) Bellows
(MSBTE-s-14
rWinea glaving
Bellows are made of an alloy.

re S-14.2Marks
P
The alloy is ductile and has much more strength are retains the properties
for long period.
It has very less Hysteresis effect.
(0) Spring Loaded Belloy

-
(2) Differential Bellow Gauge

e
Applicatlon
ub
Bellows are used in pressure measurement of low/medium ranges.
(1) Spring loaded bellow

Scale
uT
Pointer
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Spring
Bellow
Pressure
Fig. 2.2.11
-
In this type pressure is applied on one side ofbellow. The resulting deflection is counter balanced by a spring.
These bellows are very sensitiye so used in tripping devices
and signaling devices.
Industrlal Measuremonts (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.) 2-15 Prosouro Moasuromant
on bellows and thus these are compressedl. Ireo end starts moving against spring tonslon.
The pressure acts
the motion to the pointer which moves on the scalo to indicato reading of pressure.
The rod transmits
Material for bellows phosphor, bronze.

-
Spring- heat treated stel.
EE
(2) Differential bellow gauge
Gauge Prossuro
Ocal movomont Connection
Lu
ct
Bellow
Indicator
di
LIIRag
Bellow
Pressure
re
connection
Fig. 2.2.12
P
- In this type one pressure is applied to inside of one bellow and other pressure is applied inside to 2 bellow. Both
the scale.
bellows are sealed. By link, deflection mechanism operates and indicator moves on
-
Used for absolute pressures i.e. normal and low pressures too.
e
More sensitive than bourdon tubes. Bellows are made up of such an alloy which is ductile, high strength and low eftect
of hysteresis.
ub
Advantages of Bellows
1. Not that costly.

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2 Suitable for low-medium pressure ranges.
3. Adaptable to absolute and differential pressure.
4. Capacity to deliver high force."

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LImitations/ Disadvantages
1. Not suitable for high value pressures.
2. Ambient temperature conmpensation is needed,
3. Availability of metals and work hardening of some of them is limited.
4. Unable for zero stiffness.

Industrlal Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect) Pressuro Moasuromon
2-16
2.2.2(d) Capsule Gauge for Pressure Measurement
(MSBTE-S-14, W-14,S-16, S-16, W-16, 9-18
S-14, S-16.2/4Marksi
W-14, W-16, S-184Marks
a
EE
2229
15, S-18,4 Marks
A
ct
S-16, 2 Marks
This is useful for measurement of vacuum. Vacuum pressures
are below the atmospheric pressures.
New techniques are developed to measure pressure from 100 m bar down
di
to 10 mbar.
Capsule gauge is one of such gauge which can be used for this.
Construction
-An
re
enclosed chamber which accommodates capsule is shown in Fig. 2.2.13.
Capsule material: beryllium, Cu. As shown in the Fie 22.13, i uses two comugated diaphragms jøined at the edges.
P
Capsule is evacuated and sealed. Pressure to be measured is admitted inside of the case of the instrument. Case is an air
tight structure.
-
indlcatng
Toinstrument
Pivot
Pressure to be
e
measured
Enclosed
chamber
ub
Capsule
Evacuated pressure
uT
in capsule
Fig.2.2.13: Capsule Gauge
Dimensions of the capsule changes due to pressure variations

Yo
This is transmited to the rotary pointer via nmechanical linkage.
Capsule gauge pressuire range is 1000 mbar to 0.5 m bar.
. Advantages
) Highly acçurate.
i) In comparison with types its sensitivity is higher

**
Gii) Suitable for measurements of low pressure.

Pronauro Monouromont
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE:Som 4-Eloct.)2-17
Dlsadvantage
pressuro measuronents.
measurements, not suitable for high
for low pressure
Only
Applicatlons (uses)
m bar to 0.5 m bar.

Tomeasure pressures from 100
0
pressure measurements.
)Suitably used for low
EE
accuracy is required.
Used where high
i)
Bellows
2.2.2/e) Comparlson between Capsule and
(MSBTE- W-14)
ct
Lrament worknu prncplo
dconstmgNony
W-14,4 Marks
di
re
1. Construction
-
P
Pig. 2.2.15
Fg. 2.2.14
-
Beryllium, copper, stainless steel Bronze, Brass, Monel, Copper

2 Material used
e
Nickel alloy.
Low/moderate range only.

Measurement range 1000 m bar to 0.5 bar.
ub
Deformation in size due to change in pressure.

On what principleChange in pressure causes change
in dimensions of capsule.
it works
LVDT, Bellow with LVDT,

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Syllabus Toplc: Electrical Pressure Transducers Bourdon Tube with

Diaphragm with Straln Gauge
2.2.3 Electrical Pressüre Transducers

Yo
**
*
There are three typs of electrical pressure transducers such as,
1. Bourdon Tube with LVDT
2. Bellow with LVDT
Diaphragm with Strain Gauge
Functlon of electrlcel transducer
This transducer converts physical quantity or a physical condition or a mechanical output into an "Electrical signal".
92Industrial Measurements (MSBTE:Sem 4-Elect.)_
18 Presgure Measureme
Steps of converslon Into electrlcal signal
Mechanical motion is converted into a change in electrical resistance. In turn change in resistance is
converted intoa
clectric curent or voltage.
These transducers consist of Bellows or Diaphragms, Bourdon tubes.
Main elements of clectrical pressure transducers
EE
(a) Prèssure sensing clement (Bellow, Diaphragm
or Bourdon tube)
(6) Primary conversion element (Resistance or Voltage)
ct
c)Secondary conversion element.
(1) LVDT
(MSBTE-W-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, S-18)
di
W14,4 Marks
an
re of
S-15.
S-16.4
S-18,4 Marks
W-15.2 Marks
Marks
P
Long form of LVDT = Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Itis a passive transformer. It operates on inductive principle.

Itsuse is to convert the linear motion into voltage which is an electrical signal. This primary transducer feeds this signal
-
to secondary transducer which converts electrical signal to pressure by calibrated scale to

read presure.
e
LVDT's action can be shown in the Fig. 2.2.16.
Primary winding is supplied with A.C. and secondary winding is divided into two equal
number of turns of winding as-
ub
shown.
Secondary two portions are electrically so connected that voltages induced in two parts are opposite
to each other 1.e
displaced electrically out of phase by 180.
uT
Both primary and secondary windings are air-cored or supported on

non- magnetic structure.
Movable magnetic
Core
Yo
AC
Output
VV-V
Primary Secondary
Winding winding
Fig. 2.2.16
A highly magnetic core can move between prinmary

and secondary by some primary transducer.
When core is at null position voltages induced
in two parts of secondary are equal and opposite.
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Som 4-Elect.) 2-19 Pressure Measuromont
. Output votage V, = V-V= zero

movement from its null position
Rut when core is moved to left or right vi*V2 and therefore v,= Vi-V, have somo
magnitude,
This voltage signal converted into pressure by calibration and indicates pressure on the calibrated scale.
So this acts as a secondary transducer. Primary transducer may be manometer or bellows which sets in motion the
magnetic core
EE
The action can be shown by line diagram
VDI Electical slona

for convoriO
oon SecondaryX
ct
by primary
ransducer
transducbr
Flg. 2.2.17
di
Resldual voltage
deally output voltage at null position should be zero but in actual practice there exists a small voltage due to the,
re
presence of some harmonics in the input supply volage and also due to the hamonics prodoced by output volage due
toironcore. Vollageproduced at zerodisplacemeatiscalled as residualvoltage.

E,Output
P
Voltage
-
-Output at zero displacerment=

e
Residual voltage
Displacement
ub
Fig.2.2.18
Advantages of LVDT
1. Higher sensitivity.
uT
2. High range of measurenents of displacements.

3. Low power consumption.
Yo
4. Low Hysteresis effect.
6. Electrical Isolation.
1. Friction less movement.
O. mmunity against external effects is much more. Hence

suitable for transducer.
Dlsadvantages of LVDT
1. Vibration affects
the working.
PIndustrilal Measuroments (MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct,)220 Pre39ure Heaturerme
2. For getting output (V) relatlvely largeo displacement of core ls requitred.
3. A problem is created due to residual voltage.
4. Stray magnetic ficlds can affect the procss.
5. Temperature affects the performance,
EE
Applicatlons of LVDT
1: Convenient for lincar displacements as secondáry
a transducers.
.2. Used in measuremcnts of tension in cords,
ct
3. As a secondary transducer it is uscd to mcasuro
)Pressure
di
Gi) Force
.ii) Weight
4.
2.2.3(a) Bourdon Tube with LVDT

re
It is also useful in measurement of thickness
of sheets.
P
(MSBTE S-14, S-16, W-16
S-14., 4 FMarks5
61Bour
-
s-16,2 NMarks
e
W-16.4 Marks
In this case Bourdon Tube serves as a primary transducers and LVDT
ub
acts as a secondary transducer.

The conversion process can be shown by the line diagram.
Topu BoUdonPEpaceme
uT
Pressute
Pmeny ocongep
transduce transducar
Fig. 2.2.19
Yo
Pressure measurement system is shown in the Fig. 2.2.20.
Main components are
1. Cype Bourdon tube
2. String pulley arrängements
3. LVDT construction
4. Magnctic core
5. Pressure Gauge
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE.Sem 4-Eloct.) 2-21 Pronsuro Monsuromont
Preseuns
Sitng
Puly
Dourdon
Mogneüc ore
fubo Froe
-
Fkiedend
uppy Oufpt
Input
EE
Prossure
Primary (3) Second
Winding windng
Secondary Callbratlon SCalo

Primary
roads prosuro
ct
transducor.
transducer cirauit proporilonal to V%
circut
Fig, 2.2.20D
di
which scnses the physical phenomenon.
transducer here C type bourdon tube (Manometer) is a dctector
Primary
in contact with pressure (to be measured).
Ctype bourdon tube comes
This converts the pressure into tubes,
-Now this displacement

re
proportionál displacement at its free end.
from primary transducer is fed to secondary

transducer.
is LVDT.
The secondary transducer here
P
Displacement sets magnetic core of LVDT to inotio.
V2: (opposite in directions) are set up. Their difference
Its flux links with secondary's two parts and in them V, and
-
VV,isthe output voltage Ver

By calibration, pressure is read on the graduated calibrated scale.
e
Advantages
ub
1. High sensitivity.
2. Low power consumption.
3. Low hysteresis effect.

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Dlsadvantages
Yo
1. Working affected by vibration
2. Large displacement of core is needed to get output Vo
3. Temperature affects performance,
2.2.3[h) Bellow wlth LVDT Transducer (to Measure Pressure)

actlon. When prlmary is
Long form of LVDT: "Linear variable difterential transformer, It works on the transformer
suplied with AC, the emf. i.e, voltage is Induced in the secondary.)
ds
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE:Sem 4-Elec) 2-22 Pressure Measuroment
AlO.dxdtalon
PALre fColls
NE-Magrele
cora
mayabla
EE
Bolows
GDC
convor23
ct
VVolags ougut
OConeriter
OPresurs pauge
di
LYDTDas prmAry
8ACDNaaIy Cols
6Moving magreticPossure méasinng moteh
XProgsure gaüigoy
Working Conetruction (See Fig. 2.2.21)

re
Fig. 2.2.21 : Pressure Transducer using
Bellows and LVDT
P
Bellow arangement is a primary transducer. By its compression and elongation due to applied pressure the magnetic
core moves in the hollow bobbin.
On the non-magnetic bobbin three coils are wound

-
1. Primary coil of transformer which is excited by AC supply.
2. Secondary coil divided equally and electrically connected in phase opposition (180).
e
When primary is excited voltages V, and V, are indtuged by muual induction in the two sections of secondary.
ub
When moving magneti core moves then V, #V
So output voltage Vi -Va apears in the secondary side whiech is supplied to the pressure measuring gauge
Prossure onaton
uT
Conrection DT
Ioput
transducë
Scodar
rensauger
Presue
Fig. 2.2.22
Yo
Thus from input, pressure (which is to be measured) is conveyed through primary and secondary
transducers is
calibrated at the output end which is read by pressure gauge.
Advantages
1. Very sensitive process.
3. Overall small size.
4. Qutput voltage is practically linear.
Low hysteresis effect.

5.
2tAAA
(MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct.) 2-23 Pressuro Moasurement

Industrial Measuroments
Dlsadvantagos
temperature.
. rformance affected by
ficlds affect the performanco (But shielding provided to reducc this effect.)
stray magnetic
required for appreciable output.
Relatively large core displacement is
Straln Gauge
22.3() Dlaphragm
EE
(MSBTE S-14, W-15, S-17, W-17)
prassu S-14,4 Marks

a22.39
ct
40
22 W15,4 Marks
o2241EDain
S-17,4 Marks
di
ASSremeasureme 9lar W-17,4 Marks
012242
this pressure transducer let us study the
designed for measurement of pressure prior to know about
This type is also
diaphragms of various types.

re
P
Displacement
Pressure Pressur
-
(a) Flat diaphragm (b) Corrugated type

e
Displacement
Scldered
ub
IPressure
uT
Capsule tyne
Fig 2.2.23
Diaphragms are Pressure Sensing Components.

Yo
* "*********
About Strain gauge
Itisa ine wire, its resistance changes when it is mechanicaly strained due to physical effects.
Strain gauge is atached to the diaphragm. When pressure acts on it, gets stretched or compressed.
his causes variation in its length and c.s. area. Its resistance is therefore changes.
Change in the resistance

of strain gauge converted into voltage by connecting similar 4, gauges as just a Wheatstone
ndge type of connection shown in Fig. 2.2.24(t). Excitation is applied to the bridge by a voltage source (Battery).
9 Industrial Moasuromonts (MSBTE-Sem
4-Eloct.
2-24 Pressuro Moasureme
Vacum
Dlaphragm
b9nds
Présaure
:0 Strain gauge transducer
EE
with dlagram brelement
Output
V
ct
SUPPy O
CAlDraied Prossur
to meaure
preseure
di
) Bridge circuit
of strafn gauge
Fig. 2.2.24
This output voltage from the bridge by
Eixplanation In detals
recalibrating measures the pressure
by connecting a pressure gauge
P
See Fig. 2.2.2A(i) which is a Wheatstone
bridge circuit with 4-strain gauges
R, Ra, Rg, Re
Strain gauges R, and R4 are mounted so
that increasing the pressure their resistance value decreases.
When no pressure is appied, the brdge
-
is balanced and no currents in the resistances

and no output voltage (V) acrose
R and Ra when pressure (measured) is applied, the bridge is unbalanced and
Therefore V, appears as output voltage
e
across R,and R. This can be checked

by galvanometer.
Change in the output voltage V, calibrated
to read the pressure.
ub
Advantages
1. No moving parts.
2 Lowmaintenance.
uT
3. A good over voltageecapacity.
4. Output signal is strong.
5. More stable.
Yo
6. Can measure from vacuum pressure

to 2,00,000 psig.
7. More accurate.
8. Vibrations, shocks not affect operation.
9 Have fast speedresponse
10. Good adaptability.
Disadvantages
. Need constant supply voltage.
ndustrial Measurements (NSBTESem 4-Elect) 2-25 Pressure Weasuremert
Cost is Somewhat
higher.
2
Temperature vaniation poblems troublesome so they require temperalure compensators.
22.4 Difference between Bourdon Tube and Dlaphragm
comparson Boudon mb Daptiragm1

SoPoint ot
EE
Gesring Gear drive connects dial reading No such gears in this
Range of pressure Large range Small renge
measurement
ct
Not sudden pressure endurable. Sudden pressure endurable.
Presure endurability
Need of filling Gauge needs glycerin /oil filling | No such need
di
Less time for measuring
.
Time for measurement Takes more time to measSuTe
Costly Cheaper
Cost
Accuracy
Figure
LEss
re More
P
(a) Capsule
-
(a) C-type ) Spiral

e
Fig. 2.225
Fig. 22.26
ub
Syilabus Tople: Specification of Electrical Pressure Transducer

uT
2.3 Specification of Electrical Pressure Transducer.

Yo
15 PST to 1.00, 000 PST 05 to #2 %.

1BourdonType 0to 10.5 Psig--
2 Diaphragm 0.01 to 0.40 Tom. 0-0.7 kPa to 0-350 kPat05 to t1.25 %
Manometer U-tube 13.3 Pa to 48.3 kPa 38 Pato 410 kPa 0.1 totl %
Dead weightpiston gange 35 kPa to 600 MPa t0.1 to t0.01
5. Electronic strain gauge Upto 2,00,000 Psig 0.1 to2%
L Piston gauge 35 KPa to 600 MPa 0.1 to t0.01%

thxhstial AMensurenanta(MSBTE-Sem
4-Elot,) 2-20
Prossura Measurement
2.3.1 Troubleshooting
Thwublesdhowing is plannod
to find tho eauaes of failure of instrunent.
Stepa
.Oteerno theinstrunentin operation.
EE
2 Wito covwn the aympkonas
Use thothvublshooting chart supplied
by thenianufocturer
ct
Stlön focorrect
1. Zed or low output Power supply problem
di
Check output of power supply
Check for ground fault or short
circuit
fault
re
Pressure piping
Check +ve, -ve polarity of connection
Check loop impedance
Check the pressure connection

P
Check leakage/ blockages
Check valves
Check if some of sediments are there.
High output
-
Power supply
Check output of power supply
Pressure piping
Check leakages/blockages
e
Erratic output Pressure piping

Check for entrapped gas in liquid
lines.
Liquid in dry line.
ub
Loop wiring
Check open circuit, short circuit,
multiple
grounds.
No output response
Elcetrical poblems
Replace elect/ electronics
uT
sub-assemblies
Repeat calibration
2.4 Pressure Measurement Calibration
Yo
(MSBTE.S-18)
S-18, 2 Marks
Definltion
It is the process of adjusting the instruments

output signal to match
a known range of pressure.
Basic calibration process includes
zero, span, and linearity
adjustments.
Ideal calibration provides the
desired begining as well
as ending pressures.
It produces output signal process
a pressure
(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.) 2-27 Prossure IMeasurornont
Industrial Measurements
: Micrometer or Inclined water gauge issue.
low pressure calibration
For manometer is used.
calibration: Mercury gauge, water
o For medium pressure
mercury manometer is used.
For higher pressure calibration: Mercury gauge,
o
Dead weight piston tester is used.
o For stil higher pressure:
Syllabus Toplc: Calibration of

Pressure Gauge using Dead Welght Tester
EE
Dead Welght Tester
Calibratlon of Pressure Gauges by
24.1
W-16, 8-17, W-17, S-18)
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-15, W-15, S-16,
ct
S-14,4 Marks
242Drawlabeled
pressure 1Marks
W-14, W-15, W-16, W-17,4
di
S-15, 4 1Marks
025
Q.246Drawhe neatc
re S-16, 4 Marks
S-17,4 Marks
(Rafer ection2
P
er
S-18, 4 Maks
calibrated to read in the desired

-
transducers the meters are to be

As studied in the operations of all types of pressure
units, calibration is needed.

e
directly as a
Primary transducers-> Secondary
transducer Output (which is not
Input is pressure to be measured > meter.
pressure so that it is read by the
calibrated and accurately converted into
ub
pressure belt this output is to be
by dead weight tester.

For most of the transducer calibration is done
Welghts
Gauge for testing Welghing
uT
tray
Reservoir
Pisloo contalnlng oll
valve
Yo
Cylinder Check
4
Pliyngor Pressure
applyling wheel
Fig. 2.4.1: Dead Welght Tester
Procedure of callbration
ross sectional view of dead weight tester is shown in the Fig. 2.4.1.
Hande wheel is turned so that initially and oil is allowed to enter into the cylinder.
Industrial Moasuromonts (MSBTE Som 4-Eloct)
2-20 Prooouro Monduromon
A known valuo weight is put in tho tray. Area of piston

is nlso known.
Knowing those tho pressure is caleulated.
Tho wheol at tho cxtremo right is turned clockwiso

direction,
Due to this thopressuro is built up on gaugo and tray

sido,
EE
Further notate tho whecl in tho samo
dirction.
This creates inore presure insido tho cylinder,
liñs tho tray with weights and it floats frcely.
ct
Repeating proceduro for increased weights
in tho tray and calibrato tho gaugo agalnst
known weights.
This is the simplo method to calibrato
tho pressure gauges agalnst dead
weights.
di
ReveUeations
Q.1 State the need of pressure measurements.
(Refer Sectlon 2.1)
Q.2
Q.3 What do you mean by (Refer Section

re
Define prossure and state its unit.
(Reter Sectlion 2.1.1)
2.1.2)
0 Gauge pressure
P
(Absolute pressure
) Ditferential (vacuum) pressure.
-
Q.4 Give the classification of pressure measuring

devices. (Refer Section 2.2)
Q.5 With proper sketch explain
u-tube manometer, state its advantages
e
and disadvantages. (Refer Section 2.2.1(a))

Q.6 With a sketch explain inclined
tube manometer. (Refer Section 2.2.1(b))
ub
a.7 With nest dlagram explaln wall type

manomotor and state lts advantages
and dlsadvantages. (Refer Section 2.2.1(0)
a.8 Give advantages, disadvantages
and applications of manometers- non elastic
transducers.
(ReferSecions 2.2.1(), 22.1(eo) and 2.2.1(0)
Q.9 What are the different fiuids which can be
uT
used in u-type manometer? What qualities are essential

(Refer Section 22.1(0)) for such fluids
Q. 10 Compare u-tube manometer with well type manometer.

(Refer Section 2.2.1(h))
Q.11 Whal are the elastic pressure transducers? Give
Yo
their symbolic diagrams. (Refer Section

2.2.2)
Q.12 Explain the construction
and working of o-type bourdon tube pressure
transducer. (Refer Section 2.2.2(a))
Q.13 State the advantages and limitations of bourdon
tube. (Refer Section 2.2.2(a)
Q.14 What is a dlaphragm pressure transducer? (Refer Section
2.2.2(6))
Q. 15 Explain metallic diaphragm gauge.
(Refer Section 2.2.26)(1))
Q.16 Draw asketch of slack diaphragm
gauge and explain. (Refer
Section 2.2.2[b)(12))
a. 17 State the advantages and limitations of
diaphragm pressure transducers. (Refer Section 2.2.2(b)(2))
strial Measurements (MSBTE Sem 4-Elect) 2-29 PressuroMoasuromont
of spring loaded below and ditferontlal bollow gauge9, oxplain tho working In brlo.
Draw sketches
a. 18
(Reter Secton 2.2.2(0))
disadvantagos of bellow. (Refer Sectlon 2.2.2(0))
State the advantages and
Q. 19
of transducer using a capsule and explairn in brief. (Refor Sectlon. 2.2.2d)
Draw a sketch
a. 20
with bellow. (Refer Sectlon 2.2.2(0))
Compare a capsule
a. 21
EE
of electrical pressure transducer and explaln the functlon of this transducer. (Reter section 2.2.3).
Give the types
Q.22
its working. (Refer Secton 2.2.3(1))
What is LVDT ? Explain
23
LVDT. (Refer Section 2.2.3(1))
state the advantages and disadvantages
ct
0.24
LVDT. (Refer Section. 2.2.3(1))
0.25 State the applicaton of
with LVDT. (Refer Section 2.2.3(a))
o.26 Drawa sketch and explaln bourdon tube
di
for pressure measurement. (Refer Section 2.2.3(a))
Explain the working of bourdon tube with LVDT transducer
0.27
Explain with neat sketch the working of bellow with LVDT transducer.
(Reler Section 2.2.3(b))
a.28
a.29
a.30
Give the
Draw the
re
acvantages and disadvantages of bellow with LVDT transducer. (Refer Section 2.2.3(b))
shapes of diaphragm strain gauge. (Refer Section 2.2.3()

pressure measurements and also state the advantages and
a.31 Explain diaphragm strain gauge to be used for
P
initaions. (Refer Section 2.2.3(0)
Q.2 Define calibration. (Refer Section 2.4)

-
a.33: With appropriate diagram and explain calibration method for pressure gauge by dead weight tester.
(Refer Section 2.4.1)
e
Q.34 Wite a note on troubleshooting. (Refer Section 2.3.1)

ub
Q.35 Compare Bourdon tube and Diaphragm. (Refer Section 2.24)

Chapter Ends..
uT
Yo
CHAPTER
Flow Measurement
3
Syilabus
Fw and its units, Typos of filow Lamnar, Turbulont, Roynolds numbor. Clnsllcatlon of tlow moasurin9
EE
transducers (e) Varlablo head fow motar- Vonturmotor, Ortlco plato motor, Flow nozzlo, Pltot tubo, (b) Variablo
area flow mater Rotametor, (o) Electrical low motor Tirblno flow motor, Eloctromagnotlo flow motor, Ultraaonlo
flow meter Tme cltioronco and Dopplor typo, Hot wiro anomomator, Vortox low motor, Paosltvo dlaplacomont mator
ct
Nutating dise typo, Typical spocificatlons of vaious low motore.
di
3.1 Introduction
Flow méasurenent is needed for industrial, commorcial, municipal and evan rural and domestic purposes.
re
Flow measurement is particularly for liquids, like swater oil. Evon flow niensuroment is needed for slurries, semi solid
gases, etc.
For domestic pupose if water is .supplied by mnicipal athorities water meters are needed. Even for domestie gas the
P
measurement is needed of quantity supplicd for a particular poriod to preparo costing bills etc.
Without flow measurements, plant material balancing, quality control and operation
of any continuous process would b=
-
almost impossible.
e
Syllabus Topic: Flow and Its Unlts

ub
3.2 Flow
Definition of flow: It is defined as fluid in motion. Flow

may be of gas, vapor too.
uT
Definition of fluld: It is a substance which is

capable of flowing.
Definition of viscoslty : It is the force of friction
offered by that liquid.
-
Unitof flow: Gallons/min or Gallons/sec. Liters/unt time.
Yo
Syllabus Toplc: Types of Flow Laminar,

Turbulent, Reynolds Number
3.2.1 Types of Flow
(MSBTE S-15)
dteranyp0gogA
R S-15, 2 Marks

M8asuromenis (MSBTE-Som 4:Eloc 3-2 FlowMoasuroment
IndustriaI
categorizcd in tivo groups.

Flows are
*
Types of Flow
(A) Laminar flow (B) Turbulent flow
Fig. 3.2.1:Types of Flow
EE
3.2.1(A) Laminar Flow
(MSBTE S-14, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S-18)
ct
Rat S-14.1 Mark
os22 Saan
S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S-18, 1 Mark
di
surface
s Pipe
slow speed of moving
layers of liquid
Flow
re
direction
P
Pipe
At the central portion

flow is fast
-
Fig. 3.2.2
surfaces flow slowly.

pipeline, central layer flow is fast but layers near pipe
e
When the fluid passes through the

Reynolds number of such flow is 2000.
This flow is a laminar flow. This is for low viscous fluids.
ub
3.2.1(8) Turbulent flow

S-18)
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17,
S-14. 2 Marks
uT
W-14, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S-18, 2 Marks

Yo
This is for fluids of more viscosity (thicker).

******
Layers not uniform
but disordered
Pipe
Fig. 3.2.3
furbulent fow is a flow when the particles of the fluid have no uniform layers but the fluid move in random disordered
manner.
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.) 3-3 Flow Measuromen
3.2.2 Reynold's Number (Re)

(MSBTES-17
S-17,2 Maks
Tt indicates whether the fluijd flow is Laminar or turbulent.It is noted by letter Re
EE
To give a Reynold's number to a fluid, following things are taken into account
(1) Is viseosity n)
ct
(2)Fluiddensity (p)
3) Diameter of the pipe (d)
(4) Velocity of fluid (v)
di
Re _Vd:p
It has no dimensions, it is simply a number.

If
re
Re < 2000-Flow is treated as Laminar flow.
IfRe> 4000: Flow is treated as Turbulent flow.

-
P
Note that for Laminar flow: Average velocity less, viscosity is high, and it moves in layers and its
Re <2000.
Note that for turbulent flow: Average velocity is high, viscosity is low, its movement is disordered layers and its
-
Re> 4000.
Flows are also categorized in different ways, such as

e
1. Depending upon velocity
)Uniform flow i) Non uniform flow

ub
2. Depending upon temperature variations
) Compressive flow (i) In-compressive flow
3. Depending on quantity of fluid in varying time

uT
) Steady flow ) Unsteady flow
Syllabus Toplc: Classification of Flow MeasurlngTransducers

Yo
3.3 Classification of Flow Measurlng Transducers
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-16, W-17,S-16)
S-14,2 Marks
W-14, W-17, S-18,2 Marks
S-16, 2 Marks
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.) 3-4 FlowMaasurement
Classification of low
measuring transducers
(a) Variable head (b) Variable area (c) Electrical

flow meter flow meter flow meter
(0 Venturi tube meter () Rotameter 0 Turbine flow meter
EE
- (i) Onfice plate meter (i) Electrical magnet
fiaw meter
i) Flow nozzle
Ultrasonic filow meter
L () Pitot tube ii)
(iv) Hot wire anemometer
ct
() Vortex flow meter
Fig. 3.3.1: Classification of flow measuring transducers
Sylabus Topic: Varlable Head Flow Meter
di
3.3.1 Variable Head Flow Meter
This is also known as differential flow meter.
This is the old type but also used now a days in industries.
re
This measures volume, not the flow rate.
P
Basic principle of Its operation
Obstruction in the pipe of a flowing fluid introduced by venturi tube produces a differential pressure across the
-
Estiction (or obstruction) element which is proportional to the flow rate.

e
OIe
ub
Advantages
1. For large length lines its cost is reasonably less.
2 Is accuracy is t 0.25 to t2%.
uT
3. nstruments are very reliable.

4. Many applicational coverage.
S. No need of shut down the process if it is to be removed for some purpose,
. Suitable for all sizes of pipes and various flow rates.
Yo
bieadvantages/Limitations
.Pulsating flows cannot be measured accurately.

2. Not so suitable
for slurry services.
Exhibits square
root relationship (i.e. not a linear relationship).
Freezing and condensation may create
problems.
5. Notsuitable
for low rate flows.
emperature, pressure,
specific gravity, compressibility etc. affects its accuracy,
Industrial Moasuromonts (MSBTESem 4-Eloct) 3-5 Flo Heaurerte
Maln parto of thlo groups of flow measurlng trensducers
(A) Primary clements
1. Orifice plates 2. Dall tubes
3. Pitot tube 4. Venturi tubes
EE
5. Flow nozzles 6. Annular tubes
1 Elbow taps 8. Flume

9. Weir
ct
(B) Secondary clements
1. Manometer 2. Ring balance meter
3. Flow balance meters Bellow meter
di
Now let us study the working and construction of different transducers of the group variable head flow meter
Differential flow). .
re Syllabus Topic : Venturimeter
3.3.1(A) Venturi Tube Meter

P
(MSBTE-Š-14, S-15, S-16, W-16, W-17, S-18
S-14,4 Marks
-
S15, 1 11ark
S-15, W-17, S-18,4 Marks
e
S-16,2 Marks
ub
W-16.4 Marks
W16, 1 Mark!
Converging Throat
Diverging secion
SecuonSecbon
uT
Flo OUtet
Yo
at Inlet
Low pressure
High preseure tap
tap2
Manometer
U-tube
Fig. 3.3.2:Venturimeter for flow measurement

Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.) 3-6 Flow Measurement
Main parts
manomete
. U ube
neter
High
presure tap
2
pressure tap
Low
3.
section
Diameter at inlet
4.
section
Diameter at throat
EE
5.
ainclined angle (19 to23)

6.
angle (5° to 15)
1. a, inclined
ct
Construction
section.
The tube is
divided in 3 sections converging, throat and diverging
di
Llquid flow route
through throa of less diameter 'd' then comes
Flow comes from pipe of diameter 'D' and introduces inside, then passed
d
diverging section of inclination of angle
in the
Location of pressure taps from where the
throat section.
re
manometer tube is introduced.- One tap at inlet section and 2 at middle of
pressure difference by manometer u-tube. (Pressure difference is Pi-P2).

P
This arrangement provided to
measure the
..derived relation
Flow rate yP, -P2
-
Features of Venturi tube meter

. Main venturi tube is of cast iron or steel..
e
2 Flow coefficients = 0.984.

ub
3. Accuracy much more t0.25 to t 3%.
4. Sizes 100 mm to 813 mm.
Advantages of Venturi tube meter

uT
1. Good characteristics.
2 Suitable for flow of suspended fluids.

3. More accurate.
Yo
4. Low permanent loss.
S. Suitable forhigh flow rate.
. No tear or wear as surface

is smooth.
Disadvantages of Venturl tube meter
Large size so occupies more space.

2. Higher
cost.
3. Not easy
for inspection.
Cannot be used for small pipe diameters

hdustial Maasuremenits (SBTE Sem4-Elect)_ Flow Moasuromen
3-7
.Use
For measuremects, liquids, slumies, dirty fluids etc.
Syllabus Tople: Orifice Plate Meter
EE
3.3.1(B) Orifice Plate Meter
(MSBTES-14, S-15, W-15, W-16, S-17, W.17
ct
S-14,4 Marks
S-15. 1 Mlark
W-15.2 Marks
di
W-16,1 Mark
S-17,4 Marks
Function of orifice plate

re W.17,4 Marks
P
f is a simple and very cheap primary element inserted in the
line and differential pressure across it is measured.
Following are the difereat types of orifice plates
-
l. Segmental type 2. Eccentric type
O
e
ub
Onfice
uT
Fig. 3.3.3 Fig. 3.3.4
Concentric type 4. Quadrant type

Yo
Vent
Pipe hole
internal
diameter
Orifica
Drain hole
Fig. 3.3.5
Fig. 3.3.6
These plates are made ofsteel or
phosphor bronze or monel.
(MSBTIE-Sem 4-Eloct.) 3-8 FlowMonauromant
strial Measurements
of orifice plato meter

struction and working
D
O.5DOifice plate
FloW Out
D
EE
L Ah -u-tube
plpo
ct
manometer
di
Fig.33.7: 0rifice plate meter
a shape orifice plate with a hole on it.

The main
part of the manometer 1s circular
Location of this plate
Orifices
:
are of ditferent shapes segmental

:
re
Into the pipe in the fluid path. A differential pressure is
deyeloped across it
type or Eccentric type, concentric type or quadrant

type.
P
Advantages
. No moving part
-
2 No maintenance.
without calibration if made to

standard dimensions.
Can be
e
3.
4. Cost is low.
ub
Disadvantages
flow:
1. Square root relationship between pressure loss and the rate of fluid
of the meter, meter is unable to measure.

2 fthe flow is below 20% of the rated capacity
uT
Comparison between oriflce plate and venturi tube

(MSBTE-W-14, S-15, W-15, S-16, W-16)
comp
Yo
oja8anio
W-14,4 Marks
S-15, S-16, 4 Marks

COVbNcODsyeon
W-15, 4 Marks
Dand
AIndustrial Measurements (MSBTE Sem 4-Elect.) 3-9 Flow Measurer
Q33 19compare oriice platejandvanua tabayYti

reforencp
W-16,2 Marks
NO Pontofcompoion
EE
Oriiceplate
Materials used
Cat Iron, Steel but throat is
of bronze, | Steel, monel, phosphor bronze
Large size made of smooth
poured
ct
concrete
Construction Consists ofthree sections

It consists of circular shape
plate with a
di
1. Converging hole on it. Types of plates (1) Concentric
Throat (2) Electric

|
3.
re
Diverging
section
(3)
(4)
Segmental and
Quadrant edge
Cost High cost
P
Low cost
Maintenance Moderate
High
. Use
-
For liquids, slurries and dirty fluids.

For more viscous fluids.
6. Pressure loss Relative low pressure loss.
Relatively high permanent pressure loss.
e
Working principle Restriction in the pipe

of a flowing Restriction in the pipe of a flowing fluid
ub
fluid introduced by the venturi

tube is introduced by a orifice plate is
proportional to flow rate.
proportional to the flow rate.
Syllabus Topic: Flow Nozzle Meter

uT
3.3.1(C) Flow Nozle Meter
Construction is similar to orifice

type meter. Instead of orifice
plate, flow nozzle is used.
Yo
Fig. 3.3:8
Hal Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect,) 3-10
Flow Measuremènt
Assembly ly offiow nozzle flow measuring meter
D 0.5D,
Flow
D- Out
EE
J0.5D LPipe
ct
An u-tube
manometer
di
Fig. 33.9: Flow nozzle meter
Working
This meter is a variable head flow meter.

re
in which the liquid flows, nozzle is fitted. This develops a diferential pressure.
Pioe
P
Nozle ha a particular shape having convergent inlet having quarter ellipse and the throat is cylindrical shape.
aro two diferential pressure measurement taps on the pipe. One at a distance = Diameter of pipe on upsteam
Thee
-
side. The other at a distance = 0.5 D on downstream side.
The presure diference depends on the flow rate.

e
Itis similar to the orifice type meterin action.

ub
Features
1.
Is Reynolds No, = 50,000 and above
2 Discharge co-efficient = 0.99 or more

uT
Advantages
1. Ocupy small space
Yo
Construction is very simple
3. Lowhead **
loss *
4 Costis less
S. Easy for installation
Dlsadvantages
. Less accuracy
Not suitable
for slury fluid, dirty flurd
. Unsuitable
for low velocity
Unsuitable
for fluctuating flow measurement
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect)3-11 Flow MeaSurema
Syllabus Toplc: Pltot Tube
3.3.1(D) PItot Tube
It is a commonly used variable head, fluld velocity measuring

device
EE
It is also called as Pitot static tube or air speed indicator
(in Aircrafts)
Construction of Pltot Tube

Static pressure
ct
Flow holes
inPyD
Suppording9
stem6
di
Ellipsoidal nose
Spacers2
Static
pressure
re Alignment am
Total pressure
P
Fig. 3.3.10 :Pitot tube flow rate measurement
-
Maln parts
1. Ellipsoidal nose 2. Spacers

e
.
3. Total pressure hole 4. Static pressur holes
ub
S. Supporting stem 6. Alignment Arm
7. Static pressure 8. Total pressure
Stagnation point
uT
Whea the solid body is kept centrally and stationary

in the pipe line with fluid streaming
down, the velocity of the flu
diminishes due to the presence of
the body still it is reduced to zero in front
of the body.
This is what is known as stagnation point.
Yo
The inner (stagnation) tube is open

ended. I faces the incoming stream of fluid.
The fluid impinging this open end is brought
to rest and its kinetic energy is
converted into pressure head.
This pressure head is called as "yelocity
head".
Thus the pressure sénsed by the
stagnation tube (stagnation
pressure) is greater than that
head. in the free stream by veloc
Stagnation pressure consists

of velocity head and the, static pressure
head of the free stem.
The static tube is closed at
the nose of the tube.
It has ellipsoidal head at the nose of the tube. This
is the facility is to avoid
flow separations.
Hal M
Measurements (MSBTESem 4-Elect.) 3-12 FlowMoaguromont
Industnal
ncxt tto the nose aro longer than in the undisturbed flow
s nctt
SuramineS
indicates inerease
in the velocity.
This
hand right angled stem stagnates the flow,

he other
Onthe
raise the static
pressure in its vicinit
to
nds
EE
nte result the pitot tube is moved across the entire diameter of the pipe to ineasure the velocity at dittercnt
-r ana
points so
that average velocity is calculated.
is located in the pipe in vwhich liquid flows

The
above pitot tube
ct
V
2 Pa-P
Velocity, P
flow velbcity
di
V
Pga stagnation pressure

pressure
astatic re
P density of fluid
Advantages
P
Simple constniction.
0
pressure loss.
Less
-
pipe very easily.

Can be inserted in the
e
Useful to check mean velocity of flow

()
ub
Disadvantages
0 Accuracy is very less.
(below Sm/sec).
Not suitable for low velocity measurements
uT
(m) Seasitive to misalignment of the probe w.r.t free stream velocity.
(7) Not suitable for measurement of fluctuating velocities.
(0 Unsuitable for dirty, sticky fuids..

Yo
(6i) Use is
limited to exploratory studies.
y Not commonly used in industrial applications
Applications
Useful in gas flow measurements.

Gi) Measurements
of flow through large pes and ducts.
Stream
easurenment where accuracy is not that important.
tndtsrial Maasurements (SBTE Sem 4-Elect) 3-13 Flow Neasureme
Syllabus Topic: Variable Area Flow Meter Rotameter
S.3.2 Rotameter (Variable Area Flow Meter)
AMSBTE W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S-1
a aer? Ste thsadanaga olusrg a sphercal foat n

W-15,4
EE
arks
sto
S-16,4Marks
taeed diprino
ct
W-16,2 Marks
atsketa wnyitis dassiñed undet varigble aree typeiow meter.
di
S17,4 Marks
Rotsmeter isa "Varisble area" flow

re
meter.
W-17, S-18,4 Harks
Construction
P
Oudet fitingg
Cutet
-
y nnecion
e
Top end
ub
Maimum area of hbe

Maximum fiow
(Maimum area)
Aetering fost
uT
Minimum fiow rats

(Mininum area).
apered tuba
Yo
Bottom end
Low area of tube
Inlet fiow
stopper Inlet flow
Fig. 33.11: Variable

area rotameter
(MSBTE
BTE-Sem 4-Elect.) Flow Moaguroment
MeasuremeNis 3-14
adustrial
paris
Maln tube
transparentglass
7rrdtr taperedtube d, .and
Tspered
piumeterof
d
side
lowiinlet
Bortom
outlet
EE
$1aeiow
10p
bob
Poat/
stopper
ziow
lnlet
ct
a vertical tube.
meter consists of
This flow
measurements.
lowTioW rate
For
.
tube.
taperedgiass
di
.tisa measurements the glass tubeis not suitable so metal tube is used.
oh rate
there is a f
Inside the tube
Foat is free
The free
to move up and
areabetween float
down re
and inside wall of the tube forms an annular orifice.
.
the upper side.
vertical, smal end of diameter d, at bottom and bigger diameter d end at
P
Dedthion of tube is
bè measured passes from the bottom side of tube and passes around the float
The Eluid to
0.
Water comes out at the top side outlet
.
-
When there is no flow, the tloat rests on inlet flow stopper

e
fluid comes in then float moves up so flow area of the

annular orifice increases.
When the
to the square of the flow

pressure diferential across the oritice is proportional to the square of its flow area and
ub
The
Tale.
Whea the pressure differential across upper and lower surface is equal to
the weight of float.
The tube is calibrated (graduated with the scale) to read the flow rate.
uT
Advantages
Yery accurate measurement for small flow.

*"
Cheaper
in cost.
Yo
.
**
Good Rangeability.
Low pressure drop requirement.

Aam switehes/transmitting devices can be easily equippea.
Wde verities
of corrosives can be handiea.
Can be used in light slurry services.

Cale calibrated
directly to readflow rate.
Industrial Moasuromonto (MSBTE Som 4-Elocd.) 3-16 Flow Measuremen
9. Also used gns flow rate moasuróment.
10, It gives direct visual indication on a linear scale.
Dlsadvantagos
1 Glass tubes may be broken for high flow rates.
EE
2. Vertical mounting is a must.
3. Not useful in pulsating services.
4 Delicato construction so carcfully to be handled.
ct
5. Accuracy+0.5 to t 10%.
6. Rotameters are limited to relatively low temperatures.
di
Applicallons of Rotameter
1. For measuring flow rates of liquids, gases, slurry
2
3.
Used in laboratories.
Used in testing and production lines.

re
3.3.2(A) Comparison of Varlable
Area Meter with Varlable Head Flow Meter
P
(MSBTE S-T
RON33 25
-
S-14,4 Marks
e
ub
Types Venturimeter
Rotameter
|
Applications Used for measuring flow rates
of Used in laborating, used to measure
slurry dirty fluids flow rates e
water, gas, liquids
uT
3. Principle When restriction is placed in the

path Changing the restriction area.
of flow.
4. Direction Vertical mounting not necessary

Must be mounted vertically
Yo
Cost Higher
Lower
Syllabus Topic: Electrical

Flow Meters
3.3.3 Electrical Flow Meters
These groups of meters

make the working on
electrical or electromagnetic
***
devices. principles used in the flow me
lal Monaironmenta (MDI-8om 4-Elool.)0-10 Flow
Menauroment
Aiiauiaaa
Turblno Flow Motor
-oOulput woltago
pulno
ColIl) -co
Ghat(
EE
A
ct
PpoO
OPpo Rotor (Turblno)
(Sniall pomanont
magnoto)
di
Flg.3.3.12 Turbino flow meter
Maln
1. Pipe
oqulpmont parts
re
magncts
Rotor of permanent
P
2
Shaft
4 Coil
-
5. Output voltage pulse

e
Worknig prlnclple
Electromagnetic induction
ub
Constructlon detalls and working

shaft.
Turbine blades N, S, NS, NS pairs are fitted on the
At the centre of pipe line a shaft is supported in the bearing.
through the pipe.
uT
Rate of rotation of rotor is proportional to the rate of flow of liquid
A the surface of the pipe a coil having no. of tuns is fitted firmly.
S-pole and hence a
them. Rotor blades are alternately N-pole,
NOW rolor blades rotate as fluid flow is impinged on
Yo
magnetic field is around the poles.

also rotates. It is a rotating magnetic ficld.
Den the rotor rotates the magnetic field produced by them
on the surfac of pipe. As per Faraday's law therefore EMF i.e.

s iux is cut by the number of turns of the col fitted
volage is produced
in the coil.
flow of liquid.
Value of
Vollage depends on the rotational speed of rotor and rotation is due to the
Voltage
oe fluid flow rate
The sca
1S calibrated such that this voltage indicates the iluid flow rate,
Industrial Moasuromonts (MSBTE Som 4-Eloct.)
3-17 FlowMeasure
Advantogcs
1.. Bctter accuracy.
2. Allows low pressurc

drop.
3 I provides excellent repeatability and rangeability.
4. Low mainténancc.
EE
5. Easy instalation.
6. It gives good temperature and pressuro ratings.

.
ct
Accuracy range is fromt0.25%
tot0.50%.
8. Repeatability ranging is from
t 0.25% to t0.029%.
di
9. Available in sizes from 6.25
mm to 60 mm.
10. Liquid flow rate from 0.1

to 50,000 gallons/minute.
DIsadvantages
.1. Verycostly.
re
2. Creates problems for non-lubricating
fluids.
P
Applicatlons
1. For measurements of liquid,
gas.
-
2. Measuring low flow rates.

e
3. In military operations.
4. Useful in blending
ub
system for petroleum industries.
5. Useful in airborme applications

for energy fuel and
cryogenic (liquid, Oxygen and Nitrogen) flow
measurement.
Syllabus Topic: Electromagnetlc
Flow Meter
uT
3.3.3(B) Electromagnetlc
Flow Meter
(MSBTE W-14,W-15,S16, W-16,

Yo
S-17
W-14,4 Marks
W-15,4 Marks
pOlcau
S-16,4 Marks
W16, 4 Marks
eABUrementa (MUDTU-0onm4-loot.) 0-10
Fen Maasuroatt
9-17 4Matk
princlgplo
Workhng
the
prnclplo of Wlectromagnetlo Inductlon aa per lVaraday'n
a law.
EE
tho law
Smtement of
magnetic thux
nmagnctle tlux is eut
cut by a movilng coductor omf In Induced In
NWhenerer tho
the the conductor.
dopends on rato of cut of
ct
nltudo of cmf fMux.
Tho
threve things
aro required
So
Magnetic flux procticed Dy permanent or olcctromagnet.
di
Condactor in tho form of lulds.
2
(velocity of flow),
3Motion of conductor
la tis fow meter
Induced voltage in tho coil E= C.B.L.

re
clectricity conductivo flowing liquid works as conductor.
P
V CBL
Induced voltage in volts
Where, B=
-
B Magnetic field wb/m

L Length of conductor ie, luid (in melers)
e
V velocity of the conductor m/sec (i.e. fluid velocity)

ub
C dimenslonal constant
Radtion of velocity V, C.S. arca of flow meter A, Volume flow metorQ
Q
VA
uT
the meter is directly

he induced voltage is directly and linearly proportional to volumetric flow rate. Accordingly
uried to measure flow rate.
Construction and worklng

Yo
2) Plastie To calibrated
Motal / pipa meter for
APplyright P Vollago, rate.
hand rule measuremant
Field
FIOW
90* Flow
EMF
Magnet N-S, Magnetic feld
Electrodes3 poles2)
meter
Pig. 3.3.13: Electromagnetic flow
Industrial Monsuromonts (MSBTE-Som A-Eloct.)
3-19 FlowMoasurerman
Parto
1. Metal pipo
2: Magncts N-S poles
3. Electrodes
EE
4. Magnetic ficld
Metal pipo O carrics liquid flow at right angles (90°) to the magnetic field and induced EMF direction which
is alh-
the line joining clectrodes.
ct
Permanent magnet or clectromagnct is located around
the non magnctic (plastic) pipc.
Two clectrodes placed at right angles the
to magnctic ficld for picking up the induced emí,
Locatlon of olectrodes
di
These clectrodes are made to be completely flush
with the inner surface.
Due to this arrangement they do not obstruct
the flow as well as they are in touch with flowing
Note that in such meters the magnitude
Induced is too small of the order

re
of EMF.
of 1 milivolt only for a fluid velocity

liquid.
of Im/sec. Resistance of fluid much more.

By some provision the EMF is amplified to large volume
P
to read and calibrated the scale to read flow
rate of liquid.
Advantages
1. It has no any obstruction inside.
-
2. Available in large pipe sizes.

e
3. Available in Jarge range capacities.
4. It can be used for liquids, slürries, greasy

liquids,
ub
5. It has yery less pressure drop.
6. Can be used as by directional meter.
7. Meter is not affected by density,

viscosity temperature or pressure.
uT
8. Meters are available in several

construction materials.
9. can also be
It ued to handle corrosive fluids.
Dlsadvantages
Yo
.1. In large sizes it is much bulky/more

weight.
2. Cost is much more.
3 Suitablefor fluids which are electrically
conductive but not suitable if fluid is totally
non conductive.
4. At all the times it must be full.
5. Not used in hazardous situations. Otherwise
it must be constructed explosion
proof.
6, Notsuitable for gas flow measurements
. Linear relationship of inlet
and outlet.
as gas is not electricallý
conductive.
Flow Moasuromon
(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.) 3-20
sehksasuren
Surements
Simall or large.
rate smai
F2te
oW
lOF
orasut of liquids, slumies or greasy liquids, paper pulp, dctergents,
sticky fluids.
flow.rate
ketreeasofffow
fluids,
electricaly conduct've
EE
rany
Meter
UitrasonlcFlow W-16)
(MSBTE-S-14,
ct
4S-14,4 Marks
di
VW-16.4MNarks;
Horting
prilnc/ple
principle or this
iIOW merer 1s based
re
on the apparent change in thel velocity of
propagation or sound
eaing flow.
in velocity of the fluid
P
inafluid with change
prlss
meters
utrasonlc fiow
Types of
-
L
Teieeace ype
Dgplr ype
e
flow meter
difference type ultrasound (MSBTE S-15)
ub
L Te
S-15. 4 Marks
uT
Construction and working

Transducers
OPpe
Yo
Flow
Changeover switch
Dete
Eecionk
Fig. 33.14
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct)
3-21 FIoH
WeaXen
Maln parta
1. Pipe Transducers
2.
3. Change over switch 4. Oscillator

5. Detector
The flow meter has two transducers A and B as shown in the Fig. 3.3.14.
EE
These are inserted in the pipe line.
They both work as Transmitter and Rcceivers.
The devices measure flow by measuring the time taken

for ultrasoníc wave to transverse a pipe section, both with
ct
against the flow of liquid within g
the pipe.
The ultrasonic waves are transmitted from transducer A to
transducer B and vice versa.
di
An clectronic oscillator is connected
to supply ultrasonic waves alternately to A and B which is working as
transmit
through change over switch. Detector is connected
simultaneously to B or A which is working as teceiver.
The detector measures the transit time from upstream to
.
downstream transducer and vice versa.
TAa is the time for ultrasonic wave
TAB L
(c+Vcos )
re
to travel from transducer A to transducer B..
P
Where,
L = acoustic path length between A and B
C = velocity of sound in the fluid

-
V velocity of fluid in the pipe

e
angle of path w.r.to the pipe axis

Similarly TpA: Time to travel from
B to A
ub
L_
TBA(C-Vcos
)
Time difference between TAB and Tpa= AT
L L
uT
AT TAB-TBa (c+Vcos ) (c-Vcos 8)

2LVcos
ATCcos 6
Yo
AT
C
.V ATC
2L cos 8
Note that liquid must be relatively free

from solids and air bubbles.
Advantagos
(MSBTE.S1)
S-14,4 arks
4-Elect.) 3-22 Flow Moasuromont
gasurements (MSBTE- Sem
linear,
ecity/ouputis
0.01%
gr10ility=(
=
movingparts).
operation (no
tic inserted in the walls of pipe
so there no additional resistance to
the flow.
EE
are
pattem
sturb the flow
scale valuc).
is good (t26 offull
Cy
ct
response
fast
Gres
anypipe size.
Uehulfor
di
gases flow meásurement.
liquids as well as
uiable for
Suita
Nopressureloss.
0.
FRow
can be
measured
Disadvantages of
in both the
direction of flow,
ultrasonic fiow meters

re
s
P
cost iS more
1. Is
electricalelectronic circuit.
Complicated
flow meter
-
Aplicatlons of uitrasonlc
(MSBTE S14,S-15)
e
S-14. 4 Marks
S-15. Marks
1
ub
1 Liquid flow
measurement
2 Liquid flow measurement without pressure loss

uT
3 Measurement of ocean currents
4Vesselspeed measurements
Yo
Water flow in large conduits
0. For measurements
of biomedical luids-
For measurements of industrial fluids
Doppler type (Ultrasonic

flow meter)
(MSBTE-W-14, W-15, S-16, W-17, S-18)
w-14. W-15. S-18. 4 Marks
anacesanghelv
W-17. 4 Marks
S-16.
Industral Moasurements (MSBTE Sem4-Elect.) 3-23 FlowMeasureme
a transmittin8 c
in this typo an ultrasonic wave is projected at an angel through pipe wall into the liqutd by transmiting Crystal
in,
transducer.
This transducer is mounted outside the pipe.
Construction and worklng
EE
Pipe
Flow
ct
Bubbles
di
Cystal transducer
Fig. 3.3.15: Doppler type ultrasonic flow meter.
1.
Parts
Pipe
re
P
2. Crystal transducer
3 Bubbles
-
Part of the ultrasonic wave is reflected by bubbles or particles in the liquid.
Itis then returmed through the pipe wall to a receiving crystal.

e
Bubbles (i.e. reflectors) are travelling at the fluid velocity, the frequeñcy
of the reflected wave shifts according t
"Doppler principle".
ub
Let V = Velocity of the fluid
fo frequency of transmission
uT
velocity of sound
Af = difference between transmitted and received frequency

Yo
angel of transmitter and reflector crystal w.r.t pipe axis
k = constant
2i,
AfC
cos
A 1
Vis the velocity of the fluid.
Advantages and disadvantages are same as given

in time difference type.
.
pmonts (MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.)
MeasUromonts
0-24
usirrel
Flow Modnuramant
Syllnbus Toplo: Hot
Wire Anemomotor
Wire Flo eter

Hot
thermal flow meter.
one of the
ype is
meters
meters arc of two types as,
How
low
hemal
transfer flow metcr and
.
Heat
EE
meter
wire floW
Hot
2 meters are suitable and mostiy uscd for mcasurement
of unstcady flow of gascs. They mcasures iow ra
1h which is desirable features, particularly
on gas serviccs,
ct
structlon and
Working of Hot wire type
di
A.G, 0upplyN
to primary
Transfomer -0
re Indlcator
Pipe 1)
P
FlOW
-
e
Themocouples
Fig. 3.3.16:Hot wire flow meter

ub
Maln parts
uT
Thermocouples A, B, C
|1
Iraasformer
Indicator
Yo
**
Principle
MeASuring the effect of flowing fluid on a hot body.
Construction
1hre are 3 thermocouples A, B and C.

2d B are connected in series
to form a thermocouple
Bplaced in the output
circuit ofthermopl
FlowMeasureme
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE Som4-Elect) 3-25
Hoating of thermocouplo (A and B thormopllo)
Transformer is connected to AC supply fromi the secondary the thermopile gets the current to heat A and B ther
ermopile
The third thermo couplo "C" is not connected to transformer so not heated clectrically.
The pipe nccommodates the assembly of A and B, C inside.
Gas flow passes through pipe.
EE
This gas flow cools the heated thermopile (combined A and B).
Gas flow rate is to be measured by this flow meter.
Cooling of A, B is by convection. Input power to thermopile is held constant. So thermopile atains an equilibiun
ct
temperaturce and produces an EMF that is a funcion of
() temperature of gas (i) velocity of gas (ti) density
iv) specific heat and (V) thermal conductivity.
di
The 3 thermocouple "C" is not heated electrically. It attains the ambient temperature of the gas.
generates EMF«* gas temperature and cancels the effect of ambient gas temperature on the output signal of the heated
thermopile. '
Let
re
Derlved equation (Relation) of the output voltage slgnal
P
V = Velocity of fluid
() P density of the flowing fluid/ gas
E = Voltage generated
-
(V). C Specifñic heat of fluid

e
d Diameter of heated thermocouple wire
(V K = Thermal conductivity of fluid

ub
(V) C = Instrument constant
Output voltage signal E =

2 -k.Cpd.V"+k
uT
Advantages
The scale (Read out) can be analog or digital
as output of the instrument is electrical.
(i) Excellent accuracy t0.1%
Yo
(i) Excellent dynamic characteristics.
(iv) Can be used to masure small velocities

to very high velocities upto supersonic
velocities.
(v) Lowpressure loss.
LImitatlons
Complicated circuitsand needs skill operations.
i) Cannot sense forward or reverse flow.
i) Seasitivity of instrument changes

due to dirt, dist on hot wiré.
(Mgt
MonOmonta(MSBTE-Som 4-Eloct.)
0-20
Flow Menduromont
atdal
callbrar
bratlons.
leguent Non-Lincar
AA eharicterlstlcs Aro
outputpol is proportlonl to sqaeo root

ntl voltngo of tho veloclty.)
pesae
of
Aatlon
eanand fhctuating
velocitles in Nuid fows,
1
AkAuTing
EE
Syllabus Toplo: Vortox
Flow Motor
Mete
leter
VornexFlow
ct
E fNow meter.
also one
of the clectrical
Tisie
ftlow-meters
vortex
di
ngesof
meter
Swir
0 meler and
Vortex shading
(o)
Fuidic meter
words
re
Vaning ofthe
P
Mon-stream lined>Blunt-+ Stuff body
whirlwind
atex- mass of whirling fluid >
-
Prion of the fluid whose

particles have rotary motions.
Construction Ppo -Vortlcos

e
ub
Fliow
uT
Stuff body
Fig. 3.3.17: Vortex shedding flow neter

Yo
Maln
parts
Pige
(2) Flow
) Shufbody
(4) Vortices
0 Velocitypressure
Pinclple
ofoperatlon
paraion
is based on vortex flows around a non-stroam lined
otjoae. shedding. Vortex shedding occurs when a liquld or gas
sufbody.
Industrial Moasuromonts (MSBTE:Som 4-Eloct.) 3-27 FlowMeasureme
Ter
When the flhid /gas flow past ani obstacle, boundary layers are formed. These boundasy lyers are slow movin
are formed along the outer surfaces of the obstacle (Stuff body as shown in the Fig. The
33.1)
Tho flow is unable follow contours of the obstacle on ils downstream side,
This causes separation of layer to get detached from the main stream of the fiuid.
EE
These starts rolling themselves into vortices (i.c. Eddys) in the low pressure area. Inese vortuces are showm
in t
Fig 3.3.17.
Each vortex grows and gets detached (shed) from altemate sides the object.
of
roanen
ct
Frequency of formation of vortices is directly proportional to velocity of the fluid.
See the Fig. 3.3.17 part upper side velocity increases pressure decreases, down side veloCIty decreases pressue-
increasesS
di
These changes go on continuously reversed.
This causes net pressure change across the stuff body .

Flow sensltlve detector
re
The changes in the pressure of velocity are sensed
by a flow sensitive detector.
.
P
) Heated thermal element or
(i) Spherical magnetic shutter

-
Particulars of vortex shedding flow meters

Size:50.8mm to 1524 mm
e
i) Linearity:t0.5%
ub
i) Rangeability: 100:1
(iv) No moving parts :50 static
Advantages
uT
). Instrument is very accurate.
(i) Instrument is precise.
(1i) Accuracy error t 0.5%

Yo
(iv) No moving parts.
(v) Lowpressure losš in the metered fluid.
(vi) Instrument has lineár characteristics w.r.t. shedding

frequency.
(vi) Calibration constant is same for all fluids.
vii) Portable type instrument.

(ix) Excellent rangeability.
() All types of liquid measurements.

Measuremenis (MsBIE-Sem 4-Elect.)
Meas 3-28
rdal
nduistilal Moasuromont
Flow
Deaavantages
re'sults for Reynold's No. <10°

results or> 10
noaccuate
ate
temperature limit is 204 C

Upper
App/cations
EE
measurèmènts,
iguid flow
m¢ASurements.
fiow
Gas
ct
ervonic lliquid, hazardous and corrosive fluid flow measurements.
cryonic
Sluries or
Syllabus Topic: Positive Displacement Meter-Nutating Disc Type
di
Positive Displacement Meter
(MSBTE-S-15)
re S-15, 1 Mark
3-ypes of postive displacement meter

P
such
Tee are
Natating disc type i) Oscillting piston type
Ratating valve type iv) Reciprocating piston type and

-
Lobed impeller type

)
e
34.1 Nutating Disc Type Positlve Displacement Meter

ub
Main parts
Disc (4) Spherical Ball
) Inlet-outlet (5) Drive Shaft

uT
Beaning
Drive shat to
Counter mechanism
Yo
Nutating disc
Spherical (eccentrically
bal mounted) (1)
z7
Inlet P7M
Bearning
Fig. 3.4.1 Nutating Dise type flow meter

Industrial Measurements(MSBTE:Sem 4-Elect.)
29 FlowMeasurAmee
Operatlng princtpe
As the liquid flows through the

meter it separates the flow of liquid into separate known
arc counted and volumetric increments.
totalled sum-of the increments
Constructionand working
give a measurement of the total volume liquid passed through
the
.
meter
EE
A radially allotted disc
is mounted on a ball bearing.
An aial pin is attached
to the ball.
The ball moves in circular
motion.
ct
This drives the cam.
The cam is connected

to the gear train and a totalizing
register.
The disc is so attached
di
to the metering chamber
that it is driven and divides into 4-volumes.
Out of the 4-volumes,
two above the disc on inlet
side and two below the disc on outlet side.
Whea liquid fows through
the meter the pressure drops
This produces wobbling
For each such motion

re
(Nutating ie. changing
of the disc specific volume

from inlet to outlet.
direction) motion to the disc.
of liquid passes through the meter.

This vofume of water
P
passing through the meter= volume of liquid
assembly. equal to metering chamber - the volume of dis
The moments of disc
is transmitted to the totalizing
-
register by the gear train.

Advantages
e
) Cbeaper in cost.
) It can make use of moderate

pressure loss.
ub
) Construction is by several
materials.
v) Tt is applicable
to automatic liquid balancing
system.
)Repeatability is beter.
uT
(vi) Accuracy is higher

(t 1 % tot 2%).
Dlsadvantages
) Limited to capacity
Yo
and pipe size for small

pipe sizes only.
(i) Used for clean fluids
only and not for sluries.
i) Maximum capacity
not more than 1500 Gallons
only.
Uses
) Residential waterservices.
() Indostriäl applications.
Gii) Used where

higher accuracy and good
repeatability
is required.
surements (AKSBTE Sem 4-Eect.)
30 Flow MoasuToment
Sylabus Tople: Typical Specifications

of Various Flow Meter
fications of Various Flow Meter
immeterRangeabiltTa un khsAuracy ons

unscde
EE
Oritice plstes 3:1 gm
High
0.5 to2 55x 10 to 10
Ventun tube | 3:1 Minimal
05 to 3 55 to 10 g-pm
Pitet tube 3:1 Limitad 2 to 5 S to 55x 10g-pm
ct
Magneic flow neter | 100;1 10 to 10g-pm
|Average 05rate
Turbine flow meter 10:1 High 0.25 rate 10 to 10's-Ppm
di
Thermal flow meters 20:1 Average 10 to 10g-pm
Ito2
Uirasonkc 20:1 None I rate 10 to 10s-pm
sShadding
9Varisblearea flow 5:1
10:1 High
Average
re 05 to 1
05 full scale to 10 rate

10 to 10'g-pm
10 to 10'g -pm
P
1aFlowNozles 3:1 Minimal
05 to3 05 t 10s-pm
Reviewe
-
Dene fiud and viscosity. (Refer Section 3)

e
a1
Eplain Lainar fiow, Turbulent fow and Reynolds number. (Reter Secdions 3.2.1(4) 321) and 32.2)
a2
ub
03 Gve the cessiication fiow measurng trensducers or give a ist of varñous fow meters (Reler Secton &3
4 Whats variable head fiow meter? State tha adventages of tis group of Row-metais (Reter Socton a&
5 Whnsat diagram explain venturi tube iow meter. (Reter Secion 3.3.1A)
uT
6 Gie ahantages, disacvantages and uses of venturi tube Row meter. (Reter Secton 331A))
a7 Dew the vaious shepes of orifioa plates. (Aefer Section 33.18)

Daw the constructional deails of orñice plate flow meter. (Reler Secion 33.10))
Yo
.e the advantages and disadvantages of orifica plata Eow meter. (Refer Secton 8.3.1(6))
Constructional view of fRow nozzla meter and explain its working. (Refer Secdon 331(©)
Ew
11
"Se edvantages / disadvantages of fow nozie meter. (Reler Secton 3.3.1(C)
012
a sketch of pitot tube and neme the parts. (Refer Secion 3.3.1(D)
pain he waing ol
piot tube fowmeter. (Reler Secion 3.3.1(0)
Om he equaton for velocity in piot tube. (Refer Section 3.3.1D)

15 Cheedvant
16 ges, disadvantages and applicatons of pitot tube meter. (Rafer Secton &3.1D))
Eplai any one vañable
a filow meter. (Refer Section 3.3.2)
KIndustrial Moasuroments (MSBTE Sem 4-Elect)
3:31 FlowMoaBuremo
1 Compare variablo head low meter
and variable area fiow motor. (Refer Soctlon 3.3.2(A))
Q.18 Draw a sketch and oxplaln
turbine fow metor. (Refor Section 3.3.3A)
Q.19 Gvo the acvantages and disadvantages
of turblno fow mator. (Rofor Sectlon 3.3.3(A))
. 20 Explain with neat
sketch the working of electromagnetic fiow
meter. (Refer Sectlon 3.3.3(8)
Q.21. Gve edvantages, disacvantages
EE
and aplicatons of electromagnotie flow motor. (Refor Section
3.3.3(B)
Q.22 Explain lime ditferaence
type ultrasound iow meter. (Refer Sectlon 3.3.3(O(1))
Q.23 Wite down the equation for velocity in
case of ultrasound flow meter. (Reler Sectlon 3.3.3(C(1))
Q.24
ct
Explain dopplertype
ultrasound fiow meter. (Refer
Section 3.3.3(C))
Q.25 Draw the constructional
diagram of hot wire flow meter
disadvantages and application. and explain its working and also give
lts. advantage
(Refer Section 3.3.3(D))
di
Q.26 Give the output voltage
equation in case of hot wire flow meter.
(Refer Section 3.3.3(D)
Q.27 Draw the construction
and explain the working of vortex
flow meter. (Refer Sectlon
3.3.3(E)
Q. 28
Q. 29
Explain the working
Give the advantages,

re
of positive displacement
meter (Nutating disc ype). (Refer Section
disadvantages and uses of nutating
type disc flow meter. (Refer
3.4)
Section 3.4.1)
a. 30 Give the rangeability, pressure
loss, accuracy and flow range
P
of the following meters.
()Orificeplate i)- Venturi tube
(i) Magnetic flow-imeter

) Turbine flow meter
-
(v) Ultrasonicflow meter

(Refer Section 3.5)
e
Chapter Ends.-
ub
uT
Yo
UNIT IV
CHAPTER
Level Measurement
EE
ct
5ylabus
and
LevelI and
its units, Classification
of level measurement methods : Direct methods Hook type, Sight glass,
Adeslaic
type (air purgo), Indirect measurement method: Float type with linear and. rotary potentiometer,
di
ype, Nuclear Radiation type, Radar type, Typlcäl specifications of electrical level
acive type, Ultrasonic
nassurement methods, Calioration ot Air purge and capacitance
type level system.
re
Syllabus Topic: Level
P
41 Need of Level Measurement
-
(MSBTES-14, W-14, S-16, W-16, W-17, S-18)
S14. W-14, 2/4 Marks

e
S-16, W-16, W-17,2 Marks

ub
S-18, 4 MarkS
Measurement of level is important and essential in many cases such as:

Solvents, chemicals,
other liquids required for processing in which case level measurement and contrpl is essential.
uT
h emufacturing plants, thermal power stations, chemical plants measurement of level and control is most important.
eling of large iquids is also important where measurement and control is required.
kaowledge of water level in overhead tanks is also important.
Yo
Tbere are different methods for such measurements.
Syllabus Toplc: Unlt
2 Unitof Level
Televel m
iEESrement mainly involves liquid level measurement in a container or tank.
Theleve
t
aklevel of
Sured directly in absolute unit like cm or meters or it can be measured
4 meter when
in terms of percentage. e.g. A
tank becomes full, coresponds to 100% so 2 meter corresponds to s0% and so on.

Lovol Moaouromont
Industrial Moneuromonts (MSDTE-Som 4-Elool.) 4:2
Syllabus Toplc: Claselfloatlon of Lovol Monouromont

Mothods
4.3 Classlficatlon of Level Measuirement Methods
(MSBTE-8-14, W-14, 8-16, W-16, W-17

S.14, W14, S-16, 2/4 Mar
EE
W-16, W.17.2Marks
ct
Level measurement
methods.
di
Direct methods Indirect methods
Dip stlick type Float method
-Hook
Slght
LAr
re type
glass method
purge or
-Capacitive method
Ulrasonle method
Nucloar radaton or
Hydrostatic type or .Nucdeonlc method
Pneumatic method Radar type method
P
Fig. 4:3.1
-
4.3.1 Dip-Stick Method
dlp stlck
e
Petrol tank of
vehlcle
ub
or storage tank
uT
(a)
Taken out.
Yo
Reading
of level
(b)
Fig. 4.3.2
surement (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect)
M9ASUn
4-3
hosira Level Moasurómont
od or
or s strip is dipped verticaly
graouaredrod in the liquid and
taken out. The
single eyes, liquid sticks on the strip and
can be
oyour
cyred gradiations
ations
are in cms and
ae fraction.
M check
check the level of petrol in the tank.
le to
pssreralyto
alsocaj
called as Bob and tape method
aethodis also
is
EE
pis
AIYAag08
use
ley to
easy
ct
ADOical
di
lsovantage
measurement not possibl
oedinues
usefrul for mo ving
Paralar
emor
fluids re
reading.
P
that accurate
$ not
Apilcations
-
Perol level measure ment in the underground tank.
Te o check liquid levels in small tanks.

e
hcar engines to check petrol levels.

ub
Syllabus Tople: Hook Type Methad
2 Hook Gauge
Milled
uT
head
Veride
rod
Yo
hoox
..-.-.
************** LIquia
--=m*-*******
Fig. 4.3.3: Hook Gauge

Cantrucblon
Badualed
scaledvertical
Jestis rod rod terminates in a hook which touches the liquid level.
tabular
S&Industrial Moasuromonts (MSBTE:Som LOvol
4-Eloct.)44 Moaouromont
The rod at the top is attachod to a millcd iead which cnn bo turned to ralso or lowcr tho rod.
Itis so tumed that hook Just touchos the liquld surfaco.

At this instant the reading is noted on tho scalo and vernior.
This hook gauge is very useful in detecting vory small

a chnngo in tho lovol. In caso of lacge volumo rescrvolrs sms
a small
change in level corresponds largo
to chango in the reservolr.
This method is also suitable to determino
tho flow of river and lovel of.roservolrs.
EE
Advantages
.1. Very simple construction
Good accuracy t0.2 mm
ct
3. Useful in detecting small
change in lével corresponding to large
change in tho reservoir.
4. Useful to determine flow
of river and levels of reservoirs.
di
Disadvantages
1. Must beoperated vertically
otherwise error in reading.
2. It is manually operated device.
Applications
re
P
Used for opening big size
tanks, containers, reservoirs.
Syllabus Toplc: Sight Glass Method

-
4.3.3 Slght Glass Method

e
As shown in the Fig. 4.3.4, water in

the boiler or oil in the transformer
whose level is to be measured. A
ub
placed beside the tank. sight tube is

Sight tube is graduated in cms
and fractions. Sight tube is
a glass tube which reads the level
and can be seen bý eyes
uT
Sight tube
Tank
-
Yo
Liquld or oill---
or watsr :
Fig. 4.3.4
Advantages
1 Forclean and clear liquids and coloured liquid
level can be directly
red.
2. No transducer required -
directmeasurement
3: Better accuracy
rAMents(MSBIE-Søm 4-Elect) 5
Lovol Moaouromont
316° and
ure 316
tenperarure and 10,000 psi.
Juplo design
available
es
p6aantage
dirty, ViScOUs, coTOsSIve liquids.
d for
Reliabailiyaecuracydepands on
liquid and glass propertics.
if tank is located at inconvenient places,
EE
ad roadit
Usuabielio
NUCdons
contnuesreading indication of liquid level within a tank or vessel.
I
ct
Ikedhorcearcoloun measurement.
earlcoloured liquid level
ar Syllabus Topic: Hydrostatlc Type (Alr Purgo) Method
di
or Hydrostatic iype or Pneumatic Method
ArPurge
Apiein
hod a
the form of
re
bubbler tube, air-regulating valve and a pressure gauge is used as shown in the Fig. 4.3.5.
a bubbler tube is installed verically in the tank (vessel).
end is about 8 cm above the sediment line in the vessel.

P
En
Pressure
gauge
-
Fiegulating valve
Bubbler tube Alr SuppY

e
ub
Liquld
Vessel (tank)
-Zero lIne
uT
Fig. 4.3.5 : Pneumatic method of level measurement
measurement pressure gauge

DUr (Uper) end of the pipe connects air inlet with.regulator on one side and a level
aits ober side as
shown in the Fig. 4.3.5.
Yo
the air supply is so adjusted that the pressure is slightly higher than the
pressure due to height of liquid
gator,
ttevesel(tank).
Theregol
laoris operated till butbbles can be seen siowly leaving the open end of the tube.
ts conditionthe air pressure in the bubble tube is same as pressure of the liquid at the end of tube and this pressure
nc
"wporional
in t
to liquid level. Thus liquid level is measured in terms of air pressure.
Dehodis
suitable for
all types of liquids (even corrosive).
6g IS calibrated to read the level of the liquid in meters directly.

Level Measurement
Industrlal Measuremonts (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.)
method.
This is the simple and most popular
Advantages
by this level meter.
measurcment of corrosive and abrasive liquid are possible
Levcl
apart from the tank.
2. With the use of piping, the pressure
gauge can be located even 150m
EE
Dlsadvantages
1: Air bubbling through liquid interferes with its crystallization.
Applicatlons
ct
1. For measuring level of all types of liquids.
2. Even corrosive/abrasive liquid levels can be correctly measured.
di
Syllabus Topic: Float Type with Linear
and Rotary Potentiometer
***
4.3.5 Float Method re (MSBTE -W-15, S-16, S-17)

P
W-15, 4 UMarks
S-16, 2 Marks
-
S-17, 1 IMark
e
S-17,4 Marks
ub
A foat is placed in the liquid as shown in Fig. 4.3.6. It is partially submerged in the liguid. A string is connected from
float to a float transducer at top.
As the level changes the string of float gives the signal to transducer which notes the change in level and measures the
level of the iquid.
uT
Float.
transducer
Yo
String
Float
Fig 4.3.6
Maasuremenis(MS 4-Elect.) 4-7
Lovol Moaguromont
al
potentlometer
ter
fostand
WIper
Battery
6Ouroo
EE
Flost
ct
--Llqutd-- -
Tank
Fig4.3.7
di
potentlometer
ee Of
gctspmary
transducer which
which converis liqurd level into displacement. This displacement moves
a prmary the wiper
&s
ht V, varies as per calibrated to read level.
volige
potentiometer [Flg. 4.3.8]

re
of rotary
IH
P
in Ilevel rotates
the floats angd
is wiper varies on the resistance. Vo o« resistane « level. Vo%
is calibrated to
2e in
echange
-
Wiper
Batery
e
ub
Float
Llquld- Tank
uT
Pig. 4.3.8
Atvantages
Ueaper in cost
Yo
mgh temperature liquids can be handled to measure levels.
UNnDes and direct measurement is possible.
E 1ank is below the ground this measures the level of liquid in the tank.
Desigaisreliable.
E DEASuring
range 5 to 8 m.
Cadvanlages
y low2ndmoderate
pressure (level measures).
tailoredtotankgeometry
LevelMoasuremont
4-8
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct.)
Appllcatlons
1. Uscd in overhead tanks as level indicator.
2 Used for tanks on ground level.
3. Even for below ground tank liquid lovcl can bo mecasured.
Syllabus Toplc: Capacitlve Typo Method
EE
4.3.6 Capacltlve Method
S-14, S-16, W-15, S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S18
(MSBTE
ct
S-14.4 Marks
di
S-15. W.15. S.16. W-17, S-18. 4 Marks
re W-16. 4 Marks
P
S-17,4 Marks
-
3
e
S-17,4 NMarks
When two metallic plates are separated
by a dielectric medium capacitance is formed.
ub
The capacitor stores electric

charge.
The capacitance
c
uT
Where,
e Absolute permittivity
8.854 x 10 "R/m
Yo
& Dielectric constant
A = Area of plates
d Distance between two plates
Thus the capacitance varies

as per the distance
between plates, area
of plates and dielectric
The capacitanice effect can be used medium type.
for liquid level measurcment.
The arrangement for liquid
level measurement
by capacitive method
is shown in Fig.
4.3.9.
nts (MSBTESem 4-Eloct) 4-9 Lovol Moasurement
To moasuring dirault
EE
Lquld
-Tank (oonductng metal)
ct
) Set up
di
B
re
P
() Equivalent cireuit
Fig 4.3.9:Liguid level measurement by eapacitive method
-
conducting material. A capacitance is

metal rod (A) is kept in the liquid container. The tank is made of
mated
aed
liquid between these two act as a dielectric medium.
between rod (A) and the tank face (8). The
e
'
are formed
e diferent capacitance
ub
medium as air only:

C Capacitance between A and B with dielectric
air + liquid
C Capaciance between A and B with dielectric medium as
medium as liquid only.

Capacitance between A and B with dielectric
uT
is high capacitance between A

and B is high and if
eraues of C, and C, change as per the liquid level. If liquid level
evel is low, capacitanc between A and B is low.

measurement system.
pacitance and level and can be measured by suitable
Yo
A and B.
Conducting in nature, a resistance is connected between
made.
is made up of non-conducting material, following arrangement is
ank
tank separated by a distance 'd'..
iminium rods are placed close to each other in a
This arrangement is applied bias and
to
level changes the capacitance
value between two rods.
uia
ed in a DeSauty's
bridge.
instruméntation amplifer.
2 ethical
outputcorrespon is buffered and then applied to
esponding to yalue of capacitance
pliñer is given to data acquisition system for processing
unit output.
isconnected
Cd to microcontroller-based system for showing the
to microcou
KIndustrial Moasuremonts (MSBTE-Som
4-Eloct,) LovolMoasurom,
4.10
Miog
Dplay
YSom
Buftor
EE
Insulatod
aluminum rode
ct
Fig. 4.3.10 Capacitivo nethod of
lovel measurement
Advantag0s
di
1. No moving parts
2. Suits to small system
3.
4.
Continues measurement and
Also suitable for slurry

re
control is possible.
level measurements.
5. Very sensitive
P
6. Level measuring range
8 m to 10 meters,
Dlsadvantages
-
1. Temperature changes affects sensitivity.

e
2 Suitable only for the liquids having proper diclectric qualities.

ub
3. Dirt, dust deposition affects working.

Appllcatlons
1. Used for conductive/non conductive liquid level
measurements with suitable method.
uT
2. For measuring levels for small systems in

the industries.
4.3.6(A) Difference
between Float Type, Capacitive
type and Ultrasonic type Measurement
Yo
(MSBTE S-18)
S-18.4 Marks
1. Float type Floating body experiences

a buoyant force Used when measurement
equal to weight of liquid displaces. is required for
small changes in level.
rements (MSBTE-Sem 4.E
MeASureme
loct.) 4-11
nustial
Lovel Mea9uremont
Workthgpincn
Capacitdve level If arca and distance betwecn two places,

constant, then arc For measutements
indicator capacitance of liquld leveis n
of, capacitor
directly proportional is industries.
to the dielectric
Constant
EE
Ulrasonic The time period betwccn
transmiting and
receiving a pressure To measure solid and liquid
method levels.
pulse is proportional to
the distance between
ltrasonic set and
ct
surface of the content of
the tank.
Syllabus Topíc: Ultrasonic

Type Method
di
Ultrasonic
Method
re (MSBTES-14, S-15, W-15, S-16,W-16, S-17, W-17)
S-14. W-16. W-17,4 Marks

P
S-15. W-17,4 MarksS
maasureMenltan W-15,2 Marks
-
S-16, 4 Marks
e
Exants rasonic S-17,4 Marks

ub
hhis method, time lag between the peaks of input applied signal transmited wave and output reflected wave i9
TEASured.
Th ime lag is measured by counter and the display shows the level in metres or cm.
uT
transmitted ultrasonic waves which

LaSonic transmitter receiver is arranged on the top of the liquid surface. The
elected back from the surface of liquid level:
Yo
Input slgnal
T-Ultrasonlc transmitter
R-Ultrasonlo recalver
*****-*-=--
gene
*****-*--da. and
*********.
*****-------
Output
signal
----.
******
method of level
measurement
Fig. 4.3.11:Ultrasonie
tndustrial Mknsuremonts (AASBTE-Som
4-Eloct)4:12 LovelMoasurement
The rveier meirs theso reflectod waves. Tho tine lag or timo interval T is neasured
wiich is proportional to
level.
Ifthe level is bw Tis greater and if lovel is high T is smal.
Transmltted wave
EE
Refloctod wavo
ct
di
Flg. 4.3.12
Advantages
2
1 Uses non-contact type level messurement
Nomovingparts
retechnique.
3. Suitable for both solid and

liquids.
P
4. There is no efect on the performance
due to temperahure, composition,
density, electric conductivity, dielectric
offuids constant
-
Dissdvantages-
1. Temperature compensation
is essential.
e
2 Dirt, imegular and slope surfaces

affect the accuracy.
ub
Complicated design.
4. Subjected to many interferences

which affects the strength
of echo receiver
Applieations
uT
1. For measuring levels of liquid or solid material.

2 Used for point measurements
as well as continues
measurements.
3. Transdcers are suitable for measurement
ofgas/liquid, liquidliquid and gas/solid.
Yo
Syllabus Toplc: Nuclear

Radlation Type Method
4.3.8 Nuclear Radiation or Nucleonic
Method
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-15, W-15,

S-16, W-16, S-17, W-17, S-18)
14. W-14, S-17, S-18. 4

Marks
S-15, 4 Marks
(MSBTE-So
(MSBTE:Som 4-Eloct.)
aSuronionis 4-13
Lovol Moaouremont
Sactatantoy@mjamanMnodtaion
W15A Maitko
ithls coatiygalonardgg
EE
W16.4 Marks
goy
WAZ 4 Marks
ct
called as "OGammav Beta rays" radiation method.
aacive ssource, radiation detector and electronic measuring

radioactive
circuit.
namtissof
di
may be one of the strontium 90 for beta radiation, Cobalt 60 and Cesium 137
sources may for gamma
uhie
princrple af
measurem
re
Surement is based on absorption of radiation of rays by the liquid contained in the tank.
P
-
**
e
ub
Fig. 4.3.13:Nucleonic method of level measurement
basthuiction
uT
surce of radiation rays
asmitgcell
Yo
l(ank)
T(Level
measure indicators)
d equation
of radiation absorbed is expressed as,
intensity ofradiations falling on detector
:i ESily of radiations of detector in the absence of absorbing material

mass absorption co-efficient
KIndustrial Moasuroments (MSBTE:Sem 4-Elect) 4-14 Level M0asurement
p mass density of absorbing material
thickness of absorbing material.

As shown in the Fig. 4.3.13 a rod O (tho radioactive source) is placed on one side, measuring ccl (detector
) is
placed on the other side.
EE
As liquid level inside the tank (vessel) changes inside the tank, there is a change in intensity received by the detector
The principle used is that the absorption of radiated

rays varies with the thickness of absorbing material between source
and detector and thus a signal related to
tank level can be obtained.
ct
The measuring cell or pick-up is a special
type of electronic amplifier designed to produce enough electrical energy
actuate an clectrical meter o
-The meter is marked in metres to measure

level directly.
di
Advantages
1. Construction is rugged so capable
of withstanding severe industrial conditions.
2 Without the use of complex
3. Gauge is not in direct contact with

re
components it provides sensitive measurements
material under test.

and control.
4. Gauge is not affected by temperature,

P
pressure, corrosion, viscosity
etc. as it is not in contact
5. Repeatability is t
1.
6. Suitable to measpre level
of a very big size tank upto 17
-
m diameter and 7 m in height.
Disadvantages
e
1. Risky to use thismethod

due to radiation effects.
2. Appropriate shielding is
ub
to be provided to control radiation

field intensity.
Applicatlons
Cover wide range
of applications for recording
the level of wide varieties
uT
of liquid/solid substances.
Syllabus Toplc: Radar
Type Method
4.3.9 Radar Type Method
Yo
(MSBTE -S-15, W-15,

S-16, S-17, S-18)
S15, W-15, S-18, 4 Marks
Fig.4.3.14 shows the

arrangement of radar
type of Guided-Wave
S-16,S-17, 4 Marks
Radar (GWR)
method for level measurement.
Measurements(MSBIE-Sem 4-Elect.)
4-16
al LovelMoasuromont
Tocondilioning
slgnal
dreult
Transmitter
4
-Probe
Refeced
EE
wave Transmlted
Wave
Liquid
ct
-
-Tank
Fig. 4.3.14: Radar type method for level measurement
di
liquidIe in a tank is to be measured. The transmitter is fitted at the top side of the tank. A probe is fixed on to it.
Te
liquid.
This probe
is immersed in
re
nsmiter generates high frequency electromagnetic waves along the probe. These electromagnetic waves
process
energy
P
SOme
electromagnetic waves strike the liquid level, some amount of energy is reflected back in upward direction.
hn
transmitted
probe is connected to Signal conditioning circuit which evaluates the time difference between
-
The
electromagnetic pulse and reflected pulse.

e
is proportional to the liquid level in the tank.

This diference
process industry, soybean oil plant, chemical
for measuring level in case of painting industry, animal fat
ub
This is used
ncustries.
Advantages
uT
Tisis a non contact technology.
ACuracy is higher.
Disadvantage "
Yo
* ***"
Yery cxpensive
technology *
*******
Applications
orlarge tanks
level measuring
Rage
upto 200m
gauges.
Surement with the use of top mounted radar level
Lev Mea3urement
Measurements (MSBTE-Som
4-Elect.) 4-16
Industial
Level Measurement
Ultrasonlc and Radar Type
43.9(A) Comparlson of (MSBTE- W-14, S-16, W-1
iepeneppd conttrugo0
W-14, S-15 W15Alasks
EE
wpagon
amplitude and/or phase of the
1. Working principle Generation of an The changes in the
material present
ultrasonic wave (or pulse) reflected signal is used to determine
ct
and measuring the time it (ie. liquid height).
takes for the echo to
rerum.
di
2 Construction Consists of ultrasonic Microwave signal is generated by the source which
transducer which has a set directing a constant frequencylampitude modulated

re
of transmitter and
receiver.
microwave signal.
P
3. Waves used Ultrasonic waves Microwave (Electromagnetic)
4 Uses For hazardous liquids and| For continues level measurements.

-
solids..
e
Syllabus Toplc: Typical Spacifications

of Electrical Level Measurement Methods
ub
4.4 Typlcal Speciflcatlons

ofElectrical Level Measurement Methods
Following parameters
are considered in the specification
of electrical level measurement
1. Mediatype:The description methods:
uT
about medium i.e. liquid

or dry material is be mentioned.
2. Level measurement type:
The level canbe measured
on following basis-
)Continuous level measurement
Yo
i) Point to point level measurement
) Level meásurement
in terms of percentage.
3. Measuring range
: It depends on the requirement
(cm/inch/foot/meter)
4 Operating pressure
range in the tank
5. Metertechnology
used: The method used
Ultrasonic/Nucleonic/ for level measurement
Radar etc.). is to be mentioned
(Capacitive Inductive/
6. Mounting method / ResiSTve
: Side mounting/top
mounting/
bottom mounting.
4-Elect.)
rements (MSBTE-Som 4-17 Level Measuroment
interfoce
torfiace: This includes the type of method used for measurement of data handling. (Serial
Mnealionintentau
interface/RF interface etc.)
Tel
peroce/analed
The
The
mese
measured quantities are to be displayed in required form. This includes LED displayiLc
ype: outs/Analog dialsetc
,niy
Digital reado
EE
hiis Callbiratlon of Alr Purge and Capacltance Type Level System
Sylabu: Topic:
hratlon Process General Descrlpton

CAMOr
ct
datasheet is referred to
measurement system, the span of measuremeat is decided. Then the sensor
measur
of
calioration of sensor.
Rr characteisies of particular
utout
tnOwLte
o and maximum valu. This minimum and
maximum value 1s
di
to be measured has minimum
rameter to
paraeter is fed to
process variation of input. The sensor output
Te sensor characteristics to decide its span and output per unit
characte
.
Wr.L
censor
BHped circuitous,
gael
e
conversion
scale
olihration is
calibration Is done
done
Callbration of Alr Purge

such that the output device directiy
such t
Level.System
re
indicates the quantity under
measurement.
P
purge system is shown in Fig. 4.5.1.
calibration for air
ngement of
liquid.
other set at maximum level of
one set at minimum level of liquid and
bubbler tubes standard value
n adjusted by these regulators to
-
air pressure is
passed to the tank
through tne regulaors. The
is
si bubbler tubes is 4 bar.
pressure at both
e
4har So vave
LIquid Inlet
ub
Diferental
pressure
sensor
Maxdmum
Tank Jevel
uT
Liquld Rotametar pressur

Af
-Minlmum regulatórs
level
AlrInlet
Yo
Drailn
yalve
Fig.4.5.1
tubes as shown in Fig.
4.51.
installed between two bubbler
pressure transducer is proportional to the level of
liquid in the tink.
Lgaerates which is again
proportional to pressure difference
ut
aolveladljustment
bubbler
pressure diference between two
So there is no
ak is made
of drain
Dy means or
empty by valve at the bottom.
PY u
ponds to zero liquid level in the tank.

Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem Level Measurement
4-Elect.)4-18
Maximum level
The liquid is filled up to maximum level mark and the differential pressure is measured i.e. Output
of the differential
sensor is processed to show the maximum liquid lovel dircctly. ual
This is known as scaling.
Thus calibration is done.
EE
4.5. Calibratlon of Capacltance Type Level Measurement
System
ig. 4.5.2 shows the arrangement for calibration proccss
of capacitance level measurement system.
The capacitance probe is removed from the
tank. The output of the capacitor sensor.should be zero in such case.
ct
1 is not showing zero, adjustments are carried out through signal conditioning system such
that the display indicates
zero.
Now liquid is filled up in the tank gradually.
di
It is filled up at 25%, 50%, 759% and 100% in both ascending and
descending orders
The output of capacitor sensor is noted

and scale calibration is done through signal conditioning
circuit such that the
display directly indicates the liquid
mm/cm/meters etc.)
The liquid level is brought to zero and

re
level in given form (e. g. in terms percentage
of - 10, 20, 30 and so on or in terms of
the output is again checked, if it is

not zero, adjustments are carried out
P
"display indicates zero. This is also known ti
ás zero setting
-
e
capacilance probe
ub
Container/ tank
LIquld
uT
Fig. 4.5.2: Setup for calibration

of capacitance
Yo
type level measurement

system
For span calibration the tank is filled
100% and sensor
output is adjusted to
5 volt). the desired standard
span setting (20 mA or
Thus when tank is full i.e.100%
level, the output signal
done and the display will be 20 mA or
unit direcly indicated the 5 volt, the scale calibration
liquid level in desired of this signal is
so on or in terms of mm/cm/meters form (e. g. in terms of
etc.) percentage-10, 20, 30 and
ments (MSBTE:Sem 4-Elect
MeesUrements
4-19
sfral
Methods ,Laval Moasurement
1a5s/fications of
Glass
AMechanical (a) Sight glass type

(b) Float type S5 meters t0.5 m
(c)Hydrostatictype 10 cm to 20
cm t0.1 % FS
No practical | t0.5 % FS
EE
limit
ype
Themal Often used for
control at 0.5% level value or
specific level. 10 mm.
ct
rical 1ypes, |A) (a) Resistive Variation
5 to 8 m
Resolution is most important
6) Inductance variationShort +0.2% scale value
level
02 m
(c) Capacitive variation
di
8 to 10m 5to 10 mm,
0.5 scale
(B) Ulta Sound type
Nolimit
evieKOueBiGr
surement. (Refer Section
re
Esborate the need of level
4.1)
P
oflevel measurement (Reler Section 4.2)
SEa unis
classification of level measurement methods. (Refer Section

SHta the 4.3)
-
Wih suitable diagram explaln dip-stick method for level maasurements.

W suitable diagram explain hook type method for measurement. (Refer
Secion 4.3.2)
e
Whsutable diagram explain sight glass method for level measurement. (Refer Section
4.3.33
Wihi
ub
suiable diagram explain Air purge

method for level measurement. (Refer Secton 4.3.4)
Whsuilable diagram explain Float method for level measurement. (Refer Section
4.3.5)
Wh suitable diagram explain capacitive method for level measurement. (Reler Section 4.36)
Nin sutable diagram explain utrasonic method for level measurement.
uT

n SUrtable diagram explain Nucleonic method for level measurement. Also state
Faler Section
advantages of this method.
4.3.8)
Uable dagram explain how liquid level is measured by radar type method. (Refer Section
4.3.9
Yo
Hhat's
calbrationprocess
of a measurement system which uses sensors ? (Reler Section 4.5)
Hha
suitable diagram
Rdler
explaln how calibration of air purge system is done for level measurement.
Section
4.5.1)
ha suitable diagram
ler Sectinn4.5.2) explaln how calibration of capacitance type level measurement system is done.
ypical
specifications
s of electrical level measuremen methods. (Refer Section 4.4)
ófelecun
Chapter Ends..
Po,N
UNIT V9
CHAPTER Shrie
onda
Temperature Measurements
EE
ct
Syllabus
mperaturo and
is Units, tomporature scales and covorslons. Classificatlon of temperature measuring
transducers : (a) Flled system themometer vapour pressure thermometer, (b) Expansion themometer
di
Simetallc thermometor. Electrlcal mothods (a) Themlstors, (b) RTD (PT.100, 2/3 wire), (o) Thermocouple Law
of tntemediate temp and Intermediate metals Seebeck and
Peltler effect, Types J, K, R, S, T. Pyrometer Optical
method, Radiation method. Typlcal specifications of Thermistor, RTD and Thermocouple. Calibration of temperature
measuring transducers.
re
P
Syllabus Toplc: Temperature and its Units
-
5.1. Temperature and its Units join ALL INDIA POLYTECHNIC (AICTE) telegram group
e
(MSBTE S-14)
E14.2 S-14,2 Marks

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Temperature is the most fundamental parameter and is measured

and controlled industrial variable. It is required to be
measured in various sectors, domestic, commercial, industrial,
testing methods, investigations etc.
Various industrial processes, industrial products are
mostly temperate dependant.
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So accurate measurement of temperature is very important

and the temperature measuring instruments and methods
must be given due importance.
Definitlon of temperature
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It is the thermal state ofa body or a mass / substance ivhich determines

whether it will give heat to or receive heat from,
other bodies.
Heat and temperature are closely related.

Temperature may be defined as "degree of Heat" but heat is
usually taken as "quantity of heat".
There is no heat flow between two bodies if two are at the same
temperature.
Temperature cannot be measured directly but must be
measured by observing the effect that temperature
varlation causes on the measuring devlce.
Substance to glve heat or to take heat from surroundings dépends

on thermal state of the substance.

Tomperaturo Moasurementa
Industrial Moasuremonts (MSBTE-Som 4-Elect) 6-2
Modes of Heat transfer

"Conductlon
Heat is transfered from molecules to molecules through metal is
Heat is transterred by circulation (or moment of hard particles) to cooler areas- Is by convecion
Heat transfemed by electromagnetic adiation is heat by radiation, it is thermal radiation.
Syilabus Tople: Temporature Scalos and Converslons
EE
5.1.1 Temperature Scales
(MSBTE-W-14, S-16)
ct
W-14.2 Marks
S-16, 4 arks
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) Fahrenheit Temperature Scale (
-At standard atmospheric pressure

of 14.7 PSI the freezing point of distilled water is designated
at 32°F and boiling pOInE
is at 212°F. For this scale 459.7°P is the absolute
Between this span of ice (fireezing) point and

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zero temperature.
boiling point this scale is divided into equal

180 fundamental divisions.
The scale is "Linear" scale degrees Fahrenheit i.e. is
of used in medical and engineering branches.
P
C) Celslus Temperature Scale (°C)
In this case the melting point of distilled

water ice taken equal to zero (i.e. 0°C)
and the boiling point as 100°C absolute
-
ero for this scale is 273.15° C
Between these two stages of 0°C and 100°C the scale is divided into 100
e
equal parts / divisions.

. This scale is also "Linear scale and used in scientific
and engineering field.
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- Inter-Coaversion of °F and °C
0F-c+32 )C=)-32
Ketvin Temperature Scale ("K)
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losuch scale melting

point of ice is taken as 273.15°k and boiling point 373.15°k
as and absolute zero scale is 0°k. This
icalld also as Absolute
scale'.
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Tts gpan is equally

divided intó 100 fundamental divisions.
is scale is also
used in scientific and engineering works.
Iaterconversion
°k = °C+273.15
Temperature
Scale ("R) (or slmply
Pehecale
the melting
ng pon
point of içe taken as 491.7 R and boiling point as 671.7 R.
Industrial Moasurements (MSBTE:Sem 4-Eloct.)5-3 TemperatureMeasurem
ementa
The scale is divided into 180 fundamental division.
Following are the inter-relations
R °F+ 459.69 R x
Common conversion table
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7-)ne-G)7
k=°C+273.15 R °F+459.69
ct
Boiling point of water: 100°C and
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Freezing point (ice) of water: 0°C.
S-14, 4 Marks
Soln.:
SORONEIBReraturaNtOL
re
10%150
P
F-32
0
100180
30x180
-
°F 100 32 86° F
i) °C+273.15 = 30+273.15 =303.15 °k
k=
e
Syllabus Toplc: Classification

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of Temperature Measuring
Transducers
5.2 Classification of Temperature Measuring
Transducers-
(MSBTE-S-16)
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5
S-16.2 Marks
These are broadly divided in 3 groups.
Classification of temperature
measuring transducers
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Fleld system themometers

Expanslon themometers
Electical temperature instuments
Liquid field Gas filled Vapour filled Bimetallic Primeta hexds Spiral bimetalllc
themometer themometer themometer
themometer themometer Themistor RTD Thermocouple
themometer
Fig. 5.2.1: Classifícation
of temperature measuring
transducers
Out of the above different types
of temperature measuring devices/
transducers as per our syllabus
are to be studied. only following types
4-Elect)
nents (SBTESem Tomporaluro Moaguromonta
le Flled System Thermometer-Vapour Prossure

Thermometor
Pressurs Thermometer
esSure
Kpour
R but plvot end
Indicator(9
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Free-end ot
Scse bourdon tube
ct
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Bourdon
tube )
Capilary tube-
(ong=5m)
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P
-
e
Vapour(5)
Free surface
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olatie fuid
Butb
Non-Volatile fiuid
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Fig. 52.2: Vapour pressure thermometer

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2) Free end of bourdon tube
) Non volatile fluid
6) Free surface
8) Measuring scale
(10) Fix but pivoted

end for indicator
Industrial Moasurements (MSBTE-Sem4-Elect.) 5-5 Temperature Measuremer
Explanation
The construction is showa in Fig. 5.2.2.
Bulb contains non-volatile fluid at the bottom, one it is volatile fluid, free surface and in the upper side vapour,
Capillary tube very long about S meters.
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When thermometer functions, the liquid in the vapour pressure hermometer boils. Yapour i3 produced vapour
is insid
the capillary and also in the bourdon tube.
How the vapour condenses, whên the temperature of the surrounding substance
drops the liquid and the vapour inside
ct
the bulb also cools.
So some of the vapor condenses inside pressure decreases. This produces

the motion of bourdon tube and its free
end
moves.
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The indicator and free end of the bourdon tube is
attached by a string. Hence indicator moves on
the scale indicating
temperature.
The scale is calibrated to read the temperature

-
In some instruments instead

re directly.
of a scale and indicator a pen and strip chart is

In this filled type thermometers
provided to gét the temperáture recorded.
and also in this vapour pressure
thermometers, the working and
affected due to the accuracy may be
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following sources (effect)
(1) Radigtion effect
(2) Elevation effect

-
3 Immersion effect
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4 Barometric effect
(5) Ambient temperature effect

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5.2.1(A) Advantages, Disadvantages

and Applicatlons of Vapour
Pressure Thermometer
Advantages
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(1) II requires no electricity.
(2) Good and satisfactory.time response.
(3) Seasitivity is better.

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(4) Accuracyt 1%
. (5) Operation is stable.
(6) Compact and sturdy

construction.
(7) Cost is not much.
(8) Temperature indicated

in the scale or also
facility to take
record of temperature
recording mechanism. for duration of time by providing
Temperature Moasuroments
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect) 5-6
Dlsadvantages
(1) Span of temperature is limited.
(2) Can't be repaired, replacement is the only solution.
) in comparson with electrical thermometer it has less accuracy, sensitivity and less span of scale.
Applcatlons
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(1) In clinical purposes.
2) Wide range temperature measurements.
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SyIlabus Topic: Expanslon Thermometer- Bimetallic Thermometer
52.2 Expanslon Thermometers
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Types of thermometers *
) Bimetallic thermometer
Bimeta Hexis type and
Spiral bimetallic type thermometers are polluler,

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Note that as per the syllabus we have to study only 1"
P
type.
2A) Bimetallic Thermometer

-
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-15, W-15, W-17, S-18)

Rabrsoton
e
S-14.4 Marks
w-14. S-15, W-17, S-18, 4 Marks

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W-15, 4 Marks
Constructlon and working
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Lowexpansion metal
i inver (Alloy of iron nickal)
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High expanslon
metal (Brass)
Fig. 5.2.3:Bimetallie thermometer
principle of thermal expansion. When the metal is heated temperature is increased then there is
ngakon
(
an.
Apansion) of that material. materials co-efficient
Diferent have different of expansion.
INOmeter brass and invar strips of thickness are welded together and can be separated from each
OT inear expansion of brass is more
than that of Invar.
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.)
5-7 Tomperalure Measuro
rornems
do for the same amount
of heat (temperature) the lincar cxpansion of brass is more but that of invar is lesser.
combined Bi-metal strips bends Sa
So
as shown in the Fig. 5.2.3. the
Bxpansion is more for more temperature bi-metal

so bends more.
f at the free end of bimetal strip
an indicator is mechanical attached, it moves on the calibrated
scale and temperat
reading can be seen on the scale. ature
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oactange n tne onparature ancb SMelastothe
nversalypopontong nEs meta
Deflection of the strip is simall
if the strip used is short length and vice vérsa as the
deflection i15
proportional to square
ct
of the length of the strip.
in order to accommodate large
length strip in smaller area then strip is wound in 'spiral"
shape or "helix' shape.
Fig. 5.2.4 is the sketch of
strip wound in spiral shape.
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f Scale redin "For "C
Casere -Indicator
P
Brass (Higher
Coeficient of
Metal fixed- expansion)
to case
-
Low expansion
Invarrmetal
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Fig.5.2.4: Bimetallic in spirál

shapethermometer
The spiral coil is tightened with
increase in temperature
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temperature. pointer attached to the post

moves on the calibrated scale
of
Advantages
(1) Installation very easy
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(2) No maintenance
(3) Cheaper in cost
.4) Unbreakable, tough

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(5) Accuracy is better
:(6) Have wide temperature range
(7) Stable operation

(8) Self generating type instrument
Disadvantages
(1) Suitable for local counting only
(2) Only type available is indicating and not

recording type .
Temporature Measuroments
5-8
Measurements (SBTE:Sem 4-Elect.)
LIndustial
calibration may change
(3) If handkd oughly
the accuracy is somewhat lesser.
glass stem thermometer
(4) In comparison with
Uses
at home.
Tt is popular to use in offices, hospitals, public places and even
Bimetal strip can also be used in Helit shape.
EE
Syllabus Toplc: Electrical Methods
5.3 Temperature Measuring Devices by Electrlc Methods

e
ct
AS On touay neuesof electrical type temperature sensors are being used. Resistance temperature detectOrS
arc
types exeasively used.

in
this topic we have to study
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Themistos (2) RTD 3) Thermocouples
Geperally for this conductor (metals) and semiconductors
are required.
E31 Thermistor for Temperature Measurements

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Syllabus Toplc: Thermistors
(MSBTE-S-15)
P
Qaieliatistiemistor? Dise pdiagrarn tEetek S-15.4 Marks
Thermistor" came trom Thermal resistor.

-
ianiucting materials are:

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) Mmganese (2) Copper oxide
Nickel (4) Cobalt

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(6) Titanium ete.

Froperty of semiconductingg materials on variation of temperature, their resistance value changes.
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Thermistor
0
10
10
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***********************sensso
10
10
Platinum
10
(PT 100)
10
200 400
-100 100 300 500
Fig. 5.31: Resistance temperature characteristies

Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Sem Tomporaluro Monour
4-Eloot 6-9
5.3.1(A) Shapes of Thermlstora
BDTE
9-14,Wh
532 DiaWAre
diierentiosgmuterss con S-14. W172
Mar
Cae varous types and shapes In Fig. 5.3.2.
of thermistors, Some of theso are sketehed as ahown
With load Tormlnal

washor washor
Loads
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Base type Washer type
ct
Loads
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Disc type Rod type Disc type
Fig. 5.3.2: DIfferent shapes of thermlstors
5.3.1(8) Working of Thermistor re

To use the thermjstor
generally resistances and thermistor
is connected across the electrical
P
wheatstone-bridge circuit. supply i.e. battery forming
a
The characteristic of the thermistor

is thåt, when the environment
temperature
changes, its reistance changes.
-
At more temperature its resistance

decreases and also at lower
temperature its resistance
temperatureco-efficient). increases (i.e. it has negatve
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5.3.1(C) Electrical
Connectlon
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w
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Vs Batery
L Ihemistor
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Fig. 5.3.3
Using thermistor for temperature
measurements,
it is connected in one arm
arms resistances of the Wheastone
R, R, and R, are connected. bridge and to other three
Battery (Source voltage V,)
and current measurinS
galvanometer are
connected as shown
At the balanced condition of the bridge in Fig, 5.3.3.
the galvanometer reading
is zero (nul-point).
(MSBTESem
IMoasuremenIs
lect.) 5-10
Temperature Measuroments
changed (incrcased decreases) tho

resistance of tho thermistor changes
and bridge is
un.
Ankennd
voltage
acoss tho lvanometer (Y) i.e. output vollage Vo
is
hich is calibratcd to read temperature which is to bo measured by
vht
this system.
lomattonsoffthe
the bridges are 3-wine, 4 Wire are shown in Fig. 5.3.4 and Fig. 5.3.5.
eather arangement
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kad
anle
ct
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re Themistor
Fig. 5.34:3-wire lead arrangement

P
arrangement
Arie lead
-
ww7
e
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Themisor
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Dummy
fig. 5.3.5: 4-wire lead arrangement

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Advantages, Disadvantges and Applications of Thermistor
(MSBTE-S-14)
picaonsiof themisteOS
S-14,2 Marks
s of thermistor
as a perature measuring unit
mgerature
measuringrange
is fairly high. (- 100 to +30°C)
lty oMistand
wisthstand
èlectrical
elecir mechanical stresses.
in shapes and
different
pEs anu
and sizes (mini) to suit the requirement of the circuit
Temperature
Measure
6-11
(MSBTE Sem 4-El0ct.)
Industrial Measurements
4) Easy to adopt.
(5) Lower in cost
(6) Sensitivity is higher.
(7). Good stability
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Disadvantages
characteristic.
Highly non-linear resistance - temperature
(2) Self heating effect affects measurements.
ct
(3) Limited procss applications.
(4) Doubtful stability at higher temperature
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Applilcations
100° to +300).
For dynamic temperature measurements (range -
re Syllabus Topic: RTD
5.3.2 RTTD
P
(MSBTE S-1
e5RASCNe Constricti OrCIngprncpeoDya treatak S15,4 käarks

-
Long form of RTD is Resistance Temperature Detector.

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Working principle
Due to the positive temperatire co-eficient of materials such as tungsten, platinum, copper, nickel, their resistace
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increases with the increase in temperature.
Amongst these materials "Platinum" is very widely used as a temperature sensor.
Operating range of platinum is from 4k to 1064°C.

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For measurement of temperature range upto 600°C Nickel RTD sensors

are used.
For lower temperatures below 300°C copper is suitably
used.
Uses (Sultablity)
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Metallic resistance thermometers are suitable for

industrial temperature measurements
as well for laboratory purp0se
Resistance
Hollow former
elementcol
(Ceramic)
Copper
leads
uzINLULIIIZZZ
".
Teminal
Metallie LProtective
sheath cement
Fig. 5.3.6
(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect) 6-12 Tomporaturo Maasuroments
ments
accuracy.
sablity much
bility as wel
TOe range.
have throughout the operating
ee chanclenistics
ics
resistane thermometers in which the lemperature senitve clement
Lar lic resistance
metallic is uítably
of
arous
s
Fig. 5.3.6 the metalic wire is wound on the formcr.
dheF
the
s1OHTin
yteUe supportthe coil.

groovedto
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insulating ceramic
covered with protective cement.
ofinsa
f
,eloeris stipss are connected
to the two ends of the coil and serve as leads for connections.
c9per
bridge circuit.
,1hes0T ton armsof a Wheatstone
ct
ne of the
eads directly used in the medium of which temperature is to
Aoe Wheatstone bridge circuit the leads are
ead of
Instead of
CASCS
goTe
"TRASUNEd
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metal sheath is used.
response. In many cases the protective
peed
platinum is used in the metallic resistance
smechanical strength as well igidity, In the Fig. 5.3.6
sheau
dvantages and
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Disadvantages. of Platinum Reslstance Thermometer
P
contamination.
highly to chemical
atacks and
is
-
life.
har long
Cid sabiliy.
e
t0.1% up to 1200°C.
0.01 Cup to a
temperature of 5O0°C and
Hh dere of acuracy +
ub
liar over wide range.
aishgh
u grerel metals following is the relation

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R = R[1+aT + bT"]
%
R-rsistance at absolute temperature "T
yesistance at 0°C
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4-constants (Experimentally found).
ining temperature of 0°C (i.e.: 273 k)

Rowing
is the relationship
R[1+0t
material in 2/S2/C
perature coefficient resistance of the
resistance at 0C
temperature relative to 0°C
0.0043
c' for C
Tomparature Moaourom
LIndustrlal Measuromonts (MSBTE:Som 4-Eloct.)5-13
& 0.0068° C" for nickel
& = 0.0039° C'for platinum

Also R R+R,a(-t)
from which
t is found as
R-R
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Copper leads have resistance which may aficct the csults. So to provide compcnsalion tor this 3 wire l4 wie
arrangement in bridge circuit.are adopted (which aro shown in Fig. 5.3.4 and 5.3.5 in section 5.3.1(C)J.
ct
Ex. 5.3.1
A platinum thermometer has R = 140.5

2, t = 100°c, R, 305.3 0t = ? a = 0.0039, Ro= 1002. Find the temperature t.
di
=
Soln.
100+.0.003
re
305.3-140.5
x 100
.2 22.56
P
.Advantages
As mentioned above.
-
Disadvantages
e
.(1) Sizeis largecompared with thermocouple.

(2) Cost is very high.
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(3) Bridge circuit and electric

power supply or battery is required.
Syllabus Topic: Thermocouple

- Law of Intermedlate
Temperature and Intermediate
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Metals, Seebeck Peltier

and Effect
5.3.3 Thermocouple
Thermo-electric sensors
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are commonly used which

are also called as "Thermo
couple" shortly written
Functlon as TC.
-It is a temperature transducer.
This developes an electro-motive

force (emf) which
is the function
junction, of temperature between
hot junction and cold
It is able to measure moderate and
high temperatures.
Surements (MSBIE-Som 4-Eloct) 5-14
M025urs Tomporature Moasuroments
hdistna
phnep%
eking metals are joined to gather to form a closed circuit (as
m shown in the Fig. 5.3.7) and two juñction
meeteach o
other.
they
where
these two junctions is lheated then current flows in the
circuit which can be detected connecting
One of
these i
rurent is due to EMF develop across two terminals).
Abw (Uisca
EE
alanomerer
shown as J, and ,ofteimperatue t, andt
inctions a
Fo EMF )
2
ct
Hot juncion Cold Juncion
2
(Measuring Referonce
junction) juncion)
Heat sourc
di
heating this (1) and (2) are two dissimilar
juncion wiras of fwo melals
Fig.5.3.7: Thermocouple (TC)
.
Ioupleis th
is thus
le
re
"self generatung transaucer as its emf (voltage when there is a temperature
difference between
P
Thermoelectricity
Laws of
A)
the different effects on which temperature with thermocouple is based.
-
ring e
eDack eliec
e
Thomson eiTect
ub
ener eneet
w ofintermediate metals
! Lawofintermediate temperature
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Seeback Effect
(MSBTE S-14, S-15, W-17)
S-14, S-15, W-17,2 Marks

ection 543A
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two junctions one junction is

junction points and if out of these
metals are connected to form two
erent temperature and the other is subjected to low
temperature
'*" **
gh
difference in temperatures between these two junction
enf is i in these two which is proportional to the
UCed
g.5.3.7 Emf a higher and t, is lower temperature.
t -4. t, is
omson
effect
along any one or both the
TmOCouples
together. If the temperature gradient exists
two different metals
metals are joined
ea unction erent
emfmay be slightly altered. This effect is called as Thomson effect.
nay be siig
5-15 Temperaure
Industrial Measurements (MSBTESem 4-Elect,)
Measur
3. Peltier effect
(MSBTE-S-14,S-15,M
S14.S15
etereted
Two dissimilar metals forming closed loop and in it if
the current is forced to flow through it thenn one
o
junctüion
and other comes cool.
isheze
EE
4Law of intermediate metals
oerween any two point there are number of junctions appear but all at the same temperature, the e
emf betweeate
two points is independent of the intermediate metals.
ct
5. Law.of intermedlate temperatire
Emf for a couple with junction temperatures t, and t, is the sum of two emis of
of two couples of
or same
sam metals
di
t; t, ,
Junction temperatures t, and and and respectively. bavin
5.3.3(B) Different Thermocouple Materials

and thelr Sensltivity, Temperature and %
Aciur
re curacy
(MSBTE-W-16,
S-17,W1n
P
W-16.4 Larks
-
e
S-17.4larks
W-17.4 Marks
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ceureg
Ironconstantan
45 to 55
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180 to+ 40°

2
-
K Chromel- Alumel t0.75%
40 to 55
R Platinum-Platinum/13% -200 to 1300 t0.75%
Rhodium
Sto 12
0 to+1600O
4s Platinum-Platinum/ 10% t0255
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Rhodium
S to 12
Copper-constantan
O to +1400 t0.25%
6.E Chromel-constantan 20 to 60
- 180 to+400° +0.25%
55 to 80
Platinum30%/ Rhodium-Platinum 180 to+850° c| 0.5%
69% Rhodium S to 12
+ 100 to+ 1800° C t0.25%
8. WS Tungsten /5T% Rhenium-Tungsten/
20%
Rhenium 5 to 12
Oto+3000 t0.15%
4-Elect.) 5-16
88SUrements (MSBTE Sem
Thermocouple
ConnectionD
connection Diagram of a Practical
C) Voltmeter)
EE
Extension leads Case
Protectng 1 Reference
well Juncton(Col)
ct
(Measuring Protecting head
juncBon (Hot)
di
temperature
Thermocouple to measure
Fig 5.3.8:
Main parts
Reference junction
(cold)
re
Measuring junction
(Hot junction)
P
Protecting well
Protecting head
-
Extension leads
e
6. Voltmeter
7. Instrüment case
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Cönstructlon and Working

5.3.8.
industries is shown in the Fig,
The practical
thermocouple used in protective well and
corrosive fluids a
presSurized systems or measuring
instrument from damages in
To safeguard the
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protective head cross is provided. by wires (Leads).

reference junction (cold) are connected
and
measuring (hot) junction a
Two junctions i.ç.
and measuring
junction is measured by
between reference
change of temperature
induced (voltage) due to
EMF
voltmeter as shown in the Fig. 5.3.8.
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to read the
temperature.
The voltmeter is calibratd wires, otherwise
similar. to .those of thermocouple
compensating. wirs must.be.
NoTe tnat connecting wires called as
arfected.
create èrrors and accuracy is
voltage generated at coanections differs and
are cafried outL
needle type installations
Wherever poSsibl small mass thin wall or
furnaces.
Disposable-tip thermocouples are preferred in
temperature at 0°C. Correction factor is to be used
keep reference junction
Many a times it may not become possible to
which is supplied in a chart.
thermocouple installation.
Chart should be readily available near the
Temperature
4-Elect) 6-17 Measue
Measuroments (MSBTE-Sem sUTermerta
Industral
Applications of Thermocouples
Dlsadvantages and
.33(D) Advantages,
MSBTE-S
SH4,21Mark
Advantages
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1. Compact, ugged construction. .
2 Incxpensive.
3. Simplicity in using.
ct
4. Very stable.
5. No bridge circuit required.
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6. Good reproducibility.
7, Posses long transmission distance.
8.
9.
Accuracy is good t0.2 to t0.75%.
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Temperature range measurement is wide from-200° to +3000°C.
10. Wide varieties according

to requirements and demands.
P
11. Can be designed for both
standards and special applications.
12. High response speed.
-
13. Calibration chcking is

easy.
e
14. Due to electrical output digital

readout or/and control signal
is possible.
Disadvantages
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1. Need expnsive accessories

for control application.
2. Temperature spans are
not as narrow as in RTD,
filled system transducers.
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3. They hold chances of stray voltage

pick-ups.
4. They give little response
for low temperature
measureiments
below 30°C.
5. For the protection of connecting
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leads metal conduct

housing is must.
6. Require compensation for
0°C reference temperature
maintained, .
7. Relatively small change
in junction voltage
with temperature.
8. For amplification, amplifier is
required.
9: Temperature voltage relationship
in not linear.
10. Require insulating covering
in someapplications.
(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect.)
6-18
Temperature
Maaourementa
AEndons
Andiustrics
psmalog mcasurèment
I2npeaturemen
rempcrature
cnts.
An coring in
cryogenc rage it is used,
measurements also.
flow
for
pble
EE
SEFactors
orSelection of Thermocouple Materlals
charactcnistics
stics.
ijnanaly
ct
they are used.
ithstand temperature at which
AUSY
contamination, oxIdation etc.
from
di
Thermoelectric Clrcult
a8aslc
B Voltmeter
re
P
Ammeter
-
Fig. 5.3.9
e
80) Basic Thermocouples and Junction Types

ub
uT
(1) Bare wire (2)Bare wire

beaded
Yo
butt welded
**
*****
(4) Grounded
(3) Insulated
junction
junction
Fig. 5.3.10
6-19 Tomperature
Industrial Measurements (MSBTE-Som 4-Elect) Measu
Syllabus Toplc: Pyrometer
5.4 Pyrometer
studies so far i.e, thermistors, thermocouple, pressure

prese..
The transducer for measurement of temperaturc thermomete
melers,
contact with the body whose temperalure is required to be measured
Tequire the thermometers.to be in d.
EE
very igh temperature, But
This indicates that the device must be capable to withstand that much hign, there t.
withstanding capability otherwvise it may melt at very high temperature.
To solve this problems a very high temperature measurements non-contact method of sensing the
ct
tem
ature
ate
Useful.
Similarly the moving bodies whose temperatures are to be measured, non-contacting means of temperature s
di
be most convenient.
3wil
The solution for this is a Pynometric Technique without physical contact.
measurements.
re
yrometers work to measure temperatures by heat radiations of the body without contacting the body.
Temperatures above 650°C, the heat radiations of such bodies are
of sufficient intensity to be sued for temperahm
rature
P
Instruments of such categories, capable measuring temperature
of by heat radiations from the body are
grouped in the
temperature measuring instruments by the name "PROMOTERSS',
-
5.4.1 Types of Pyrometers

e
Types of Pyrometers
ub
(1) Total radiation (2) Partal radiation

(3) Infrared 4R)
Pyrometers pyrometers
Pyrometers
uT
This ls sensitve to all

(Sensitive to
radiations that enters They employ Infrared portion
radiatons of particular
the instument
wavelengths of the spectrum by use
of themal detector to measure
temperature on the surface
Yo
of body
Fig. 5.4.1: Types of Pyrometers

(MSBTESem 4-Elect.) 5-20
ehitAAIS/n1onN
nts Tomporaturo
Maaguromonta
Syllabus Tople: Radlatlon Mothod
Pyromet
7ype
Rndtatlon
detlon
hwloperatlon
py ometer is based on the measurement of

diation type radiant cnergy emitted
by tho Body whose
of
esvMASUNOd
EE
Radiaton Black body
tomporaturo
detector
ct
Hot body
whcse
temperatuna
www
is to be
di
messurad
Recording
re Temperature Instrument
measunng
nstrument
Fig. 5.4.2: Radiatlon Type Pyrometer

P
temperaturei to be measured
g hody emits radiations of whosè
-
eaergy pases upto lens.

id
e
body/temperature detector.
Isteses eaergy on the recelving element like black
following:
b eiving element may be one the
ub
Resisance thermometer
Temocouple
Termopile etc. (consisting of several thermocoupler connected in series)

uT
gantae indicator is conected to temperature measuing instrument (which is calibrated to measure temperature in
aure indicator meter a recording instrument may be connected who records continuously the
Yo
re in the form
of a graph-and-pen or rolled graph paper.
etector-radiationsare
focussed by lens on detector.
Deecdot
Opile. ts measuring junctions are connected to the blackened disc.
Lessrbs
radiations.
s emperahure
rises.
Temperature
Measuremants
ndustrial Moasuromonts (MSBTE:Som 4-Elocl. 6-21
connects tho casc of
pyrometer. Ditierence of these two tem
thernmopilo
Tho roferonco junctlon of
Actlon:
reforenco junction attached to
the casc genera s(ie
tho disk and
Dcfveen measuring junction attuched to voltage.
in thc recorder.
or may be recorded
Calibrated as tomperaturo which is lndicatcd by meter
Appllcatlons of Radlatlon Pyrometer

04.24) Advantages, Dlsadvantages and
Advantages
EE
1. Cost is moderato
2 Thoir output is high.
ct
3 Responso spocd is very fast.
4 Suitable for nieasuring high temperature

5. No necd of contact body whose temperature is to be measure.
di
o. They can also measure lower temperatures than by optical type pyrometer.
Dlsadvantages
2
1. re
Bmissivity of target material can affect measurements.
Non-linear scale.
P
3. Measurement may not be accurate in worst surroundings climate such as water moisture,
dirt, dust, particles in air.
Applicatlons
-
1 Used for measuring high temperature (more than which

can not measured by thermocouple.)
2. They are used formovingtargets.
e
3. Can be used to measure furnace iñner temperature.

ub
4 Suitable for measuring temperature

of large surface areas.
Syllabus Topic: Optical Method
5,4.3 Optical Pyrometer

uT
(MSBTE S-14, W-14, S-15, W-17, S-18)

Yo
S-14-4-Marks
W-14, 4 Marks
S-15, S-18, 4 Marks

Operatlng prlnclple
W-17, 2 Marks
. The operation of the type of pyrometer 18 based on

the comparison
emitied by the body with the radiation emitted by the of brightness (intensity)
source of known of the visual radiation
intensity.
Calibrated reference is a lamp of which temperature
is known.
ments (MSB|E-Sem 4-Elect.)
stnaESUONe
men 6-22
Toloscope Temporaluro
Obect glass
3 Moasuromenta
Monochromla
Oboct
redscreon
(O
(Hot body
whose Absorption-
temperature screen Incandescert
to be
lamp
measured)
EE
Wheatstone
bridge
Switch circuit
ct
di
Fig. 5.4.3: Opticalpyrometer
incandescent filament lamp (reference

re
ESOpefield
eld an source of radiation)
is introduced.
P
well ass h
hot body (whose temperature is to
telescope the lamp as be measured) can be viewed simultaneously
Oeiver a voltage of 2 volts d.c. from a battery.

-
temoerature of the filament

.the the current passing through filament
of lamp can be adjusted by a-variable
e
in the Wheatstone bridge circuit,

e is shown
aairesistance forms as one of the 4 arms

ub
of Wheatstone bridge (see Fig. 54.3).
lasvneter connection to this filament is shown in the bridge circuit (see Fig. 5.4.3).
burtang to the temperature the filament resistance

of the lamp varies.
uT
ERM PSsistances of the

branches of Wheatstone bridge are not affected by
the temperature.
raure of filament changes
results inunbalancing the bridge.
.
sdexgea
Yo
unbalance of bridge
is indicated by the deflection of the galvanometer.
EET Teading **** ** ***
is calibrated to read temperature.
Advantages,
Disadvantages and Applications of Optical Pyrometer
rnatages
wANenient
forusing
as a meter to measure temperaui
We
ndportable
instrumeu
ment.
(MSBTE-Sem 4-Eloct) 5-23
Industrial Maasurements
3. Very light in weight.
4. Accuracy is better.
measurca.
temperaturo is to be
physical contact with the body whose
No
6, Higher temperatures can be measured.
measured by this pyTome lcr.
far distance can be
Temperatures of moving bodics or hot bodies at
EE
Disadvantages
1. Higher cost.
correct (some eTOr).
reading may not be too
ct
Adjustment if not done perfectly by human eror.the
3. Emissibly errors.
di
4 Not useful to measunre gas temperature.
5. Not suitable for recording of temperature.
Applications
1. Measuring temperature 600°C to 3000°C
re
P
2 Can be used for checking and calibating radiation pyrometers.
3. Used to measure furnace temperature.

-
4 Useful in measuring temperatures of molten metals and other hated materias.
Syllabus Toplc: Typical Specifications of Thermistors, RTD and Thermocouple

e
ub
5.5 Orientatlon Table Speciflcations of Temperature Sensors

uT
Bimstalic 33-538 Sma Excalent Fair

medium
Good Good
Non-2
Yo
Enear42TC
Liquid vapour
Linaar-200°
760°C
Resistance Good Excellent

Non 1S0° o
Linear 58°C
Platinum Good
Linear 283° to
hemomeler
10940
Tomporaturo Moasuromontá
(MSBTE:Som4-Eloct.) 6-24
Maasurements
Excollent Excollont Non -165 to

GOOd Good
Lingar 2780rC
EE
Non -101°
Linear 316°C
ct
Good air Non 0to 4150C
Medium
Linear radaton type
Above
Poneler 760°C o
di
5389C large
3500°C
optal ype
Syllabus Tople: Callbratlon of

re
Temperature Measurlng Transducers
P
Calibration of Meters
66
-
Bimetalllc thermometer
1
Standard thermometer is
used for calibration.
instrument with readings of standard
e
-
various temperature readings and
taking
Instruments are calibrated by
ub
thermometer.
registers the proper temperature
Length of Bimetallic strip is
simply adjusted so that pointer
-
2 Thermocouples
thermometer or liquid-in-gas
with another standard thermocouple or a platinum resistance
uT
It is compared for readings
thermometer.
temperature of 800°C.
be used to calibrate thermocouple at a
An optical pyrometer also can
Response of thermocouple is compared with
optical pyrometer
Thermocouple is placed in a solid box in a furnace.
Yo
reading
3. Flled system thermometers
standard thermometer.
Different stages of temperature of this meter are comparing witha
4 Optlcal pyrometer
Itis calibrated against a standard tungsten strip lamp. Lamps intemal temperature is knowa in terms of lamps curent:
Standard pyrometer can also be used to calibrate optical pyrometer.
Source of constant temperature used is tungsten ribbon filament lamp.

Awisadakidkala
wwnuya velnull ronyochnlG, Slhrigonda
Lbray,AccNo,
6sto Tomporaturo
nduatrlal Moaouromonta (MSBTE-8om 4-Eloct) 6-26 MoaouroMan
sh
5. Radlatlon pyromotor
Radiation pyrometer and two thermocouples are kcpt In the furnaco tme niar the back and 2 justabove
ahnus sighting
hole
near front surface.
But generally this pyromcter is calibrated by company standard optical pyrometer.
EE
ovayiguElone
Q.1 Define temperature. (Refer Sectlon 5.1)
Q.2 State the modes 'of hoat transfor. (Refer Sectlon 5.1)
ct
.3 Write a note on temperature scales. (Refer Section 5.1.1)
Q.4 Give the convarsion relation of temperature
scales. (Refer Section 6.1.1)
di
Q.5 Give the classificatlon of temperature measuring transducers. (Refer Section
5.2)
Q.6 Draw constructional details of vapour
pressure transducer (themometer) and explain its
(ReferSection 5.2.1). working.
Q.7 Give the advantages, disadvantages
(Refer Section 5.2.1(A)

re
and applications of vapour pressure thermoneter.
Q. 8 Explain bimetalic thermometer.

P
a.9 What are the temperature
measuring devicesby electric methods.
Q. 10 Draw shapes of themistors. (Refer Section 5.3)
(Refer Section 5.3.1(A))
-
Q.11 Draw the wiring

sketches of 3-wire, 4 wire
themistors. (Refer Section 5.3.1(C)
Q. 12 (A and
What is RTD ? (Refer Section B)
e
5.3.2)
Q.13 Drawconstructional detalls
and explain RTD. (Refer Section
5,3.2)
a14
ub
State theadvantages
ofPlatinum eslstaince themometer.
. Q.15 Draw a sketch of themocouple (Refer Section 5.3.2(A))
(TC) andexplain thermocouple
ReferSection principle (effects
Q:16 Givethe specification
5.3.3). : on which it works.
chart
of difrent themocouple
uT
Q17 Explainwithconstructon materials.(Refer.Section

the workingofthemocouple. 5.3.3(B))
as8Statetneadvantagsdsacvantaes (Refer Setion5:3.3(C))
a and applicatons
i9 Whatarethetyppsofpyrometors?(Refer ofthemocouple:(Refer
. Section 5.3.3(D)
Yo
a 20 xpai radiation typopyrometer,*

Section 5:4.1)
(Aefer Section5.4.2)
a.21 Give
tieadvantages,dlsadvantages
and applications
(Refer Section,5.4.2(A) öfradlatiöntypëpyrometer.
a.22 Explain withdiagram
the working of optical
0.23. Glve the advantages, pyrometer.
dsadvantagas
and applicatlons
of optical pyrometer.
(Refer Sedtion 5.4.3(A)
Chapter Ends.

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SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA

M.E (Electrical Engineering)

Electrical Engineering Department AISSMS TOrr,

with sketches the working Vacum.

Selectthe relevant pressure tnbe, ncfined Tabe,

2e. Prepare the specification Strain gau

troubleshoot the given

nmeter: Turdine fMow

the given type of lovel transducer.

Level Measurement Direct methods - Hoak

given application with justification.

Temperature and its Uaits, temperaturm

measurements Classifiçation of temperature measurng

Differentiato the salient features of tho a Filkd system thernnoneter vapour

given types of temperature transducers pressurd thennometer.

Sd. Select relevant temperaturo transducer for b tpansion therunoneter Biaetallic

di each block of Instumerntaicn Systemn

Syabus Topie: Transduce

Syilabus Pressure and its units, Types

(W-15, S-16). 4 Need of Pressure Measurements

and Digital Transducer. 2-3

U-Tube Manometer (S-15, S-16, S-17,

15 Resistive Transducer. ***************

Potentiometer (Shortly called as POT)

click here https://t.me/ALL_INDIA_POLYTECHNIC_AICTE

32.1 Types of Flow (S-15).. * *****************************nss.

Bourdon' Tube with LVDT, Bellow with LVDT, Diaphragm

3.3.1(C) Flow Nozzle

syllabus Topic: Specification of Electrical

Syilabus Topic: Variable Area Flow

3.3.2 Rotameter (Variable Area Flow Meter)

Syilabus Topic: Calibration of Pressure Flow Meter (S-14).

syllabus Toplc: Electrical Flow Meters.

24.1 Calibration of Pressure Gauges

3.3.3(C) Uitrasonic Flow

Reynolds number. Cassification of flow measuring transducers:

3.2 ****************************nees**apessntsusnsimun m°T|

Sylabue Toplo: Typlcl 8peclficatlons of Eloctrleal Lovol

Methods na oaurnoweneneoesosonengasi GP]6

Typlcal speclfications of 4.5.1 Calbratlon of Alr Purge Level 8ystem...17

Need of Level Measurement (S-14, W-14, S-16, W-16,

Sylabus Topic: Unit. AINLEURM

Classlfication of Level Measurement Methods (S-14,

Syllabus: Temperature and its Unis, temperature scales and

Syllabus Topic : Hydrostatic Type (Air Purge)

4.3.5 Float Method (W-15, S-16, S-17).

Syllabus Toplc: Capactve Type Method. Syllabus Toplc: Classification of Temperature

5.5 Orientation Table Specifications

and other components interconnected to

Instrumentation system basically has the main 3 components:

'measurand'. I delivers proportional analog electrical

signal to signal conditioner.

In this the signal is amplified, attenuated, filtered,

format to the output device

3. Output device : Transducer plays the important part generally converting

1.1.1 Block Dlagram of Instrumentation System

(MSBTE W-14, S-16, W-15, S-16, S-17, W-17, s-18)

click here https://t.me/ALL_INDIA_POLYTECHNIC_AICTE

Industrial Measurements(MSBTE-Sem 4-Elect) 1-2 Applications

S-15, W-15, S-16, S.17.21t

Fig. 1.1.1: Block diagram of Instrumentation System

1.1.1(A) Functions of Each Block of Instrumentation System

3.2 **************************neesapessntsusnsimun m°T|