SOLID STATE =

Matter :
has
Matter is any substance that mass

and takes up space Try having volume .

Physical classification of matter :

properties solid *
Liquid
* *
Gas

shapes
size

Volume

MPSBP

Inter
Molecular
Force

Inter
Molecular
Distance

Kinetic
Energy
 Type of 's solid : -

Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

1) Regular shape Irregularshape

2.) Have sharp nap .

Have range of rap .

3) Have definite heat Do not have definite

-

of fusion .

heat
of fusion
.

g. Anisotropic in Isotropic in nature .

nature .

5) Different physical same

physical
property indifferent property indifferent
direction . direction .

> < ^ 7

c s
>
L J
u
>

layered stereo Uniform stereo

6) Long range order short-range order .

7) True solid pseudo solid

egmoleuelausolidi-Benzae.ch
Acid
supercooled liquid .

jconecsalid KNO
'

Quartz glass Rubber

→
-

}
>

co valent solid ssioz

Plastic Glass
- -

.
,

Metallic solid '

- Cee
 Types of crystalline solid :
-

solids deviated into 4

crystalline are
pants
on the basis of chemical bonding of the
constituents atoms .

valent Tonic Molecular

* MP →
.
co -

> > Metallic

>
solids solids solid Salic

* Graphite is good thermal conductordue to giant

conductor ( due
structure as well as electrical
presence of unpaired
to electron .

* Diamond is good thermal conductor but no

electric conductor ( no free electron

.
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 Unit cell
smallest unit which can
repeat
itself over
again and
again to form
lattice •

Lattice points
unit cell

• •

• •

• •

• @

'
Lattice

lattice : -

Three di mentioned arrangement

of constituent particles in a
crystal ,
where

particle is depicted as a
point is called
lattice •

* on the basis of classification of symmetry ,

the lattice have been deviated into

'

systems
'

>
.
Parameters ( How unit cells are formed ) .

'

total
'
6
There are
parameters •

^
a- b. c > Interradial distance Y

2 ,
Br > Interracial angle

f)
re
a
>
# x
eg
-

p
Cube
Lz
a=b=c

✗ =p =
✓ =
qo°

Types of unit cell

Primitive (simple cubic cell)
1.)

2.) Non -

primitive
② centered cubic cell )
( Bcc
Body
④ Face centered cubic cell / Fcc)

④ End centered cell ( Ed

'
'
Brava is lattice ( unit cell ) → 19 Brava is
lattice '
Unit cell on lattice
smallest unit which can

repeat itself over

again agmd again
to form lattice .

Building Lattice
Room → Unit cell .

Type of unit cell ( only in syllabus)

① Primitive 1 simple cubic cell)

④ Non -

primitive
centered cubic
@
Body unit
cell
④ Face n ' '

Geometry in a Cube : -

* No .

of corners =
8

* No .

of faces = 6

* No .

of edges = 12

* No of cube centre
.
=
I

* No of cube diagonals
.
= 4

* No of face diagonal
-
= 12
Parameters ( How unit cells are
formed)
there are fatal 6 parameters -

parameters → a
,
too interracial distance

→ Interracial angle
→
& Buy .

^
y

2¢ :p
r

E #a→ £
p
'

Geometry depend upon a- b-

2 C

s boss r .

egg
cube
, a= , 2--8=-8--900
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Crystal Axial Axial Unit Example .

System Distance Angle cell

sc Need ,
Cubic a=b=c h=p=V=90° zinc
3 Bcc
Blende
Fcc
,

Cee

Rhombohedral :
a=b=cy=p=f -1-9 I SC calcite
ltrigonal
Ngs
Sc White
:
Tetragonal 9--61--04=8--8--9 2
Bcc
Tin
snog
1- ios

n : .
Zno Cds
8--1200 ,

Sc

a.
Fcc sulphur
EC KNO]
Basore
Monoclinic a-1-bt-ch-r-gi.SC Monoclinic
2 Ec
B -1-900 sulphur
Nbgsoqilotko
Triclinic a
-1-61=041--81--81--9 : ISC
Kaira,
•
Cersoq
•

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 Unite cell 's

1.) Simple / Primitive / Basic unit cell :

-

* A- unit cell
having latticepaintonly.at
corners called as
primitive unit cello

t-tnthiscasethereisoneatomatea.ch of the
eight corners
of the unit cell considering
anatomatonecarnereasthe center .

Touch -
• ar

&•É •

• • -

Lattice paint

Go _☒

1.) 8 atoms at 8 corners .

2.) sharing of
corner
-1g
3) Effective noofatomsinoneanitcell ,zeff=8Xtg
4) Co-ordination No .=6 1 T£
1
or Nearest neighbours I
yr rl
' '
sj Relationship between aledgelength
fat,
andnadiuscfatomlr a=2r
 2.) Body Centered Cubic cell ( Bcc)
1- unit cell having lattice paint at the body
centre in addition to lattice point at every
corner o

1) 8- atoms at 8 corner and Latam at

body centre
.

2.) Sharing of corner

=tg
sharing of body centre = I Cyct contribute
asian
3) Zeff =

tg ✗ 8 1- I =
2

4) Co-ordination no .
= 8 LATTE Hatori
tower dsd
' '

and
'
r
sj Relation between a'

← edge length → &

diagonal =J2a
'
'
face
,
•6
g

7pm
g
>
Body =
Fsa at
diagonal
pioÑ
T.az
i
r =
3.) Face Centred Cubic Cell 1 Fcc )

1- unit cell
having Lattice point at every
face centre in addition to lattice point
at
every corner called as
face centred

unit cello

1.) 8 atoms at corners and batons at face centre

2.) sharing of corner ¥ -_

sharing of face centre 1-2 =

3) Zeff =
8 ✗
f- +1-2×6 =P

4) c. N =p + a -14=12
in
& face centre
¥ face centre
-
←
4 corner neighbour unit
in same unit cello
cell •

'
5) Relation between a' and 's '

r Face diagonal = V2 a
r
r r

ar -_
Fa

r=r¥
4) End centred Conly in orthorhombic S
-

Monoclinic
Nota cube

* 8-atoms d- corneas
+
batons at opposite
*
face centre .

Packing Fraction or
Efficiency : -

% p F. Zeff ✗ Area Calamy

✗ too
. =

1in A. unit cell

2
D)

% p .

f. =
Zeff ✗ Volume atom
•

✗ too
1in 3 D)
Volume
unit cell

% void =
too -

% P Fo
-
☒ case -

f →
( for simple cubic)
sphere
% Pif =
Zeff ✗ atom
-
✗ 100
Vane't cell

=
I ✗
F- list ✗ 100
_az

=
✗ too la=zr)

ftp.fo-%3F#--Ixloo--S2t9o%0aid- 1oo-s2.to1.- 47r60/o

•

* case -2 → ( for BCCI

% Pif
2×1133-11-03
=

✗ too

811-13.11-83
f- %-)
=

✗ too

1¥
=

T3j ✗ too =
68%

% void =
100 -68% =
32%
* case -3 LF.cc)

9.
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FF - =

✗ too

1611-1,11-83
f- %)
=

¥2 )
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%P .
F. =
77010

% void =
too -79% =
26%
 DPP- 01- SOLID STATE
NSEC/JEE/NEET Mridul Pandey
1. Which one is called pseudo solid –
(A) CaF2
(B) Glass
(C) NaCl
(D) All

2. Graphite is an example of –
(A) Ionic solid
(B) Covalent solid
(C) Vander waal's crystal
(D) Metallic crystal

3. Amorphous solids -
(A) Possess sharp melting points
(B) Undergo clean cleavage when cut with knife
(C) Do not undergo clean cleavage when cut with knife
(D) Possess orderly arrangement over long distances

4. Wax is an example of -
(A) Ionic crystal
(B) Covalent crystal
(C) Molecular crystal
(D) Metallic crystal

5. Crystals which are good conductor of electricity and heat are known as -
(A) Ionic crystals
(B) Covalence crystals
(C) Metallic crystals
(D) Molecular crystals

6. Iodine crystals are -

(A) Metallic solid
(B) Ionic solid
(C) Molecular solid
(D) Covalent solid

7. Which among the following will show anisotropy-

(A) Glass
(B) Barium chloride
(C) Wood
(D) Paper

8. Which is covalent solid-

(A) Fe2O3
(B) Diamond
(C) Graphite
(D) All

Answer Key-
1. B, 2. B, 3. C, 4. C, 5. C, 6. C, 7. B, 8. D
 DPP- 02- SOLID STATE
NSEC/JEE/NEET Mridul Pandey

1. Which of the following statements about amorphous solids is incorrect?

a) They melt over a range of temperature
b) They are anisotropic
c) There is no orderly arrangement of particles
d) They are rigid and incompressible

2. The number of atoms present in a simple cubic unit cell are :

a) 4
b) 8
c) 2
d) 1

3. The crystal are bounded by plane faces (𝑓), straight edges (𝑒) and interfacial angel (𝑐). The
relationship between these is :
a) 𝑓 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 + 2
b) 𝑓 + 𝑒 = 𝑐 + 2
c) 𝑐 + 𝑒 = 𝑓 + 2
d) None of these

4. The melting point of RbBr is 682C, while that of NaF is 988C. The principle reason that
melting point of NaF is much higher than that of RbBr is that :
a) The two crystals are not isomorphous
b) The molar mass of NaF is smaller than that of RbBr
c) The internuclear distance 𝑟c + 𝑟a is greater for RbBr than for NaF
d) The bond is RbBr has more covalent character than the bond in NaF

5. The axial angles in triclinic crystal system are

a)𝛼 = β = 𝛾 = 90°
b)𝛼= 𝛾 = 90°,β  90°
c)𝛼 β  𝛾  90°
d)𝛼 = β = 𝛾  90°

6. Crystals which are good conductor of electricity and heat are known as :
a) Ionic crystals
b) Covalent crystals
c) Metallic crystals
d) Molecular crystal

7. Iodine is a
a) Electrovalent solid
b) Atomic solid
c) Molecular solid
d) Covalent solid

8. A metallic element has a cubic lattice. Each edge of the unit of cell is 2Å. The density of the
metal is 2.5 g cm-3. The unit cells in 200 g of metal are
a) 1 × 1024
b) 1 × 1020
c) 1 × 1022
 DPP- 02- SOLID STATE
NSEC/JEE/NEET Mridul Pandey

d) 1 × 1025

9. The number of atoms (𝑛) contained within a simple cubic cell is :

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

10. Which of the following statements is not correct?

a) Molecular solids are generally volatile
b) The number of carbon atoms in an unit cell of diamond is 4
c) The number of Bravais lattices in which a crystal can be categorized is 14
d) The fraction of the total volume occupied by the atoms in a primitive cell is 0.48.

11. For a covalent solid, the units which occupy lattice points are :
a) Atoms
b) Ions
c) Molecules
d) Electrons

12. Metallic crystalline solids :

a) Have low melting point and boiling point
b) Are bad conductors
c) Are good conductors of heat and electricity
d) Only conduct heat

Answer Key-