COORDINATE BOND .

/
Dative Sigma ( r) bond .

# Coordinate bind is
formed when

bum electron for bond formation

is shared
by any one
of two

bonded atom .

* It is also known as donor

acceptor bond .

e- Donor species → called as Lewis Base

e- called Lewis Acid
acceptor species → as .

# Coordinate bond is represented by

Tail -
Head

donor ( Acceptor)
 A pwwainakmg
is

H
n

/ lone
:

( pair )
t into
( Iso)
→

( !÷v⑦ )
i
-
H

⑧
⑧ Nny⑨

{
H ⑦

)
-
µ
IN
" →

NHy④ → 3 Covalent bond a one

coordinate Bond .

A- Gejf
BEE )
1×8
e-

i"
n
-

I Nsp;
+
sp
? '
-

F →

H
F
( Incomplete
Adduct
(Lewis Base) octet)
( Addition
( tenia
+
) ⑧ complex)
coordinate Bond
During

( h¥N④ III )
formation ,

Hybridisation of e- acceptor
-

sp } Sp's
changes while e- dong

remains same
 Find compound having coordinate
D)
Bmd .

① Coordinate Bund → octet Rule Based .

( lenis structure Based

112504
-
( 78 -
t

O: he :O :
'

→ Cv)
11 Tse
-

H -

O -
①
S -

o
-
H H -
E
.
-
S -

- -
-

H
H
⇐

X y
:O : :O :

(2 coordinate Bond
)
O ( 2,6 ) S =p ( 2,8 , 6)
before bonding .

How a.
H
t
.

Covalent
threaten
② 5oz ③ 503

'
'

- O :

See
. .
Il get
s s

if
.
-

- .
:
. to :

④ HN03 ⑤ Co2
iii.
-

H -
-

o
-
,

'
-
N' =
?
- l

=L .

:O :-O
⑧ H IN
No coordinate
bony
-
o -
-0
④

⑥ CO

:C EO : ④
'

EEE :

⑦ ay -
Nt ⑧ Cry - NE :

methyl isocyanide
 Ionic
'
.

It Electrostatic force of attraction

exist between cations and anions

are called ionic bonds .

IF Ionic bond is formed by complete

transfer of one or more electron

from valence shell electropositive
of
element to Valente shell of
element
other
electronegative
.

# Ionic bind also called as Eleetroraknt bond .

④ ①
rwmu of Nau .

①
• ④
:&
a .

:
Na : Na Ee
t.cl →

(218,1 ) ( 4837) ( 2,87

-1
/ ( 218,8)

Ionic bond

② tonic bind
Formation
.

of Mgciz :

of not
A \
'
O
U u
÷u in ; iii. my
-

:
.
+ + →

( 48,2 ) ( 2, 8,7 , fish 8) 8) (2/8,8)

(2,57)
 f( ormation
#

Condition favouring for Ionic bond

① Ionization energy electropositive

of
element Should be low .

② Electron affinity of electronegative

element Shuulb be High

③ lattice enthalpy ⑧ Lattice Energy

should be high .

lalticefnthalpyokol.at#EnersyDH)
Amount of Energy required to
break one mole ionic Solid
into cations and
gaseous gaseous
anion called as lattice Enthalpy
⑧ Lattice Energy .
Ez
: Naus, → Nu④g , t
agg,

Dr H = DLH ( Nau
)

f,
ti
lattice Enthalpy
Hut of
Reaction

Electro valency :( Er)

Total electron lost ⑧ total electron

gained by an atom
of given
element
during formation of ionic
bond called
is
eleetrorakncy .

• # .
.

Na Nau
t.cl : →

E VH-

EV -

-
I

O
q

24 ) Mgek
Mg t →

EV 2 Evel
-

-
Enthalpy
ffauwsaffectinglatticeeenersyll.am#
① L E
-

q z .
20

Z ④ charge cation
→
of
20 charge anion
→
g

② L E
-
a 1-
r④ too

r① radius Cah 'm

=
of
ro = radius
of Anion .

✓
④ tree = Inter ionic distance .

-11 T2
Nau CL E)
ee A- c
rnguz
-

A- NAU 7 KU (L -
E)

( O
to 0

HOCK F > Nh
U ng #
 Solubility of Ionic compound
in water
.

'm St St
ahhhh S -

" H - o -
H
" H

mM set d
u
,
Os -0
u St permanent
-

n
* lose sik Y no
-

dipole
.

! oh
" ' i

! y
i r
q
-

Hot
'
' - ,
'
i law ink
.
. .

t
Eoe
- - - -
,
.
-
-

St
.

¥ not,
-
-

t
St
-

n n

+ : : Iii ; in
iii. 9-
St Ho
i. "
I
n
'
n
'
Imam .
mmmm

④ Ionic compound are sombre in

water due to im dipole attraction .

⑦ When any compound like Nau .

is added to water each ion

,

Nato x UO gets Surrounded by

water molecules -
This phenomenon
is hydration Cif solvent is water
called
 it is
if solvent is not water then

called solvation .

⑦ During Hydration of ion ,

some

Energy is released which is

called Hydration Energy or

Hydration Enthalpy .

This hydration energy is med

to break ionic compound into
free ions .

Hence , Tonic compound are soluble

in water it .

→
- Hydration Energy > lattice Energy .

# Solubility a 1-
Lattice
Energy
# Solubility a
hydration energy .
 L E HE then compound
If 7 can
-

partially ( not dissolve in Wales -

Cf Ayu , Bason etc.

m -

precipitate

#-)
/
|HydratimEnwgycn
Factors affecting solvation Energy

① HE IS -

E A z⑦ 20 .

f II
charge of charge of Anim
can'm

② HEISE d
⇐ it
to )
d
radius g cation Yamin of
Anim
③
.

S E A dielectric constant solvent

of
-
Di-eleetneconstanti.lv
solvent to
It is
ability of
dissociate ionic compound into ions .

⑤
It is to
ability of solvent

separate cations and anions at

maximum distance .

Solvent Dielectric constant

H2O 81

63011 34

Cshfotl 27
l l

l l
 1

Example
Group -
I carbamates : (L -
E is dominating
-
factor)
change in L E but
U'④
is very high
Liz coz
-

×
Change in HE is
very Less .

NATO
Size
of cation Cr④ ) Tss .

Naz w3 X
y E -

trees
"
k④ kzwz
x
L E
-

Isas .

Rb④ Rbs coz u ¥

×
Solubility Tsb .

( STO
Cszwz
¥
Liz W3C Nazwzckzwzcrbies.CC sees
( solubility in water order
,

Group -
2 Carbonate : ( H E is
-

dominating
-
factor)

Bew, > > Laws 7 Srwz > Baw,

Mg w,

naming
size of Cah'm Mses ,
H E -
fuses ,
solubility Iss .
# For 6- -
E and G- I -
metal Sulphate
H E
-

is dominating Factor .

Hence Sohsbihty salt decreases

of
dorm group .

Liz Soy > Nazsoy > kzsoy > Rbzsoupcsusoy

( Solubility in Wales)
=
Be son >
, Megson > ca
soy > Srs, > Baby
( suinbnhty in water )

=
 -

Application of Hydration Energy :

④ ④
D U
.

C Nato C K L Rb④ c cs④

(4) (8) (8) Cg, a,

( Ionic radii)

life ,
>
Nate ,
>
KE ,
>
RE ,
>
98
,

C. Hydrated radii)

Hydration Energy (Hydration :

G-Is
=

U' ④ cars >

NAH, >
Kya ,
>
r.bg ,
>
CSI ,

GII:

Be2t9aystng2YayseaYay7srYOay7Ba2eO@ju.tO
7 Be2④ Isoelectronic
lb
-

⑨ *

he
( size)
Ionic
2e
-

siue a
1-
zltthmic
no )
 ①
Bet ④ > hi ( hydrated radii )
caq, guy,
Hydration Energy
)

FDTL .

Hydration Energy of
G Ilion)
-
7 G -
I Cim ,

Hydrating Energy a 1-
( or hydrated Radii ) sing kaseous.im,

② Electrical conductance .

Electrical conductance a tonic mobility

a 1-

Hydrating Ion .

① L
hi L Nh K①cRb④ LAO
as cars can cry
( Electrical conductance
 \

FAJAN's#E
# It Explain covalent
presence of
character in ionic compound .

#
According to
Fajan's there is

no compound which is 1001 .

ionic .

POLARISATION :
-

Ionic bond to
# is
formed due direct

combination cations and Anions

of
.

In isolated state e-
#
, density of
cation and anion are
symmetrical
.

When these ions other

approach each

positive cation pull e-

charge of
density anion
of and
simultaneously
repel nucleus
of Anton .

Due to these electron density

of both im gets distorted ( becomes
oral shape from spherical shape ) .
# This distortion
of electron density
of Anion by positive charge of
is called
cation polarisation /
polaris ability of Anion .

Due to polarisation , covalent character

develops .

= -

-
- -

-
-

-
-
- r

-
-
-
-

-
-

cation Anion

Isolated Ion ( No polarisation )

shape distorted
.

sphericalaonsd gets
e-
I -
-
-
. .
.
-
- - -
-
.
.

Cuh'm Anim

Both ions get distorted .

 POLARISATION A COVALENT CHARACTER .

polarizingpowerofcah.cn#
It is
ability or
tendency of
cation to distort e- density
Anion is known
of as
polarizing
power / charge density / ionic potential
cation
of
.

.com#caim}
polarizing power a
charge of cation

can'm
or
 F-alkrsaffectingpolarisutionof.AM#

① polarization Anion d I
of -

size cation
of
.

Small size cation has more e-

density
its surface than large cabin
'

over site

with Same charge .

Example
-
:

Belk Mguz Cause Srllz Back

->
Size cations Increases
of
'

polarisation Anim Decreases

of
- -

-
: covalent character Decreases -

cation = Bely ng 't least 1824 / Batt . .

-0
Anion = U
② polarisation of Anion A size
of Anion .

4- F lice ti Br UI

c
✓
V
Siu Cf Anim Tnereetes
vers
www.t ) polarisation
ionic of Anim increases
most
covalent
Increases
(more
i
.
covalent character .

Anion Su : IO > Bro > Uo > FO

cation = hi ④

③ polarisation Anion a
charge of cation
of

Nau Mgclz
#s
Charge canon Increases polarisation of
of ,

Anim Animates covalent character Increases .

Cation =
NATO C Mg
210
Ccharse ,

Anima UO
⑥ polarisation of Anim a charge of Anion .

My AIB C Ahoy C AIN ( polarisation)

t d l
L
F O
02
-

w't

cation = At -13
3
FOC Z
-

N
-

c
Anion charge : O

⑤ Inert
gas configuration of Canon :
H
cation have so in valence shell .

i → Valerie shell

egg
Nato
-
-=Mgt2= Mt's = is
'
!ss22p6
.
-

: se
we
-

K ④ = Cast = 152252 yob ! 352 3p6

- '

student Shen .

use
-

( see )
-
 pseudo inert electronic configuration
gas
of cation :

In Cle
H ca Ag
"8 Aw
outer Shen have 18 e-

EI i) 2h42
✓
= out =
1522522ps zszzpb ! 3d
"

28 e- I n =3
,
Valente Shen -_n=3

18 e-
I

④
Ii) Cd
Ag ys2upby
'

= = - - - - - - - - -
- . . .

Valerie Shell

( 18 E)

2① AUTO
) ng
5s25pd1°
Iii = = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
- - -

valence Shere

( 185)

Non inert gas Ec cation :

of
H
(18-12) e-

get ↳
-

Valente Shen Cn) = 2e

Ch D shell
-

,
 B C N

Al Si P
(18-12) e- system
II :
of Gra Ge as

commits Sn Sb

Tsod←TlHpbt2B
152 252 up
⑥
zpb 4523410 upto
Tlygy →

552 yd
"
Spb
352
652 4ft "
5d"
° '
Gp

Te ④ → 152 252 Mob 3523136 yes 23h10 Upto

" "
552 yd Spb 652 yfM 54 Gpo

Valente Sheil = 6 = maximum value

of @
( 652)
-

= 2e

Timer Shul Cnt ) = 6 -

I = 5th shell

55£ stplbtglo
¥
④
Tl =D (18-12) e-
System
-

0thpe : pb2④ , Bi3④

42
Sn ,
 polarising power 185 748-1235 > ⑧ e-

Latin
of

A) Give relative
polarizing power
of following cation .

1) Ag
④
so
240
Ba2④
to t t
18 e- System fee system te system
-

Ans :
Ag
④ 7 Sr 7 134270
Size doth c.
Baty
§ ( son > Ban)

④
2) ti
,
Mg2④ ,
M3④ ,
Beth

lcsizeqcan.cn#
cftchcsgeqcahin
Souuhm .

-
In S -

block =p Be2④ has maximum

polarising power
.

li①=Be4=umg2⑦
④
U C Be2④ ( dy
-

m3④

Mg2①=Alt3 o Be2④
L
( ¢)

-13 ' ① ①
7 At 7
Mg 7 hi
- -

⑦
su
of 4. z nng&④
( By diagonal
Relation)

size
gfu①cmg⑦) e­
 msznpl
=

③ Tl -13 7 Te
#I
(6) B→
A

① B G

(18-12)
-

18 e- e I

Te

⑨ Sight > Sn
-12

C
Do I
si
ist
48445
Ge

Sh 42

T2
Pb

Wimpy
cd2④ zn2④
⑤ Hg2④ -7 >

( 185) (Ise ) ( Ise]

2h

Cd

ng
f
group

Of L Zeff -
⑥ Bit's > pb2④ > Te④ ( O)

(18-145 ( 18-1235 ( 18+235

↳ period ⑥
ye① pbt2 Bit

pen¥ent
Ctsoeklmniy
Igor :

i
) Sn
-14
> MH y Sn
-12

e) See ( 1st 2) e-
-

( 18
 ApplicatimofFAJANSRUIEi.IO
#

Give icorrelt order covalent

of
character .

a) KBR KF KI KU
a) b) c) d)

a Ka KBR ~most
ntonic
compound
'
F-
wins::'m
polarisation Anion Mses
of
covalent character Mses .

Nacl
b) RBU Csu Ku Agu

Agu > Nau > KU > Rbd > CSU

Tse -

Te Je -

Te -

Fe-

( vcovalent character)

I
 Be Hz U' H
c) Magha

Beth WY ( covalent
7
Myth >
character)

01 ( Belt > Mgm >

city
AS , ol Thes
polarisation Thes
i. covalent character
d) Znuz Hgdz Cd 42
Increases

-11GHz
2h42 (
7 Cdclz 7 covalent
character)

OIC µg2① > cd2④ > 2h24 )

② Give correct order for Ionic
character
.

I -2 -
3

D Lif Liz O Liz N

TE
charge of Anim Increases ,

polarisation of Anim Increases ,

covalent character Increases .

i .

Tonic character Decreases -

liar > h2o > Lif Cura tent character)

Lif 7 420 > his N ( Ionic character)

Mg Fz Be Fz AIB lif

Lif >
nngfz > MF, > Betz
( Ionic character)
 r Rmp
v.
t
③ Thabi¥r :

caul :
=
polyatomic Anion

cog
"

soy
' -

Nog
-0
0150
egg , , , . . .

(oftoniclompoundpolarigsingcan.mg#(
⑧

Thermal stability a 1-

of a charge
(size )
2

Case .

Monoatomic anion

EI XO ,
Ho . . -

Thermal stability a Lattice

Energy .

Of Ionic compound

C- E q z 20
a 1-
rtotro
 Give Relative thermal
d) stability
order .

1) Group -
I ( metal turbinates )

lizloz Nazloz Kzwz Rbzcoz CSM

TF

size cation Increases

of
-

-032 polarising power decreases .

Anion Kt
litt Natl
.

cation
= Thermal stability Increases .

Liz ↳ C
Nasty L Kzwzc Rbzcoz L CEOs

( thermal stability order)

metal carbonate Metal oxide * wz

(Solid) ( solid )

Liz 63 D→ hizo t Wat

¢,
CS
b
most covalent character
e .
So decompose
 Mz wz F MI t lozt

where ,
M④=Nh④/k④/Rb④/cs④

↳ do not decompose as they

,

melt on Heating before decomposing .

Q) which one
of following metal
carbonates decompose to give ⑥z
on heating .

a) NG2W3
by virus
( Srbs
c)
d) Kzwz .
 Cmnp-IICmetul6rbmat#

C
Be wz L
Mg W3C Ca W3C Srwz Balog

( Thermal stability order

)

M
wz D→ MO t coz th

(solid) ( Sony

( m = Be
42
, Mgh ,
Cath ,
Sr
't
)
.
.

All Group -

I metal carbonate decompose

on Healing .

Reen :
polarising purer ( G I
,mental
7 G I etat
)
-
-

Be wz → Be O H WL T
Css
( most covalent)

Caws → Cao + Coz T

wz th
Mg loss is → MgO t
 D
Zh⑥3 → Those Thet

Pbwz -9 Pbo + Cost

metal oxide are

thermally stable .

They don't decompose easily, and

sometimes melt before decomposing .

But do
noble metal oxides decompose .

( Agl ng ) Ptl Au - -

EI D Agzcoz AKO t lost

( Silver carbonate )

↳ q > 300°C

ZAG t 42024

NERI
A9zw{s sages -11024+624
:

,
173W C
-

ii)
Hgcoz Ngo + lost

Ngo ng thou T
-

Netrin .

Hgw, → tigttzozttwvt
T#
② metal sulphate :( a- I
-

and G -
I)

metal
sulphate
£3 Metal oxide
tsuz In
1- 2h00
'

503cg, Suit 02T

Least covalent
G- -
a metal sulphate
g
Liz soy C Nazsoyckzsuyc Rbzsoyccszsoy
f ( thermal stability
most covalent
order)

D
Liz soy -3 lizot 502-1102
T > force 2

MzS0y b→ don't decompose at

High temp as they

Nathe Ipbtlcsy
.

Cmt
'
-

-_

melt before decomposition

 G -
I mend sulphate

Bessy L Mgfonccasoncsrsoyc Busy

order
( thermal stability ,

All metal sulphide decompose

on Heating .

nmgsoy MgO tsozttzoz

Bason -1¥ 13h04 So

,

assay T¥ mo + SO,

pbsoy ¥9 Pbo t so,

Agzsoy TC3 Ago -1 503

↳T > 30oz

2.
Agt 's 029
⑤
Casey
.

D viii ivan Iii aim Esri

#

size
of cation Mses .

LE trees

T s
-

d Ses

Li H > NAH 7 KH 7 RBH 7 GH

-
(Thermal stability)