The solid state

t
-
is that stale of matter which have definite shape,
definite mass and definite volume .

Solids
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid
is Definite
shape is irregular shape
iil Melt ast shark and in Indefinite meting point .

Characteristic temp .

iii ) iii ) They may be compressed

They are
rigid and
.

incompressible
isotropical
.

iv ) These are
in These are and so tropical
in nature
in nature
v )
. Also called True Solids v) These are pseudo solids
or super cooled liquids .

e.g Diamond, cu, NaCl et

e.g Glass plastic Rubber eh
,
,

Isotropy Anisotropy
Those substance
Those substance
which show same properties
which show different
em different direction
properties em different
direction .
Classification of crystalline solid
Space lattice : 3-D
arrangement of const .

particles
is known as space lattice
.

UNIT CELL : smallest

repeating portion which
repeat over and

again to make space lattice .

Lattice Point
The atoms ,

ions or molecules
which are present in
unit cell .

Crystal parameters
There are six parameters do
unit cell .

edge length → 9. b. a

axial angle →
d. Bil
Seven type of crystal system

cubic a --b=c
4=p=q=9o
.

Tetragonal btc d=B=oy=So

'

a -_

Orthorhombic at btc a- Beg -_ go

.

Monoclinic atb # C 9--9=90 :B -490

'

Hexagonal btc a :p go 9--120

.

a' -
-
,

Rhombohedral a=b=c 9--0--9=1 go

.

Triclinic attic Afp # y# go

.
 Unit cell
,
I do

Primitive Unit Non Primitive

cell unit cell .

In which const particles which const

In particles
.
.

at corners
are present only are present at corners
•
@
•

6$ as well as at some

Hoff
.

• • ⇐
•
•
other position
• O • o

£-6 •
•
•

→ Simple cubic → B. C. c → f. C. c → E. C. C

Particles only Particles at Particles at Particles at

at Corners corner as well corner as well Cosner as
as face centre well
as
body centre
end
as
centre
2--8×1=1
8
8xtg-lxf-28xtgy.tl/tg=48Xtg+zxlz =L
PACKING EFFICIENCY : It is the percentage of total
space occupied by the sphere
in a unit cell .

Packing percentage : Volumeofspheie × too

volume of Unit cell

SIMPLE CUBIC :
a -
-
Ls

Packing Y

-8
of atoms in
No
.

se
-

VIX too
Xfg =L v. O U
-

Vol oft sphere

G- To 3×100
.
c
,
guys
Vol .

of Unit cell =a3=8o3

88352.4 y.
FACE CENTERED CUBIC :
9=41 Packing 't -_V Hoo
VI v. O.O

No of atoms in F. CC
1631483
-

Xloo
811Gt -16×1=4 -

64N
Yo 't 94 spheres --4X§sTr ] 2712
void Unit cell
-_a3=⇐zy3 74T .
BODY CENTERED CUBIC !

In which const .

particles
,
are present art corner as

well as body centre

9=41 Packing Y
-53
.

4.0€ xloo
V. O U
No -

of atoms in B.cc -

8Xtg +1×4=2 G- Hrs

2 spheres → 100
Vol of
6483=2×511483
.

Its

Vol
of United ' 684
a3µ¥p
.
.
 Packing efficiency of Unit cell

ya
of atoms
go ?Lohr
.

I 9=4%5
I a=2r

CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURE : .

Packing of const .
particles
should be done in such a way that maximum space
has been occupied and minimum space remains
vacant

(i ) close
packing in L D
- : when every sphere touches
two other spheres , $
making a linear type Str -

C. N → 2
cii , CLOSE PACKING IN TWO DIMENSION :

I
do to

square close
Hexagonal close

packing Packing

Every sphere touches four Every sphere touches

other sphere and
making six other sphere and
a
square type Slr .

making a
hexagonal type
Str .

c. N = 4 C. N=6

Packing 4 . = 52.47 .

Packing 4 .
= 60.44 .
 CLOSE JACKING IN THREE DIMENSION :

Hexagonal close cubic Close

Packing chop ) packing Cccp)

I layer is vertically aligned •

I
layer is vertically
with II layer and II layer aligned with TI layer
is
vertically
aligned with IIlayer is vertically
II layer aligned with I layer
and II layer is vertically
aligned with VI layer
 Packing y 7ft packing to 744
-
• -
-
-
-
. . .

•
2n ,
Mg , Mo etc .
.

Ag , Ay , Pt etc .

•
C. N = 12 e
Con =
12

VOID OR INTERSTITIAL SITE :

empty space remains
between sphere after the
packing of the sphere
is called void interstitial
or site .

*
Trigonal void

# Tetrahedral void
¥*o. .

# Octahedral Void
TETRAHEDRAL VOID : These are the holes surrounded
by four spheres .

c. N t

no
of particles N =
.

no .
of tetrahedral void = IN

OCTAHEDRAL VOID '

. These are holes surrounded by

six spheres
c. N 6

no .
of particles = N

void
no
of octahedral 2N
-
- -

(O ORDINATION NUMBER : Number of nearest

neighbors
-

of any constituent particle

is known as co ordination
-

number
Ce C. N =L .
.
RADIUS RATIO RULE :
It is the ratio of radius of cation
to the radius of anion .

Radius Ratio = Radius of cation ( rt)

Radius of Anion co )
-
DENSITY OF THE UNIT CELL

ZXMNAXA
d- -

Z= Number of atoms per unit cell

S.c → I B C C -72
- - f. c. c -74
g ,

M -
- Molar Mass or atomic mass
a =
edge length
MA =
Avogadro 's constant ( 6.022×1023,

Q .
A copper crystal has F- CC Str Atomic .

radius of
copper atom is 128pm Calculate the .

density
of copper C At .

mass of copper = 63.5 )

pyo
.

-
so , ,

AWE for fcc 2=40

z -
-
A- or a = IITs
gig
-
"
a -
- 2×1.614 X 128pm = 362 pm 9=362×10 cm
 D= ZXM
4×63.5
8 -991GB
-
- =
" A XA
C. m)3× 6.02×1023
'
( 362×10 "
-

Q .
An element with
density II.
2glc.ms forms a fcc
lattice with 4×10 8am
edge length of Calculate
-

the atomic mass of element

the .

pyd-2c@T
Any Given
, D= II. I glc.ms 2=4
A =
4×10 -
8 c. m NA -
-
G 022 XCO
-
mot
-
I

M= ?
M = dXa3_XNA
z

= ii. a X (4×10 -
8) 3×6022×102 ?
108g
Imola
Q .

Chromium tryst allies in bcc Str If its

.

edge length
is 300pm find its density Atomic mass
, -

of Cris 524
PYO 2019
-

Any Density Cd )
2XMa3X
=

NA

= 2×52

(300×10-173 X ( 6.022×1023 )
=
2×522 = 6 -

3991C .
his
27×10-24 X 1023×6.022
IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS :

Any deviation from the

perfectly ordered
arrangement of constituent particle in a

crystal is called imperfection or defect

POINT DEFECT
irregularity
This defect arise due to the
of point one .

LINE DEFECT !
This defect arise due to the
irregularity of line .

Interstitial defect
Vac any defect particle
,

when any
when
.

any
missed ion occupy
from
interstitial
the lattice
site .
Schottky $ Frenkel defect .

IMPURITY DEFECT

Arise when foreign

atoms are present
at lattice site

e.g Aga Srclzgcdclzete

, .

METAL DEF . DEFECT

Arises when metal

shows variable valency .
METAL EXCESS DEFECT :
,
I 4

Due to anionic vacancy Due to cation excess

'

A negative
ion is
missing
from its
lattice site
leaving
a hole which is occupied usuallyarise when
metal oxides are healed
e@ maintain
.

by an to

electrical neulrility .
*
go
¥8
as
Be
&

$
Str .

of Ionic Solids
NaCl Cscl , Cafe ,
Nat ,
2ns
,
,

Tt Nau

f ↳ No .

of ions per unit cell

U
-

Nat
I
,
t
cations ( Nat) Anions CUD
.

Octahedral F. c. C
= It 12×1 face + Corners
Void
4
6×12+8×1
[ Body =
1+3
8
3+1
centre
= 4 = 4
+

edge CN Nat
centre)
of = 6

U 6
-

=
 Cscl Str.
fluorite Str .

1- Cars , Mgk ,
Srf
,

Cl
-

Cst CAIT f
-

te
I,
te v
f -
C C -
Tetrahedral
Body Corner void

centre
c.
Nefesh-
8
C. N U
g
-

= 8

of Cst ion I C. N
of cast 8
-

no
-

=
.

no
of anion =L F
-

--8XIg 4
-

=
Anti fluorite Str .

2ns Slr .

Na O
,
2h24 S2 -

02
-

Nat I ↳
I 1-1 half of f. c. c
all Tetrahedral
f. c. c Tv star .

Voids

C N
C. N
of 2nd -1=4
of Nat 4
-
=

C. N Sd -

4
of
=

c. N 02
of
-

=
8