Electromagnetic Induction

11.1 Electromagnetic Induction

 11.1.1 Describing Magnetic Fields

MAGNETICFLUX.DetiThemagneti.fi
eldstengthnormaltoasurfacemultipliedbythatsurt.ee are a ,

ofspaghettilrepresentsfiel lineslisconstantregurdlessofitspositi.no
˙

Metaphor : Amount

rhowspacedtheyare.si Ipaghtticbse
lspnead-outspaghttiknoma.tk
t.tn/numbuoftieldlinesis

flux 11
t.ge th
1 1

menmredin ( Wb ) Weuker
webers
SIongmagmti.field

magneti.f/dFlUXDENSITY.Def:Howclosetogetherthlinesane,
→ Flux is

→ Meamredi_Wb.m-2-te.la (T )
>
→
Equiuahnt t.magneti.field stength (B)
>

= B
> A

IFLUXLINKAGEFluxdensityifluxpermiturea.be
T.talnumbuoftimesanyfieldlinecrossesanyareaencl.se
t:

d by bops 、

→ Has symbol 4

Y = PN ⼆ BA cos ON

→ 中 = Flux → B : Flux density

Encbsedarea.IN
N coilh.ms → : # → A =

2N 3N 4N 5N 6N 7N 8N 9N

perpendicularcompomtistakeninto.account.thefrethe.is
•

Only

a cos 1 0)

istheunghthefieldmakest thenormaloftheplaneotthb.gs
Maget.it/uxlinkage → 0

.
o­
d­
 11.1.2 Changing Magnetic Fields

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE INDUCING EMF

by thepower supplypor
1.Movingmagetorcoilunitcha.ge
3
Det : Work done

chcmy
thetluxgoingthrough-Indcedemfiemtproducedbymayni.ci
,
→ Bth

nduction the coil ,

Changingmagneticfield.ca
Magneticfieldstrengthchangesgenerate.ci
→ n →

current .

asthemagnetmones.sameotherw.se

changingflnxlinkageinacoilinducesacurnentinthatci.li
→
Mone pecisely ,

>

Faradayilawofelectromaget.cinduction
0
:

Induced

e m t x n e g a t i ve r a t e o t c h a n g e o f m a g n d i c f l u x l i n k a g e t h r o n g h c .c o
→

nducting loop _

2.Changingarealui.nu rollingbar )

△
→
Barrollsabngtwocontact.in a constant
E = -
N
△
tmagili.field 。

→ E ⼆
emt → N = # coils →
Aneachemys.n.tt ield stength ,

→ △ 中 ⼆
Change.int lux
x
X X X X X X X

tiwe 55th
→
ot-chany.in X X X X X X X ✗ ✗

X X X X X
Gndnctingbar
X X X

X X X X X X thatr.lk
X x

X X X X X X X X X

了 ,
Coil rotating
→ Isùt constrainedbyendp.it
→
Roduus AC
 11.1.3 Lenz’s law
'

LENZ S LAW
LENZSLAV.Def.lenislawstatesthatthdinecti.no f indnced

t.keepmagnetmovinginaninhcedcurrentissuchastoopp.se
.
P.nu ⼆
power

loop.whichinducescumenT.thechangethatprohcesit.IN
Whentlux emf inhced
⼆ Fv
Recall :
changes is
•

→ Iiinduced current → vivebi.ly ofmagnet

E : I Vt
→
V-indncedpotentialdi.tt →
Fiforcenequined
→ E ⼆
electi.ca 1 → I =
Inducedcurnent F BIL
energy =
.
z

→
VInhcedpohilditf.tt ⼆ Inwhat t.me
V= E :
Bvl

All

ofthisstil obeysthelawotconsuvationWAYSTOEXECUTEofenergy.li
-

Moving magnet : → K
Emagu ⼆
Induced electricaleneryy ,

Applicationi
•

Magneti.ba/lthroughcoppntnbeexperiment.-)CumentinThecoil
>
→

willacttoopposemonement.tt hemagnet .
3 .

Rolling bar

→
Curnentwillfbwanticbckwiseifviewedt.nl eft . _ _ , _ . i r 。

i _ _ _ _ ˊ . ˙ 。

hohinfiguneab.ve .
ˇ _ _ . ⼀ . i r 。

- _ _ . _ . , .
?
i _ _ _ _ . , ˊ .

ˊ _ ˊ ˊ _ ' , ˊ ˊ

ouingcoili.in
2 .
M

.IM
agneti.field
Similar t.themo.in
gcoil Inducedcurnentgsescbckw.se
。 .
→ →

˙ ˙

comingout.fi
- , ˊ _

. ˊ _ _ _

becuusefluxlinkageisincneasing.A.eu
(A)
i.r.tk )
. 。

ˊ I ' i _ i
page
。 . . 。 . ,

N turns
4.
Rtatingci.li

Whenloopmovesintotield.magneticfluxlinkagoutotpage.in
→

cneuses ,

acbclcwiucurnentwil beinduced.li?cneuteopposingmagneticfie
→
Inexampteab.ve ,

1 d)

(
bckwiserotation-fluxlinkc.ge
Indncedcunentwillbeincnease.hn
→ →

left toright cbckwislviewedfro.ms )

l­
11.2 Power Generation And Transmission
 11.2.1 Generating Domestic Electricity

PROCESS

的
Recalli Flux linkagei

中 ⼆ NBA cos 0

→ N.BA arealc.int

( HANGING THE EMF

Oisthonlythingtha changes.theretonegc.ph
→

is 0

Ways T.in cneasei

yaph
1.IncreasethenumberofturnsincoillNI.Farada.is
a cosine

4 2.Incneasemagdi.fi
,

Tamplitude
law Emf induced eld (B)
strength
: in a

d中
cbsedciru.it =
dt
⼆
gadient otgmph 了 ,
Incneauaneaofci.lt A)
Ttequency
d
bdow : & E 4 ,
Makecoilspinfashr.in cneasing
" 0

dt
↑ amplit.de
d ( NBA A)

P
cos
{ =
dt
t
,

AVERAGEPOWER

P =
IV ⼆
IR ( Risconstant )
dlcoso )
.

E = NBA
dt
→ Form of y = siix

→ ○ ⼆ wt
B D F
IiR
i i i
i
( ⼆ ⼀
WNBA sinlwt ) i.i.ir 7 , ( y
'
(

i I
)
A ( E T.me (七)

→
Peakpwer ⼆ Ii R (I ,
⼆
peak current ) :
Io V,

→
Areaundergaph-Areamderredline-Eelectri.nl
Paeag ⼆点 IN.it I
2
⽇
。
R

Iwerage ⼆
立坊
⼆
⾄ ⼆ ⼯…
} ( rimeansquwe )
,

Vaueray 位 沿 ⼆ ⼆
管 ⼆
Vrms

" Vrms
的
Resistance = ⼆
I, Irms

Rootmeansquarelrms ) A(

orcisthevaheotdinectcurrentoremfabletosupplyeqi.ua
˙
⼗
。 an

ht
power
t­
 11.2.2 Transformers

WHATISITFOR.hhtatansfovmerds.es:2
TW?circuitsplacednexttoeachother:
HOW IT WORKS

Chunges outmt voltage

min
→

mm "" ⼤
哪
⼀

Highvoltageisneededtotransterpoweracrosslongd.is
→

tances
-
,

→
Thingsathomed.it needthat

l.Whenswitchiscbsed.ci 1 I
generatesa magnetictiel d. much.ro Hage

thatdecneausthevoltage.in
,

-
wu… … n_n 叽 -
Ratio of # ofcoils determines ratioot

primaryemtandsecondaryemfi2.hhnswitchopens.tl
↳ Induces emt throufh coil 2 ,

switchestotheotheri.de
uxlinkageinsecondc.si/Ep=NpEs Ns

3.
hhnswitchisturnedonandoffnepeahd.ly :
Step-uptran.fr meri A transformer
·

^
Emt Tumon
thatincneausthevoltc.ge .

→ Has
highr pōhtialditfuence
>
T.me acrosssecondary coil 。

Turnsff
˙

Step-downtran.to rmeri A transformer

→ Flat sections
ns.chcmgeincurrent 。

…… … … … … __ __

→
Suae shcpeiminimizes energy
loss across
secondary coil 。

→
Magretictluxbetterdli.us Becuuu Vp Ip ⼆
Vs Is ( Ideally )
˙

in iron .

E
Np Is
IF-idealtransformer.ES
p
= =

Ip
N
會 賽 : S.
EFFECTOFHI.CH VOLTAGE

ACpowernpplytoconstantlychengethfluxlinkay.in
5. Use

second coil curnatmoreheat bss

In long cubles →
High
˙
。

.TV ↓I ( Bwer constant ) lowerheatl.si

Rimary
⼆ →

winding Secondary
winding USES FOR TRANSFORMERS

→ Aboue
,
coilswrappedo.tk ccnter 。
( Moreeffi.int ) ·

Step-dswnvoltagtoavoidpplfrombeingekctr.cn在 d.

Incneasecurrenttohelpinnelding.ro
→
Ironcorelaminahilinsheetsinsulatedtomeach.tk ) 。

Usedtoneduceiddycurnenti-scausescoret.hu &
Sendpowertoppllikey.sn up .
˙
me ,
 11.2.3 Creating Direct Current

WAYSTOSWITCHI-Half-wavenectificati.sn

ns.metniinnn-i-nonanmnn.
niiiiormu
wnunnerf
" "" "
→
Usesudi.de lonlyallowscurnentinone-direct.sn )
"" " " "- … … 「

→
NegativesectionsofACwavearerem.ve d. dk
-
+
-3A di.de

Voltage

ii) Result

2. Fullwaverectificci.sn

→
Becausehalf-waueissoinett.ci ent 。

Usesadiodebridgetoreversenegativepats.ACR.nfAdi.de
→

8
可 bridgecircuit
r

3 .
Add capacitors
Usedtoachieveamuchsmo.hr
)
} Result

→ DC output
→
kindofliketemporarybattei.es ,
→
AHACisconnehdir.to DC ,
butnotconstant 、

→
Discharges exponentiallyz

Voltage

inprovebylargecapaci
Stil ml erimkntscori
nfihgph .hipnh g
>
> T.me

→
chargesanddischarguh.fi 11 valleys

thegruphtortull-waverectifi.ation 。
d
n

dapacitorcharged _

nr-n-e-ne-r-e-i-re-e-e-e-ne-ne-e.ee/Discharge
_ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _

T
Rechages
>
:
>
T.me
11.3 Capacitance
 11.3.1 The Construction Of A Capacitor

CAPACITORS ENERGYIN CAPACITORS

Bhntialdiffeunceisthenergyperunitcharge.by
•
Def : ( omponmtsthatstorePEelectr.ca 1 ˙
Recall :

storingcharge.VE E
Q
Capacitors
exist ostoreelectrostati energyandsupplythisenergyvhnn.ee
3

ded .
·
(
onsidergaphbebwilAssumeconstantcu.nu⼗)
是
•

t
_

Chargesina i
→ ( ⼆
sbpelm ) =

ifbrokencirco.it
+
,

i + 1

⼆号
1
-

,
→ V i. E ⼆ VQ

i
,

i. i
Ǐ -_- -_- -_-

Areamder 之 ( Energy
⼗ 三⼗ nithacapai.hr i → ⼆ QV )

I 是 E 立 V2
Chargesina
˙
→ ( i. (

iii.
-
⼆ =
,
>
t
qqtoq Q
t

t i
cbsed circnit ě

iiii
withacapacitorCAPACITANCE-lurmentcanstil fbwwhenth.ve
Considertigurebebwotasimplitiedcapacitoi.in
is a break 的

the circuit ,

hhntillingoneplatewithekctrons.initially →

→ Not steady ,
small.andshortint.me 。

_
itwsuldbeeasy.bntthemsreelectr.ms th

monethywouldnepel.ca
→
Incneasingcapacitorplatesizecanincveo.se A

dwil distortshapeotehcticcsdtields.al owingmoreehctronstoj.in

pacity ,
andcanincneaseth.at cur nen ⼗、 →
Rcneasing
a

→
Symb.li

cxACI.us L platewithoutbeingnepelhd.tl?memadecapacitora(C=capaci tance

A-areaofplatei.didistancebeheenplates.c-perni.tt
-⼼
( C.iledfo.mn

在 ) :
听 A
了
… " " …

Alunniumfoil c = E
d

permittivityoffneespace.DE
E, :

Ammnt

ofchargestoredbyaTHEDIALECTRICcapacitorwhpotentialdi.tt
: ( apacitance ⼆

。
⼆ IV 。

capacitanceltarads F)
→ (⼆ •
Def :
Somcthingwithalargemmhrofelectricdip.la
Q
( =
v
→ Q :
charylcoubmbs ) thatcanalignwitheach.tw ,

dip.hhasasmallehctrictieldinthoppositedirectiontotheehectri.fi
→ V =
phntialditf.lu?HsV) → Each

eldofthplahs-Reducesphntialditterencebetwnthplat.to
rthsame.am
charge ount of 。
c­
 11.3.2 Capacitors In Circuits
COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS

CAPACITORSINSERIES.Incneaseinanea-Capacitance.in
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL

Pihtialditterenceisshanedbetweencapaci tors.nu
˙

cneases

V. +
⼆号
V2
, ⼆点
C.
,
4
Ct ⼗
。
⼆
Ci ⼗ Cz
→ ( t.tt

的
Same applies t.mu/tipleparalhlcapacitors. 1
i
Ctot c.
⼗
i
G
呵
Same applies t.mu/tiplecapacitorsinseries

j
。

…
c. Cz

ō
P N

I
>

G
 11.3.3 Charging And Discharging

CHARGINGACAPACITOR-Ifthereisnonesistance.ca
pacitorschargeinstantane.us/y. Ittheisresistance,wil hanetime delay as curnent decays ,

n
n

>
,
>
, DISCHARGING A (APACITOR
T T

Without nesistanceltheoretica 1) Withnesistance lexponntial decay ) T.dischargeiletthecapacitorbethponus.me

.

T
•
3

Examplei
T
· R

1in
S R
( resistor )
ˇ
-

m A
(
lcapacitor )

A.hhnswitcl.is cbudi →
Ascapacitordischarges.li IR

0Q
→
Ehectronsinitiallyfbwatahifhspeed.hn
→
Curnent ⼆
Rateotchangotfbwotcha.ge ⼆

t.io
△

Q "
gaduallysbwsasthplatesbec.me moneand ot
=
R

Q
? ⼀
△

morecharged.IM chinitiallymcha.ge d) → i C = _
ot
⼆

⽇
Electrons sbwdown i. I ↓
元
Q =
Qoe
vn Vacrossl

o
TIME CONSTANT
i
Vacross R
•
T.me constant = RC
>

(
Time
→
Symb.li T līau )

VR = Vcell V : IR Q = Q

(
-

,
c

3
deriudeuci.ms : V_V
( Yeii V1 。

I =

R 主
I = If

Q
V 元 Wh
V V
'

= -
e
。
T.is aneterencei.me i
t = T = RC : = E = 0,37
cell cell _

→ Atter RCsecondsthcapacitoris37t.ch arged

End Of Chapter 11