solid state

Types of solid

I > On the basis of force constituent particles

among
.

a > Molecular solid

i > constituent particle molecule

ii > Force of attraction Non polar→ Dispersion force

Polar Dipole Dipole, H
bonding
→ - -

iii > Non

conducting
-

in eg
soft
Nonpolar
-

Iz ,
✗e
,
CGHG , Cclyg, Very ,

low M.P
very .

Polar -
H -

Cts, , 502 ,
S
Firs, soft ,

low M.P .

Polar (H bond) His ] 1131303 Hard ,

-

Cs,
-

Low M.P .
 (b) Ionic solid

( is constituent particles →
Ions

Iiit FOA → coulombic force (F =

K%¥)
Ciii) Good conductors in
Aq .
& molten slate

but poor conductor in solid state .

Civ ) very hard & Very high M.P .

KCI 2ns Cscl etc

eg NaCl Nazcoz ,
.

, ,
g
.

(C) Metallic solid

( it constituent particle → metal ion at fix location

in a sea of e-

( ii) FOA → Metallic bond

fiii ) Good conductor in solid as well as molten state .

Civ ) soft to Hard

& low to
high M.p.

eg. Au Ag , Ni Cu etc .

, ,

(d) Covalent or network solid

( it constituent particle Atoms

(ii) FOA covalent bonds .

Liii )
Generally Nonconductor ( exception graphite)
(ix ) very high MP
.

&
Generally solid Chard) ( exception graphite)
↳
C(piamomd) ( SiC (carborundum)
,
(graphite) ,

Si Oz ( silica ) AIN etc .

,
 2> On the basis of of Particles
arrangement .

Isotropic Physical prop . will have same value in diff .

direct?

Anisotropic diff direct?

Diff .

physical prop . in .
 • •

lattice ←• .
>
point . .

• 0

unit cell
Ife
Lattice point Atoms of a solid are
represented
(• ) to study particles in 3-D
by
a
• •→ lattice pt .

> '

nika
.

• '

•
-

Space Lattice Lattice The

regular arrangement
of lattice pts in 3- ☐
.

representing the solid is

called lattice or space lattice .

• •→ lattice pt .

• → space lattice .

Unit cell Group of lattice pts which on

called unit cell

repetition form whole lattice is .

→ unit cey

A lattice type of
Note can have more than one

unit cell .

umitcei ,
m%→
 ID & 2D lattice
lattice
(A) 1- Dimensional space

< , , ' y - - l l - y - - , - 1

I
Uniformly separated lattice points in 1- D.

only 7- parameter is needed

to describe .

(B) 2 -

Dimensional space lattice

> square
Rectangular 4) Parallelogram
I 2> 3> Rhombus
lattice _→ Lattice Lattice Lattice

b
° o

• • co • • ,
q
9
" a) ✗
9.x •
M •
•
b
°
°

↳ b a #b
a=b
a=b a =/ b ✗ =/ go
✗ =go°
✗ =/ 90°
✗ =go0

Unit cell in 2D
5> Hexagonal
lattice I> peeemitixe
b. at
lattice pt only
a

Having
-

-4 .

0 0
•

.
•
corner .

a=b -
(simple )O O
✗ = 120°

Non peemitixe Having lattice pt.at

corner as well as body centre .

O O
o → Body Centre Square .

0 0
 *

'
|

Olethoechombic Rhombohedral
Tetzagonoy Hexagonal

CT OR HMT

SC All
Ceystal system
BC CT 0 (In First 3)
Fc C o

Ec 0 M
 Unit cell in 3- ☐

simple Cube (SC )

-91¥ →
corner

Atoms at all
are
Corriere

2) Body Centene ( BC )
→
cozy

I 1
Body Body
Centre Centre

Atoms are present at all corners &

Body centre .

3) Face centre C-c)

Atoms are present at all corners & Face

centres .
4) End Centre ( E C)
•
Atoms corners
are
present at all
as well as
any 2 opposite face centre .

Contribution of lattice point in unit

Celi

3
! 2
03 Corner 8

÷#¥¥#¥¥%÷
Ease i.

6
.
Face
6
•
5 6
5 Face centre
>
at Face
Atom
centre is shared
• in 2 unit cell
equally ••\ Cosner Point
Atom at corner
i. Contribution
is shared in 8 unit cells
'

in each =
-{ Part equally
Unit cell
% Contribution
in each
unit cell
=
Yg part

>
Edge centre

/
•
Atom at
Edge
centre is shared
in 4 unit cell
equally
i. Contribution
in each = 1- Part
Unit cell 4
 Effective no . of atoms (2)

1) simple
2> Face 37 Body
centre centre
cube

V
corner
Ygthatom at
corner
YÉ
"
V

atom at
Face centre
Yzatomatygnatom.at
coiner ( ) Body Centre

8 corners .

Gfaces 7- atom at
8 Corners
.

g corners
.

centre of body .

2--1-8×8=1 2=1-8×8 -121×6=4 2=18×8+1--2

9- 1)
'

A FCC of # & 'B atoms , where

arrangement
B' atoms
'

&
'

A' atoms are

present at all corners

are present at all Face centres . Find the

simplest formulae of unit cell .

sÑ
'

A All corners B All face centre

A
f- ✗ 8 1 B 1-2×6 =3

Foeomulae of 133 =ABz

'

.
.
unit cell = A
,
02=7 If in Q No I 7- Corner ¥ atom
.
.

, & 1-

B'
'

Face centre atom is

missing , then find new

formulae of unit cell .

face
solution> A 7 Corner B 5 centre

B
5×1-2=5-2
=
A = 7- ✗
Ig =

Ig
=

AIG Bag
^

- .
A- 71320

If in Q No I 1A & 1B are
exchanged
.
.

,
,

then find new formulae of unit cell .

Solution A =
7- corner B = 5 Face centre
+ +
7- Face
centre 1- Corner

17=7×18+1×12 B =

5×12+1×18
¥
'

¥
= =

"

Aig By An 1321
•
-