GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2: INTERMOLE 1st M. 2nd M.

Example
CULAR FOR
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER CE (IMFs)

LESSON 1:
1. ION - ION Ionic Ionic
NaCl ---NaCl
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE, SOLID, LIQUID (IONIC BONDING CA
SE-TO-CASE IMF)

2. ION- Ion Polar coval

DIPOLE ent
(IONIC BONDING CA Na+ --- H20
SE-TO-CASE IMF)

3. HYDROGE 2 Polar covalent with

N BONDING high E. O,N,F) H20 --- H20

4. DIPOLE- Polar co Polar coval

DIPOLE valent ent HCl ---HCl

5. ION- Ion non-

INDUCED DI polar coval Fe+2 --- O2
POLE ent
I. Intramolecular Forces are the forces that (polarizible e-
cloud)
hold atoms to form a molecule.
6. DIPOLE- polar co non-
Types Formed between Charge Exampl INDUCED DI valent polar coval H20 --- O2
e POLE ent
(polarizible e-
cloud)
Transfer of
electron Formal Na - Cl
7. LONDON non- non-
IONIC Charge [+, -]
[Metal and DISPERSION polar co polar coval Cl2 --- Cl2
Nonmetal] FORCE valent ent
(polarizible (polarizible e-
Share of electron Partial charge e- cloud) cloud)
[Cation (+)
[Two or more with Ag, Au,
METALLIC Metals] delocalized/fr Cu
ee electron (-
)]
Share of electron

[Two or more Partial charge

Nonmetals] [δ+, δ-]
Polar:
COVALEN TYPES BASED H2 0
T ON POLARITY:
1. Polar- unequal
sharing of Non- LESSON 2:
electrons polar:
O2, Cl2 PHASE CHANGE IN STATES OF MATTER
2. Non-polar-
equal sharing of I. PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
electron
Liquids are:
 Close to each other
II. Intermolecular Forces are forces between  Have moderately a high density
molecules.
Prepared by: Von Cyrelle C. Daliva ; Revised/Modified by:Sir Peter John Delfin, LPT (2024)
 Have low compressibility and thermal  Pseudo-solids/supercooled liquids
expansion  Ranged melting point
 Most exist as liquid in a room temperature  Isotropic – same response in any
 Surface Tension is the force that causes direction/same physical properties in
the surface of a liquid to contract. different directions.
 Water, in particular, has high surface
tension due to hydrogen bonds. 2. Crystalline Solids’ atom arrangement is
 Temperature affects surface tension. definite and organized.
 Viscosity is the ability of the liquid to flow  True solids
and/or the liquid’s resistance to flow  Sharp melting point
between the molecules of a liquid when they  Anisotropic – different response in any
pass each other. direction/different physical properties in
 High resistance, high viscosity different directions.
 High temperature, low viscosity  Has repeated units that form a Hexagon
shape.
 Vaporization is the state change from liquid
to Gas, while the opposite is condensation.
2.1 Ionic Solids have + and – ions held
 Includes evaporation and boiling
together by electrostatic attractions (ionic
 Gas and vapor are similar but not the
bond e.g. NaCl).
same
 High melting points
 Volatile liquids tend to evaporate faster  Brittle
than water.  Insulator (solid form)
 The boiling point of water is 100 C  Conductor (molten form)
 Molar heat of vaporization is the formation 2.2 Covalent Solids contain a three-
of liquid to gas with the addition of heat as dimensional network of covalently
form of energy. bonded atoms.
 Heat of vaporization is the amount of  Diamond
heat needed to vaporize a given  Very hard
amount of liquid at its boiling point.  High melting point
II. PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS  Poor conductors
 Graphite (exception)
 Soft
 Electrically conductive
2.3 Molecular Solids are formed through
covalent bonds.
 Soft
 Low to moderately high melting
point
 The The unit of crystalline solids is  Poor thermal and electrical
called unit Cells. conductivity
 The structure can be subdivided into simple  Ice, table sugar
and closed-packed packages. 2.4 Mettalic Crystals are the uniform
 In a Closed-packed structure, the the gap distribution of atomic nuclei within a sea
between the particles is called a void. of delocalized electrons.
 High melting points
 Malleable and ductile
Types of Solids  Good conductors
1. Amorphous Solids’ atom arrangement is PHASE CHANGES (Solid, Liquid, Gas)
not organized as definite pattern.
Prepared by: Von Cyrelle C. Daliva ; Revised/Modified by:Sir Peter John Delfin, LPT (2024)
  Solution- also known as a homogeneous
mixture characterized by a uniform
composition.
 Solute is the component that is dissolved
by the solvent
 Solvent is the component that dissolves
solute

TYPES BASED ON THE PRESENTS OF

WATER IN THE SOLUTION
Aqueous Solutions Non-Aqueous Solution
ENDOTHERMIC EXOTHERMIC
Contain water as the Do not contain water as
Evaporation Condensation solvent the solvent
 Absorb heat  Release of heat TYPES BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE
 Liquid to gas  Gas to liquid IN THE SOLUTION
 Boiling water  Warm air touching
cold surface Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated
Dissolve Dissolve The dissolved
Melting Freezing
solute is below solute is at solute is above
 Absorb heat  Release of heat the saturation saturation the saturation
point point point, and
 Solid to liquid  Liquid to solid
 Ice placed in a  Putting water to additional solute
room temperature freezer gathers at the
bottom.
Sublimation Deposition
TYPES BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE
 Absorb heat  Release of heat IN THE SOLUTION
 Solid to gas  Gas to solid
 Placing Concentrated Diluted
albatross/moth More solute, less less solute, more solvent
balls to a specific solvent
room
TYPES BASE ON CONCENTRATION OF
SOLUTION IN TWO AREAS (in relation to Tonicity)
 Triple Point- It is the point at which all
three distinct phases of matter (solid, liquid, Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
gas) coexist
Inside is more Inside and Outside is
 Critical point- a point where liquid and gas
concentrated outside the more
are indistinguishable.
than outside cell has equal concentrated
______________________________________________
the cell. concentration than inside
LESSON 3: the cell.

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
TIPS: When converting standard
measurements, you may use the mnemonics:
Solute + Solvent  Solution Kay Hirap Daw Magbake ng Donut Cake at
Mamon (K H D M D C M)

Prepared by: Von Cyrelle C. Daliva ; Revised/Modified by:Sir Peter John Delfin, LPT (2024)
  Weak acids and bases are generally weak
electrolytes.
Examples:
HCH3COO ↔ H+ + CH3COO-
NH4OH ↔ NH4+ + OH-
Nonelectrolyte is a compound that does not
ionize in solution at all.
 Most molecular compounds (covalent
bonds) are weak or nonelectrolytes.
Colligative Properties
 Vapor pressure lowering
Psolution = Xsolvent (Psolvent)
 Boiling point elevation
∆Tb = Kb x m x i
______________________________________________
 Freezing point depression
LESSON 4: ∆Tf = Kf x m x i
 Osmotic pressure
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION ∏ = MRTi
 Electrolyte form ions when water
dissolves and can conduct a current  The pressure of the vapor phase above the
(conductivity). liquid at this point is called the equilibrium
vapor pressure
 Dissociation is the physical change that
occurs when the ions in the solid separate
and disperse uniformly throughout the
solution.
 Strong electrolyte is considered to be
completely ionized in water.
 Most of them are ionic compounds and Tonicity
few molecular compounds.
 They tend to supply ions to the aqueous  Hypertonic – a solution with higher
solution better than weak electrolytes on solute concentration.
nonelectrolytes.  Hypotonic – a solution with lower solute
 Mostly, they have strong acids and concentration.
strong base  Isotonic – a solution with equal solute
concentration.
Examples:
Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules
KCl  K+ + Cl- through a semipermeable membrane from the
MgCl2  Mg2+ + 2Cl- side with pure solvent to the side with the
Al(NO3)3  Al3+ + 3NO3- solution.
 Weak electrolyte are ionic compounds
not completely ionized or dissociated in NOTE; Please refer to our module for further
water. explanations.

Prepared by: Von Cyrelle C. Daliva ; Revised/Modified by:Sir Peter John Delfin, LPT (2024)