Chapter 6

Basic Principles of
Electromechanical Energy
Conversion

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 6-1

Electric Drive

Electrical Electrical Mechanical

System Machine System

Motoring mode Pelec Pmech

Generating mode Pelec Pmech

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 6-2
Basic Structure
o Construction
Stator
Air gap

Rotor

o Multi-pole structure
S
N

N S N N S S
N

2 pole 4 pole salient pole

Sufficient to consider a 2-pole machine
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 6-3

Production of Magnetic Field

o Radial field (H,F,B) in the air gap is (t )
m =¥
q
H positive if away from the center magnetic
axis
o Using Ampere’s law, field r lg
is (t )
Ns
produced by the stator is,
N sis
Hs =
2lg
mmf acting on air gap Bs (t )
N s ismo
+
N sis 2lg
Fs = H s l g = stator surface
2 q
p 2p
& Flux density in air gap rotor surface p
0
N s is mo
- -
2l g
Bs = mo H s
2

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 6-4

Basic Principles of Operation

o Force on a current carrying conductor subjected to an

externally-established magnetic field

f em = B l i

o emf induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field

e= B lu

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 6-5

Electromagnetic Force
external B field
B

f em
l fem f em
i

1424
3 1424
3 resultant
subtract add

fem = B l i q Force Direction -

{ 123 { {
Higher concentration to
[ Nm] [Wb / m2 ] [ m] [ A]
lower concentration

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 6-6

Induced EMF
Force on positve charges +
fq +
fq = q ( u ´ B ) B (into paper)

In this example a net positive charge u

accumulates at the top and a net
negative charge accumulates at the
bottom fq-
-

Magnitude of induced emf

e =
{ B l u fq+
123 { {
[V ] [Wb / m2 ][ m][ m / s ] B (into paper)
Polarity of induced emf is given by f q
u
and is independent of current flowing
through the conductor

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 6-7

Application of Basic Principles

d
o Assumptions
u Uniform Bs , radial in direction
u Rotor current of constant magnitude wm
+ stator
but polarity changes with position ir er Tem magnetic
- axis
u counter-clockwise torque is positive
Electrical
o Force acting on the conductor system

f em = Bs ( N r I ) l
ir
and torque on coil I

Tem = 2 f em r = 2Bs ( N r I ) lr d
0 180 o 360 o
-I
er
torque remains constant as rotor turns E

o emf induced in coil 0

-E
d

Tem
er = 2econd = 2N r Bs lrw m r
0
d

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 6-8
Energy conversion
ir
d I
d
0 180 o 360 o
-I
er
Motoring + wm
E
stator
ir er
Mode -
Tem magnetic
axis
0 d
-E
Electrical Tem
system
0
d

ir
d I

d
0 180 o 360 o
-I
Regenerative er E
+ stator
braking ir er wm
Tem magnetic d
- axis 0
Mode -E
Electrical Tem
system
0
d

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 6-9
Power losses and Energy efficiency
o Motor losses
w Conduction losses, PR Electric Drive
w Iron losses, Phe 64444 4744444 8
w Friction and windage losses, Pfw
w Switching losses, Psw P
Pin Electrical
w Stray losses, Ps P Po
Machine
Ploss = PR + Phe + Psw + Pfw + Ps U
Po Po
hmach = =
Pin Po + Ploss

o PPU losses PPU Motor

w Conduction losses losses losses
w Switching losses
hdrive = hPPU ´ hmotor (80 - 90%)

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 6-10

Motor Ratings
o Safe Operating Area
Speed
Continuous
Safe Operating
Area

100% Re duced torque

due to lack of
cooling

0 Torque
100%

o Rated speed, torque and power Prated = w rated Trated

o Motor temperature rise due to losses
o Expanded safe operating area during transients and
for intermittent operation

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 6-11

Summary
o What is the role of electric machines? What do the
motoring-mode and the generating-mode of operations
mean?
o What are the definitions of stator and rotor?
o Why do we use high permeability ferromagnetic materials
for stators and rotors in electric machines? Why are these
constructed by stacking laminations together, rather than
as a solid structure?
o What is the approximate air gap length in machines with
less than 10 kW ratings?
o What are multi-pole machines? Why can such machines
be analyzed by considering only one pair of poles?

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 6-12

Summary
o Assuming the permeability of iron to be infinite, where is
the mmf produced by machine coils "consumed"? What
law is used to calculate the field quantities, such as flux
density, for a given current through a coil? Why is it
important to have a small air gap length?
o What are the two basic principles of operation for electric
machines?
o What is the expression for force acting on a
current-carrying conductor in an externally established
B-field? What is its direction?
o What is slot shielding and why can we choose to ignore it?
o How do we express the induced emf in a conductor
"cutting" an externally established B-field? How do we
determine the polarity of the induced emf?

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 6-13

Summary
o How do electrical machines convert energy from one
form to another?
o What are various loss mechanisms in electric machines?
o How is electrical efficiency defined and what are typical
values of efficiencies for the machines, the power-processing
units, and the overall drives?
o What is the end-result of power losses in electric machines?
o What is meant by the various ratings on the name-plates
of machines?

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