→ the process of electroplating involves :

o metal that we 're coating the object with as the anode

•
Object that's being coated as the cathode
•
electrolyte has to be a solution of a compound that involves the
metal at the anode
↳ e. 9 .
if we were coating in silver ;

' "
+
T 7 .

chat + ze → CU ( anode)
SILVER A COPPER
cathode becomes plated
•

•
SILVER NITRATE

→
things that go through electroplating include :

o
jewellery
steel with tin
•
cans

↳ because tin is corrosion resistant ,

so it doesn't react with the
food inside
→
the process of copper refining involves
•
the impure copper is at the anode
•
the Pure copper is at the cathode
•
electrolyte is a solution of a compound that involves copper , commonly
copper sulfate
•
the cut in the electrolyte will be attracted to the cathode to go
,

through reduction ( CUZ + + 2C →

Cu )
°
as the electrolyte gets used up ,
the an odd dissolves ,
adding more
copper ions to the solution ( Cu → Cust +20 )

o impurities will collect at the bottom

→
two electrodes must be two different metals and the electrolyte can be an ] Acid
,

solution ,
alkaline solution or even a
salt solution
other further apart on the reactivity series the two metals used are ,

the bigger the charged created .

→ when you heat hydrated copper 1111 sulphate blue powder turns white
,

→ when you add water to anhydrous copper 1117 sulphate, the white powder sets hot

and turns blue

→
all nitrates are SOIUBIU
→
all sulphate are soluble except lead 111 ) sulphate barium sulphate And calcium
,

sulphate
→ all chlorides are soluble except lead 1111 chloride and silver chloride
→ all carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble except ammonium potassium and sodium
,

salts
→
soluble salts are formed when a metal or metallic compound reacts with an
acid
↳ they've normally made through the crystallisation method , but
 -

When K Na and ammonia included , the must be

, are compounds
added to an acid through titration
→
insoluble salts are made with two insoluble salts
↳ e. 9 .
silver chloride can be made from silver nitrate reacting
with sodium chloride
Agt weakly , Nat and a
-

and Mos are

-
•
the attracted the

are attracted weakly

and
+ -

•
when the 4 10ns mix together to CI attract strongly and
,

forms ASCI
• Hat and NO
attract weakly and remain In solution
,

→ flame tests are done by dipping a clean nichrome wire into the sample and
"" " am " "
holding it over a roaring blue flame ep.IN ; Yam; will obstruct the colour of

↳ lithium Is crimson
↳ sodium is
yellow
↳ potassium is lilac
↳ calcium is orange-red
↳
copper blue green
-

is

NGDH NH }

✓ ✓
PRECIPITATION REACTION 2

A ✓
test for cations add sodium hydroxide ✗

a Ppt c ✓
blue
°
forms
-

copper
o
iron 111 ) forms a green Ppt
•
Iron 1111 ) forms a brown Ppt
•
zinc forms a white Ppt add excess sodium hydroxide
oppt dissolves it more is added
'
calcium form a white Ppt add excess sodium hydroxide
•
no reaction to excess

forms white ppt

add excess sodium hydroxide
-
aluminium a

appt dissolves if more IS added

test between zinc and aluminium add aaueoui ammonia
•
both will form a white ppl add excess aqueous ammonia
•
zinc 's ppt dissolves if move is added this is
o
no effect it move is added + or aluminium ammonia

test for
r
if
ammonium

present ,
ions

a chowing
add sodium hydroxide

gas will be produced

✓
☐
will turn red litmus paper blue to get rid
of any carbonate
testees a- ions

•
test for halides = > add dilute nitric acid .
then add silver nitrate
+
)
-

°
chlorine will have a white ppt LAG t CI → Aga is ,

will Ag Bris ) )
-

( Agt
'
bromine make a cream Ppt + Br →

yellow Ppt 1 Agt →

Agt cs ) )
-

iodine will make a

0
+ I

☐
test her sulfate 18042-7 add equal amnt of dilute HCL , then barium
 nitrated
°
a white PPT will form

15032 ) add
-

0
test for sulfite equal amnt of diluted ACL ,
then heat gently
•
sulfur dioxide will be given off
10032 I add dilute HCL
-

°
test for carbonate
☐
gives off CO2 ,
will turn limewater Milky
test for nitrate 1h10 , ) add dilute sodium hydroxide , aluminium foil
-

and heat gently

o ammonia gas given off ltet with red litmus rarer turning blue)
→ Heating metal hydroxides
↳ hydroxide goes through thermal decomposition -2
↳ Products are oxide and water except Na and K

→ heating metal
↳ carbonate goes
carbonates
through thermal decomposition
#
↳ products oxide and
are carbon dioxide
→
heating metal nitrates
↳ goes through thermal decomposition
↳ Na and K form nitrites and oxygen Instead
↳ products are oxides , nitrogen dioxide and OXYGEN
turns into pzo A

and
CO2 and 502
gas reFYfo1id
→ steel Is an alloy made of iron carbon

↳ molten iron is added into a blast furnace 9 T ]

•
02 Is added to remove Impurities like C S and P
,

↳ Cao is also added .

Which turns Sio into slag

↳ carbon is then added ( amount depends on the tyre of steel )

→
water Unification
•
take from clean sourced sticks particles
•
screen to trap large particles together
•
add a coagulant
↳ flotation tanks help the coagulated particles to float to the top ,
and

the coagulated particles are skimmed off the top

•
filter to remove smaller particles
•
add chlorine bacteria
xenia

→ sulfuric acid Is made through the contact process

0
SUHVW IS added to oxygen to form sulfur dioxide
↳ St 02 = 802 (g)

o the sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide in

1502+02
'

a reversible reaction - 250s )

↳ vanadium ' V1 oxide is wild as a fatalist ,

and the OPTIMUM

temperature is 450° for this exothermic reaction

 •
the sulfur trioxide produced will react With preexisting sulfuric acid

to produce oleum -

↳
so , + Hzsdc, →
11-25207
°
and then the oleum Is reacted with water -6 form sulfuric acid

↳ 5211-207 + H2O →
211-2504

→ condensation polymerisation always involves 2 Monomers and will form

1 polymer well as molecule
,
as a small