Goal: Bonding

Objectives:
1. Let's do what we can.

1. What is more important to you?

a. My grade in the class
*b. Getting a passing AP test score s
c. Equally important

2. Which of the following elements is most

electronegative?

QwE
a. Cl b. P c. Br d. Ru

3. Which of the following compounds would

likely be ionic?
Agenda:
a. CH4

not ①
b. CuZn c. NaBr d. ClBr

,
1. Thoughts & Daily Q

two,
:¥¥;i
2. Notes: Ionic & Metallic
con Bonding

HL: Practice
Just checking that we are on the same page...

-
Forces?

[ 7

The type of bonding and the IMFs are heavily dependent on the
electronegativity of the atoms involved- you should know that already.
Let's Talk Ionic Bonding.
- Electrons are (typically) pulled from a metal onto the nonmetal forming two
=

_↳mi
distinctly opposite charged ions.
-

- The larger the electronegativity difference, the more

ionic the bond is. !
itire
-This fills the outer s & p orbitals. ,
paws
my
\

- The positive charged ion is the cation = metal.

- The negative charged ion is the anion = nonmetal.
on

+
3D
Bonding Arrangement: .

÷
Crystal lattice- 3D repeating .

patterns where the ions are at a

minimal distance.
-
Catt ice)
The lattices are rigid & inflexible so "

=
they break when force is applied-
making these compounds brittle.

Strength of Attraction Between Atoms: Very strong (due to +/- attraction)

€

Melting & Boiling Points:

High due to the difficulty in breaking apart the lattice structure.
I #
 Coulomb's Law:
The attractions between ions are represented by Coulomb's Law (below). This
tells us how strongly attracted they are, AND provides an understanding of the
energy required to separate the atoms.
of ions
charges
E= 2.31 x 10-19 Jnm(Q1Q2/r)

)
① ① ↳ radii

getter
Notice - This is proportional to 2 things...

[1. As Q (charges) increases - attraction increases.

- -
lprimfiiiforningtf.ee)
2. As distance between atoms (r) increases - attraction decreases.
# €
Question 1: What is the bond energy of CaCl2 given a bond length of
0.167 nm? KE

2.31×10-1914%442=-277×10 8T
-
'

E ( -

repel)
-

attracts ft ( )
-

Question 2 : Which ionic compound below would have the strongest

bonds? and
→ greatest,
to break
3rd

÷÷:*
"
.

a. LiF b. BeO c. CaO d. CsCl

charge Yadin
"
tigchargelfge.tirratd.us nest
- .

- radii
Question 3: Which compound above would we expect to have the lowest
boiling point? -

→ Csu
lwefohendstsuberc.m)e
Lattice continue... (lol)

Lattice Energy = k (Q1Q2/r)

The lattice energy (energy to

break these guys apart) is
based on Coulomb's Law -
also proportional to Q and
inversely proportional to r.

Notice that the distances in the lattices above are shorter for MgO...
#
Why? C- Nae vs
Lemgo
④① ① ②

Lattices are broken down in polar Ho

-

solvents- this has 2 implications.

orrie.pt#mopnortant
Itf
-

÷÷t
1. Ionic substances conduct

⇐ ignition
#

"
due to the ions in solution.
-

2. Energy
e-
changes occur
during this process (more later)

: in

that "a¥¥Ew )
 ?

O
went The bond length and energy
- -

to break a bond can easily

-

be given by the graph at

right. [ . -
-
"
?00pm
•

attractmoviongwards)
. - - '
. .
,

As atoms are brought closer

together they attract, but
when they get too close they
•
repel. This lands them at a
"happy medium" - this is their
=
most stable state aka where
they actually bond.
↳7ek¥¥÷:D
Places of Note:
1. Lowest place on the graph = most stable state ( bond)
>4pm)
x= bond length ( ex :

y= bond energy ( ex -436 wtfnol) :

2. Repulsive section (between y-axis & the stable state)

= too close so atoms repel
3. Attractive section (to the right of the stable state)
= atoms too far apart so they attract.
 Question 4: Which of the following correctly indicates whether the solid represented
by the particulate model shown below conducts electricity and explains why or why
not?
Xa. It conducts electricity because it is made of
positive and negative ions.
ionic 't
X
b. It conducts electricity because it is made of
particles of different sizes.

O
c. It does not conduct electricity because its ions
cannot move freely within the solid.
-

d. It does not conduct electricity because there are

small spaces between the particles. ?
-

Question 5: Which of the following can be inferred from the diagram that shows the
dependence of potential energy on the internuclear distance between 2 atoms?

length O
a. The atoms form with a bond length of 75 pm
75 -
-

: X
b. The bond energy of this bond is 300 kJ
:
c. The force between the atoms is attractive at
:
-

75 pm.
§
-- e -
:@
-- -
n

d. All of the above

Question 6: Which of the following ionic compound pairs would have the most
exothermic lattice energy?
F- greatest
t2
L
' -
l - I
t
a. LiF vs CsF b. BaCl2 vs BaO

smaYIstraofrkkrtadii-biggeratgenr.jo '¥fgeILarge .
Metallic Bonding: Electrons exist in a "mobile electron sea".
=

These electrons are delocalized meaning they

~~
can move from
atom to atom.
-
free#
voltage
↳ → →

→ →

The delocalized electrons account for the conductivity of the

-

metal as well as its malleability and ductility.

# atoms can slide
past each other .

Alloys: a mixture of two molten metals.

⇐
- Can be homogeneous (brass/bronze) or heterogeneous
(solder/amalgam)
There are two major types of alloys...
.

- Substitution Alloy: metals with small differences in atomic

¥
radii. (less than 25% difference)
Example: Cu + Zn - similar area on the PT
- Interruptions in the bonding of the metal lead make it
harder for the atoms to slip past each other. This
leads to less conductivity but more tensile strength.
one

- Interstitial Alloy: When one atom is less than 60% of the my

.

radius of the other metal - the metal "solute" can slip into the
-

holes between the other metal's lattice.

-

Example: steel - Fe + C (mostly Fe)

- Similar interruptions continue also hinder conductivity but

I
increase strength. =
 Question: To make Au stronger and harder, it is often alloyed with other
metals such as Cu and Ag. Consider two alloys one of Au & Ag and one
of Au & Cu. If the Au/Cu alloy is harder than the Au/Ag alloy, then which
of the following is the best explanation based on the information in the
table above?

a. Cu has 2 common oxidation states, Ag only has 1

-
b. Cu has a higher melting point than Au, but Ag has a lower melting
point than Au has.

O
c. Cu atoms are smaller than Ag atoms, thus they interfere more with the
-

displacement of atoms in the alloy.

d. Cu atoms are less polarizable than Au or Ag, thus Cu has weaker
interparticle forces. T

tiny
→
Question: A mixture of molten Cd and Be is made in a lab, which image
below best represents the resultant alloy?
sub
-

inter ①
A B C D←
v

req metal thionic

.