ONE DAY

REVISION

]
TB
Revise All the Concepts in a Day
Just Before the Examination...

[II
● Solid State
A solid is defined as that form of matter which has I. Primitive Unit Cell
rigidity and due to which it possesses a definite volume
and a definite shape.
Classification of Solids
N
(i) Crystalline solids They have systematic and
regular arrangement of particles. They have sharp
A These are of seven types :
(a) Cubic
(c) orthorhombic
(e) Rhombohedral
(g) Triclinic
(b) Tetragonal
(d) Hexagonal
(f) Monoclinic
RA
melting point. They have flat faces and sharp
edges. Sodium chloride and quartz are typical II. Centred Cubic Unit Cell
examples of crystalline solids. (i) Simple cubic unit cell or primitive unit cell In
(ii) Amorphous solids They have unsystematic and which particles are present only at corners.
irregular arrangement of particles. 1
∴ Number of atoms per unit cell = × 8 = 1
On the basis of different binding forces, crystalline 8
solids are further divided into four groups (ii) Face centred cubic (fcc) unit cell In which the
IN

particles are present at the corners as well as at

(a) Molecular solid or van der Waals’ solid,
the centre of each face.
e.g. I2 (s), H2 O(s), etc.
1 1
(b) Network solid or covalent solid, e.g. ∴ Number of atoms per unit cell = × 8 + × 6
8 2
graphite, diamond, etc.
=4
CH

(c) Metallic solid, e.g. Fe, Cu, Mg, Co, Al, etc.
(d) Ionic solid, e.g. NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, etc.
Crystal Lattice
A regular arrangement of the constituent particles of
crystal in the three-dimensional space is known as
SA
(iii) Body centred cubic (bcc) unit cell In which the
particles are present at the corners of the cube as
well as one particle is present at the centre within
the body.
1
∴ Number of atoms per unit cell = × 8 + 1 = 2
8

crystal lattice or space lattice. There are only 14

Closed Packed Structures
ONE DAY REVISION

possible three-dimensional lattice known as Bravais

lattices. The constituent particles in a crystal lattice can be
packed in following three steps
Unit Cell (i) One dimension Simple close packing (or linear)
The smallest portion of the crystal lattice which when (C.N. = 2)
repeated in different directions, generates the entire (ii) Two dimension Square close packing (scp)
lattice is known as unit cell. (C.N. = 4) and hexagonal close packing (hcp)
Unit cell is broadly divided into two classes : (C.N. = 6)
●Primitive unit cell ●Centred unit cell (iii) Three dimension From 3D scp layers or from 3
hcp layers. (C.N. = 12)
 02 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

Seven Primitive Unit Cells and Their Possible Variations as Centred Unit Cells

Axial distance
Crystal system Possible variations or edge Axial angles Examples
lengths

Cubic Primitive, face-centred, a= b=c α = β = γ = 90° NaCl, zinc blende (ZnS) and Cu
body-centred
Tetragonal Primitive, body-centred a= b≠c α = β = γ = 90° White tin, SnO 2, TiO 2 and
CaSO 4

]
Orthorhombic Primitive, face-centred, a≠ b≠c α = β = γ = 90° Rhombic sulphur, KNO 3 and BaSO 4

TB
body-centred,
end-centred
Monoclinic Primitive, end-centred a≠ b≠c α = γ = 90° , β ≠ 90° Monoclinic sulphur and
Na 2SO 4 ⋅ 10 H 2O
Hexagonal Primitive a= b≠c α = β = 90° , γ = 120° Graphite, ZnO and CdS

[II
Rhombohedral Primitive a= b=c α = β = γ ≠ 90° Calcite (CaCO 3 ) and HgS
or Trigonal (Cinnabar)
Triclinic Primitive a≠ b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90° CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2O, H 3BO 3 and K 2Cr2O7

Number of Voids Imperfections in Solids

●

●
Number of octahedral voids = Number of particles
present in close packing (N)
N
present in close packing (N)
or, Tetrahedral voids = 2 × octahedral voids
A
Number of tetrahedral voids = 2 × Number of particles
A solid consist of an aggregate of large number of
small crystals. These crystals have defect in them.
These defects are of two types: Point defect and
line defect.
Line defects are the irregularities from ideal
arrangement in entire rows of lattice points,
RA
Packing Efficiency
It is the fraction or percentage of total space filled by the whereas point defects are the irregularities or
particles, i.e. Packing efficiency deviation from ideal arrangement around a point in
a crystalline solid.
Volume occupied by spheres in the unit cell
= × 100 Point defects are further classified as :
Total volume of unit cell
(i) Stoichiometric defects Point defects that do
Number of Radius not disturb the stoichiometry of the solid are
IN

Type of Coordination Packing

atoms per (r ) called stoichiometric defects (intrinsic or
unit cells number efficiency
unit cells thermodynamic defect).
Simple cubic 1 (ii) Non-stoichiometric defects Those
1 a 6 52.4%
unit cell 2 imperfections in the crystals, which lead to
CH

Body change in the composition of solids are called

3
centered 2 a 8 68% non-stoichiometric defects.
cubic unit cell 4
(iii) Impurity defects Arise when foreign atoms
Face are present in the lattice site or in the
centered 1
a
interstitial site, e.g. solid solution of CdCl 2 ,
4 12 74%
cubic unit 2 2 AgCl.
SA

cell
Schottky Defect
ONE DAY REVISION

(a = edge length) A stoichiometric or vacancy defect, arises due to

Density (d ) missing of equal number of cations and anions from
the lattice and is shown by crystals having cation
Density of the unit cell is calculated by using the given
and anion of comparable size,
expression,
d = ZM / a3 NA (for cubic crystal) e.g. CsCl, NaCl, AgBr etc. It decreases density of a
substance.
where, Z = number of atoms per unit cell,
M = molar mass or atomic mass Frenkel Defect
a = edge length, A stoichiometric or interstitial defect, arises when
a3 = volume of the unit cell the smaller ion (usually cation) is dislocated from its
and N A = Avogadro’s constant normal site to an interstitial site.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
It results increase in conductivity but density of the
crystal remains the same.
Metal Excess Defect
It can be due to anionic vacancies, e.g. on heating
crystals of NaCl in presence of Na vapour, some anions
● Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substance where composition can be varied within
certain limits.
Components of Solution
The substance constituting the solution are called
components of the solution. As a generalisation, the
component present in smaller amount is called
solute and the other present in larger amount is called
solvent.
Types of solutions
On the basis of quantity of components, solutions are
classified in the following ways.
(i) Saturated solution It is the solution containing
the maximum possible quantity of solute dissolved
N
in a solvent at a certain temperature.
(ii) Unsaturated solution When lower quantity of
solute is dissolved in the given solvent.
RA
(iii) Supersaturated solution At constant temperature
quantity of solute is greater than that in
saturated solution is known as supersaturated
solution.
Expressing Concentration of Solution
IN
Concentration gives the amount of solute dissolved in a
definite volume of solvent.
Concentration of solution is expressed in various units :
(i) Molarity (M) At a definite temperature, amount of
solute (in moles) dissolved per litre of solution is
CH
known as molarity of solution at that temperature.
Unit of molarity is mol L −1.
Number of moles of solute (n ) w / M
Molarity = = Thus,
Volume of solution (in L) (v ) V (in L)
SA
(ii) Molality (m) Number of moles of solute dissolved
in 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent is known as molality.
Unit of molality is mol/kg.
Number of moles of solute w/ m
Molality = = ∆V(mix ) = 0 and ∆H(mix ) = 0 are said to be an ideal
Mass of solvent (in kg) W (in kg)
(iii) Normality (N) At a definite temperature, amount of
gram-equivalent of solute dissolved in one litre of
solution is known as normality of solution at that
temperature.
Its unit is gram-equivalent per litre.
Number of gram -equivalent w/ E
Normality = = and B) are weaker than those between A—A
Volume of solution (in L) V (in L)
03
leave lattice sites which are occupied by
electrons called F-centres giving colour to crystals.
These defects can also be generated due to presence
of extra cations at interstitial sites, e.g. on heating,
white ZnO it turns yellow as it loses oxygen and Zn2 +
ions.
]
Note Relation between molarity and normality of
solution.
TB
Molarity × molecular weight of solute = Normality ×
equivalent weight of solute
Or Normality = molarity × acidity or basicity/change in
oxidation number
(iv) Mole fraction (χ ) It is the ratio of number of moles
[II
of one component to the total number of moles of
all the components present in the solution.
Mole fraction of component (χ )
Number of moles of constituent
=
A Total number of moles present in the solution
Henry’s Law
Henry was the first one to give a quantitative relation
between pressure and solubility of gas in a solvent
which is called Henry’s law.
Vapour Pressure
At a particular temperature, the pressure exerted by a
vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its
condensed phase is known as vapour pressure. If
non-volatile solute is dissolved in any solution or liquid
then it decreases the evaporating tendency of atoms
of liquid (solution).
As a result vapour pressure of solution decreases.
This is known as depression of vapour pressure.
Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s law states that, at a particular temperature,
partial pressure of any component ( p), is equal to the
product of its mole fraction (χ ) and vapour pressure of
the component in pure state ( p° ).
ps = p°A χ A + p°B χ B
where, A and B are components of a solution.
ONE DAY REVISION
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
● Solution which obey Raoult's law and have
solutions. If they do not follow Raoult's law, they
are termed as non-ideal solutions.
● A non - ideal solution can show :
(i) Positive deviation from Raoult’s law,
if ∆V(mix) > 0 and ∆H(mix) > 0.
The attractive forces for such solutions (say A
and B—B.
 04 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

(ii) Negative deviation from Raoult's law, M = molecular weight of solute

if ∆V(mix) < 0 and ∆H(mix) < 0.
The attractive forces for such solutions (say A and
B) are stronger than those between A—A and B—B.
Colligative Properties
Those properties of solution which depends only upon
the number of particles of the solute dissolved in a
known volume of a given solvent and not upon the
3. Depression in freezing point ( ∆Tf ) At freezing
point, the vapour pressure of liquid and solid
state is equal. When any solute is dissolved in
solvent, then freezing point of solvent gets
lowered down. This lowering of freezing point is
known as depression of freezing point.
Relationship between Depression in Freezing
Point and Molality

]
nature of solute are known as colligative properties. 1000 × K f × w
∆ Tf = K f ⋅ m or ∆Tf =

TB
Important colligative properties of solution are : W ×M
1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure Ratio of where, ∆ Tf = depression in freezing point
lowering of vapour pressure of solvent to the vapour = freezing point of solvent – freezing point
pressure of pure solvent is known as relative of solution
lowering of vapour pressure. According to Raoult’s K f = molal depression constant

[II
law, lowering of vapour pressure due to mixing of
non-volatile solute is equal to mole fraction of solute Osmotic Pressure
in solution (χ solute ). The excess pressure which must be applied to a
p° − p S n solution, to prevent the passage of solvent, through
or = χ solute = (Raoult’s law)
p° N+n the semipermeable membrane is called osmotic
pressure.
For very dilute solution (n < << N )
∴

=
p° – p s w / m
p°
=
W/M
N
where, n = number of moles of solute
weight of solute (w )
molecular weight of solute (m)
A van’t Hoff Equation of Osmotic Pressure
According to ideal gas equation,
pV = nRT or p = RT
n
V
 n
or p = CRT where, C =
 V 
RA
N = number of moles of solvent
where, p = osmotic pressure, R = solution constant
weight of solvent (W )
= C = concentration, V = volume (in L)
molecular weight of solvent (M )
w
2. Elevation of boiling point ( ∆Tb ) On mixing, any T = temperature, n = number of moles =
m
non-volatile solute in solvent, the vapour pressure of
solution decreases. As a result, boiling point of Isotonic Solution
IN

solution increases, the increase in boiling point of a Solutions having same osmotic pressure are known as
solvent is known as elevation in boiling point (∆ Tb ). isotonic solution.
Relationship between Elevation in Boiling Point n n
and Molality For isotonic solutions, 1 = 2 , (π 1 = π 2 ), (T = constant)
V1 V2
1000 × K b × w
CH

∆ Tb = K b ⋅ m or ∆Tb = Reverse Osmosis

W ×M
where, m = molality, When a pressure more than the osmotic pressure is
∆ Tb = elevation in boiling point applied to the solution, the solvent may pass from
= boiling point of solution – boiling solution into the solvent through the semi-permeable
point of pure solvent membrane.
K b = molal elevation constant,
SA

This type of osmosis is known as reverse osmosis.

w = amount of solute (in g) Reverse osmosis is used for the desalination of sea
ONE DAY REVISION

W = amount of solvent (in g), water.

● p-Block Elements
1. Group 15 Elements (Nitrogen Family) ● It is also found in form of proteins in living
It contains five elements, N, P, As, Sb and Bi. They
●
organism and as nitrates in earthcrust.
are known as pnictogens. ● Phosphorus occurs in minerals like Ca 3 (PO 4 )6 ,
CaX2 [where, X = F , Cl or OH] and in bones etc.
General electronic configuration is ns2 np3 .
●

● Arsenic, antimony and bismuth are mainly present

Occurrence
as sulphides.
Nitrogen is about 78% by volume of the atmosphere.
●
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 05

Physical Properties Preparation

● Atomic radii and metallic nature increase down It can be prepared by Haber’s process on a large
●

the group. scale.

● Ionisation energy , electronegativity, catenation N2 (g ) + 3H2 (g ) q 2NH 3 (g ) ;
and allotropy tendency decrease down the group. ∆ f H° = − 46.1 kJ/mol
● Melting and boiling points do not show regular ●In the laboratory, ammonia is prepared by heating a
trend. mixture of slaked lime and ammonium chloride.
● Stability of +3 oxidation state increases down the Heat
2NH 4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2NH 3 + 2H2 O
group as compared to +5. This is due to inert pair

]
effect. Properties

TB
Chemical Properties
●It is a colourless with pungent odour.
● The general oxidation states of these elements
●Due to hydrogen bonding, NH 3 has higher melting and
are −3, +3 and +5. boiling points than expected for a compound of similar
molecular mass.
Note The maximum co-valency of N is 4.
●It is extremely soluble in water.

● Elements of group 15 react with hydrogen to
form hydrides such as NH 3 , PH 3 , AsH 3 , SbH 3
and BiH 3 .
● Elements of group 15 form trihalides (MX3 ) and
pentahalides (MX5 ) when react with halogens.
They form oxides such as nitrogen oxides,
●
[II
●It forms ammonium salts with acids, e.g. NH 4Cl,
(NH 4 )2 SO 4 , etc.
NH 3 + HCl → NH 4Cl
●It acts as Lewis base due to presence of lone pair of
electrons on the nitrogen atom of the ammonia

●
phosphorus oxides when react with oxygen.
Nitrogen shows anomalous behaviour due to its

energy and absence of d-orbitals.

Nitrogen
N A
molecules.
II. Nitric Acid (HNO3 )
small size, high electronegativity, high ionisation Structure

In gaseous state, HNO 3 exists as a planar molecule with

the structure as shown below:
RA
H O
It occurs in free as well as in combined state. pm
10
96 pm 2°
121

Properties
● Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless O N 130°
140.6 pm
and non-toxic gas.
● It is chemically unreactive at ordinary temperature O
Structure of nitric acid
due to the presence of N ≡≡ N bond.
Preparation
IN

Preparation and Use

∆
(i) In laboratory, it can be prepared by heating NaNO 3
● NH 4Cl + NaNO2 → N2 ↑ + 2H2 O + NaCl or KNO 3 with conc. H2 SO4 in a glass retort and
● Commercially, it is prepared by fractional condensing the vapours of HNO 3 .
distillation of liquid air. Heat
NaNO3 + H2 SO4 → NaHSO 4 + HNO 3
CH

● The main use of N2 is in the manufacturing of

(ii) By Ostwald’s process
ammonia and other industrial chemical Step I
containing nitrogen. Pt/Rh gauge catalyst
4NH 3 (g ) + 5O2 (g ) → 4NO (g )
Compounds of Nitrogen 500 K, 9 bar
(From air) + 6H2 O(g )
SA

I. Ammonia (NH3 ) Step II 2NO (g ) + O2 (g ) s 2NO2 (g )

Structure
ONE DAY REVISION

Step III 3NO2 (g ) + H2 O(l) → 2HNO 3 (aq ) + NO(g )

● In ammonia, nitrogen atom is sp3 -hybridised. NO is recycled and aqueous HNO 3 is concentrated by
● It has trigonal pyramidal structure with nitrogen distillation upto ~68% by mass. Further, concentration
atom at the apex. to 98% can be achieved by dehydration with
concentrated H2 SO4 .
Properties
N
pm

It is a colourless liquid (f.p. 231.4K and b.p 355.6 K) in

●
7

its pure form and becomes yellow due to the presence

1.
10

107.8° of NO2 , present as an impurity and makes it impure.

H H H
Structure of ammonia Laboratory grade nitric acid contains ~68 % of HNO 3 by
●

mass and has a specific gravity of 1.504.

 06
● Nitric acid behaves as a strong acid in an aqueous
solution producing nitrate and hydronium ions.
HNO 3 (aq ) + H2 O (l ) → H 3O + (aq ) + NO −3 (aq )
● Nitric acid is a very strong oxidising agent which
attacks on many metals except noble metals such
as gold and platinum.
2. Group 16 Elements (Oxygen Family)
●Oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium and polonium
belongs to group 16 of the periodic table and are
collectively known as chalcogens which the name is
derived from the Greek word cholcos, meaning are
formers, since they all are be found in copper ores.
●The electronic configuration of outermost shell of
group 16 elements is ns2 , np 4 (where, n = number of
shells).
Occurrence
●Oxygen is the most abundent element among all
the elements on earth.
●Sulphur is only present about 0.1% in the earth crust.
●Sulphur mainly exists as sulphates and in some
●
organic materials like eggs, onions, proteins, etc.
uranium minerals.
Electron Gain Enthalpy
N
Polonium is a decay product of thorium and
A
Selenium and tellurium are present as sulphide ores.
RA
Electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is less negative than
sulphur owing to compact size of oxygen atom due to
which inter-electronic repulsions are larger in oxygen.
From sulphur onwards, enthalpy again becomes less
negative upto Po.
Catenation
In group 16, only sulphur has a strong tendency of
IN
catenation. Oxygen shows catenation behaviour
less than sulphur.
●Due to its smaller size, oxygen experiences
repulsions between their lone pair of electrons
CH
present on oxygen atom and bond pair of O—O
bond hence, O—O bonds are weaker than S  S
bonds.
Physical Properties
●Oxygen is a diatomic gas while other elements are
octa-atomic solids.
SA
●Oxygen and sulphur are non-metals. Selenium and
ONE DAY REVISION
tellurium are metalloids while polonium is short lived
radioactive metal (half-life is about 13.8 days).
●All the elements of this group show allotropy. The
prominent allotropes of oxygen are dioxygen and
ozone while those of sulphur are rhombic and
monoclinic sulphur.
●Melting and boiling points increase down the group
with the increase in atomic number upto Te.
Chemical Properties
Oxygen has –2 oxidation state whereas other members
of the group show –2, +2, +4, +6 oxidation state.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
● Reactivity towards hydrogen Their acidic
character increases from H2 O to H2 Te. The overall
order of increasing acidic strength is as follows:
H2 O < H2 S < H2 Se < H2 Te
● Reactivity towards oxygen The elements of this
group form dioxides and trioxides of EO2 and EO 3
type (where, E = S, Se, Te or Po). O 3 and SO2 are
gases while SeO2 is solid. On moving down the
group, acidic character decreases (in the same
]
oxidation state). So, SO2 and SeO2 are acidic,
TB
whereas TeO2 and PoO2 are amphoteric.
● Reactivity towards halogens Group 16 elements
form number of halides of the type
EX2 , EX4 and EX6 (where, E =S, Se, Te and
X = halogen). The stability of the halides decreases
[II
in the order:
F− > Cl − > Br − > I−
● Reducing property and acidic strength increase
from H2 O to H2 Te due to decrease in bond
dissociation enthalpy. However, their thermal
●
stability decreases from H2 O to H2 Te.
Oxides of elements are binary compounds
of oxygen with another element. These may
be simple (e.g. MgO, Al2 O 3 ) or mixed
(Pb 3O 4 , Fe 3O 4 ).
These can be acidic oxide (SO2 , Cl2 O7 ) basic oxide
(Na 2 O, CaO) or amphoteric oxide (Al2 O 3 ), etc.
● Moist sulphur dioxide behaves as a reducing
agent. It converts Fe 3 + ions to Fe2+ ions. It also
decolourises acidified potassium permanganate
solution (a confirmative test for SO2 gas).
● SO2 molecule is angular and is a resonance hybrid
of the following two structures :
S S
O O O O
The two S—O bonds are equal.
Dioxygen (O 2 )
It is a colourless and odourless gas. It is prepared by
heating oxygen containing salts or by thermal
decomposition of the oxides of metals. It directly reacts
with nearly all metals and non-metals.
Some reactions are as follows
2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
P4 + 5O2 → P4O10
CH 4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O
Ozone (O 3 )
It is thermodynamically less stable than oxygen
because its decomposition into oxygen results with
the liberation of heat (∆H is negative) and increase in
entropy (∆S is positive). These two effects result in a
large negative Gibbs energy change (∆G ) for its
conversion into oxygen.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 07

● Ozone oxidises iodide ions to iodine and lead
sulphide to lead sulphate.
2I− ( aq ) + H2 O( l ) + O 3 ( g ) → 2OH − ( aq )
+ I2 ( s) + O2 ( g )
PbS( s) + 4O 3 ( g ) → PbSO 4 ( s) + 4O2 ( g )
● In quantitative method for estimating O 3 gas, ozone
is treated with an excess of KI solution buffered with
a borate buffer (pH = 9.2).
3. Group 17 Elements (Halogen Family)
These elements have seven electrons in their
outermost shell (ns2 np5 ). They have little tendency to
lose electrons.
Occurrence
● Fluorine and chlorine are fairly abundant while
bromine and iodine are less.
● Sea water contains chlorides, bromides and

]
iodides of sodium, potassium, magnesium and
● Iodine is liberated which can be titrated against a calcium (but it is mainly sodium chloride).

TB
standard solution of sodium thiosulphate.
Atomic Properties
Sulphur ●All the halogens show −1oxidation state.
It forms numerous allotropes out of which yellow Other halogens excluding fluorine show +1, + 3, + 5
rhombic (α-sulphur) and monoclinic (β-sulphur) are the and +7 oxidation states because of gradual
most important. promotion of np-electrons to nd-electrons.

[II
● The S 8 ring in both the monoclinic and rhombic ●Halogens have maximum negative electron gain
form is puckered and has a crown shape. enthalpy in the corresponding periods. The
● At elevated temperatures (~1000 K) sulphur exists electronegativity decreases down the group.
as S2 and is paramagnetic in nature. ●Ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, and electrode
potential are higher for fluorine than expected from
Oxoacids of Sulphur
The structure of some oxoacids of sulphur are as
follows

S
O HO
O

S
O

O O
S
O
N
O O
S
O
A ●
other halogens, whereas ionic and covalent radii,
melting and boiling points and electron gain enthalpy
are quite lower than expected.
This is due to the small size, highest
electronegativity, low F—F bond dissociation
enthalpy and non-availability of d-orbital.
HO
RA
HO HO OH OH Fluorine
Sulphurous acid Sulphuric and Peroxodisulphuric acid Fluorine has smaller bond dissociation enthalpy than
H2SO3 H2SO4 (H2S2O8) (Marshall's acid) chlorine, while X  X bond dissociation enthalpies
O from Cl onwards show the expected trend
O O
Cl Cl > Br Br > F F> I I
S O OH
S S Due to small size and large electron-electron
O
O O O repulsion among the lone pairs of fluorine,
OH
IN

OH OH
H2SO5
FF bond length is more than Cl  Cl and Br  Br
Pyrosulphuric acid Peroxomonosulphuric acid bond lengths.
(oleum) (H2S2O7) (Caro’s acid) Chlorine
Peroxomonosulphuric acid (H2 SO 5 ) and ●Chlorine can be prepared by heating
CH

peroxodisulphuric acid or Marshall’s acid (H2 S2 O 8 ) manganese dioxide with conc. HCl.
contain peroxide linkage in their structure. MnO2 +4HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 ↑ + 2H2 O
CuCl
Sulphuric Acid (H2 SO4 ) 4 HCl + O2 →
2
2Cl2 ↑ + 2H2 O
(Deacon’s
● The king of chemicals or oil of vitriol, is process)
manufactured by contact process, reactions ● Chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution in
SA

involved are as follows the following manner.

S 8 + 8O2 → 8 SO2
ONE DAY REVISION

2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaOCl + H2 O

V 2O 5 Sodium
(Cold, dilute)
2SO2 (g ) + O2 (g ) s 2SO 3 (g ); ∆H° = −ve hypochlorite

SO 3 + H2 SO 4 → H2 S2 O7 →
2
2H2 SO 4
H O
6 NaOH + 3Cl2 → 5NaCl + NaClO 3 + 3H2 O
Oleum Dilution ( Hot, conc. ) Sodium
chlorate
● The favourable conditions for the maximum yield of ● It has great affinity for hydrogen. It reacts with
SO 3 are pressure of about 2 bar and optimum compounds containing hydrogen to form hydrogen
temperature of 720 K. chloride.
● In SF6 , S is sterically protected by six F-atoms which H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
do not allow H2 O molecules to attack S-atoms. As a ● On standing, chlorine water loses its yellow colour
result of this, SF6 does not undergo hydrolysis. due to the formation of HCl and HOCl.
 08 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

Cl2 + H2 O → HCl + HOCl respectively linear, T-shaped, square pyramidal and

HOCl → HCl + [O] pentagonal bipyramidal.
Nascent oxygen ● In all interhalogen compounds, X  X′ bond is weaker
● Nascent oxygen formed by HOCl is responsible for than X  X bond (except F F bond). So, these
oxidising and bleaching properties of chlorine. compounds are more reactive than individual halogens.

Hydrogen Chloride 4. Group 18 Element (The Noble Gases)

● It is a colourless and pungent smelling gas. It is ● General electronic configuration of noble gases is
easily liquefied to a colourless liquid and freezes to ns2 np6 . Due to the completely filled shells, these

]
a white crystalline solid. It can be prepared by heating gases exhibit very high ionisation enthalpies.

TB
sodium chloride with conc.H2 SO 4 .
● The first compound of Xe was Xe +PtF6 − which was
● Various oxoacids of halogens are HOF, HOCl, HOBr,
HOI etc. discovered by Neil Bartlett.
● The structures of some important oxo acids are : Xenon
O O O ● Xenon fluorides are readily hydrolysed even by traces

[II
H Cl H Cl of water.
Hypochlorous acid Chlorous acid 2XeF2 ( s) + 2H2 O( l ) → 2Xe ( g ) + 4HF (aq ) + O2 (g )
O H XeF6 (s) + H2 O(l ) → XeOF4 (aq ) + 2HF(aq )
O O H Cl XeF6 (s) + 2H2 O → XeO2 F2 (aq ) + 4HF(aq )
Cl
O O ● The geometry of XeF2 , XeF4 , XeF6 , XeOF4 and XeO 3
O
Chloric acid

Interhalogen Compounds
●
N O
Perchloric acid

Two different halogens may react to form interhalogen

compounds of the type XX′, XX3′ , XX5′ , XX7′ ,
A are linear, square planar, distorted octahedral, square
pyramidal and pyramidal, respectively.

Helium
It is used in gas-cooled nuclear reactors and as diluent
for oxygen in modern diving apparatus because of its
where, X = higher molecular mass halogen, X’ is
RA
very low solubility in blood.
lower molecular mass halogen. Their geometry is

● Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a e.g., C2 H 5Cl → chloroethane, C 6H 5CH2 Cl
IN

hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by halogen atom(s) Chlorophenyl methane

results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and Alkyl halides show chain, position and optical isomerism.
aryl halide (haloarene) respectively.
Nature of C—X Bond
Classification (i) In haloalkane, formation of C—X bond takes place
CH

On the basis of number of halogen atoms, alkyl halides
or aryl halides may be classified as mono, di or
polyhalogen compounds. Monohalo compounds are
further classified on the basis of hybridisation of carbon
atom, to which halogen atoms is attached. It can be
sp3 , sp2 or sp and are known as primary, secondary
SA
by overlapping of sp3 -hybridised orbital of carbon
having half-filled orbital with the halogens.
Strength of C—X bond depends on dissociation
energy.
Sequence of its dissociation energy is

C — F > C  Cl > C  Br > C  I.

and tertiary respectively.
ONE DAY REVISION

Thus, C—I bond is the weakest bond. Thus, in

Nomenclature nucleophilic substitution reactions the order of
Common name reactivity of alkyl halogens is
It is written as : Alkyl group + halide (X)
● R  I > R  Br > R  Cl > R  F,
● i.e. R X thus reactivity of R— I is maximum.
e.g. C2 H 5Cl → ethyl chloride, C 6H 5CH2 Cl (ii) In haloarenes, sp2 -hybridised carbon of benzene
Benzyl chloride is bonded to halogen and C — X bond is also polar
IUPAC name
as in haloalkanes due to higher electronegativity of
It is written as : Halo - alkane, i.e. Halo(X) + name of
halogen.
alkane
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 09

Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution

(i) Halogenation
Reactions
Alkane (R—CH3) (i) Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
Sunlight/400°C
(ii) Addition reaction reaction (SN2)
Alkene + hydrogen halide
Hydrogen peroxide (R—CH==CH2 + H X ) H
s H
Haloalkane (iii) Substitution reaction PX3 /PX5 Alcohol OH + C  Cl HO Cl
(R—X) (R—OH) H H H
HCl/ZnCl2
H
HX or SOCl2 H

]
(iv) Br2/Cl2, CCl4 s
Silver salt of carboxylic acid HO + Cl
Hunsdiecker reaction H

TB
(R— COOAg) H
(ii) Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes
reaction (SN1)
HCl + O2, CH3
CuO, 250°C Step I r s
X2, FeCl3 (CH3)3CBr C + Br

[II
C6H6 H3 C CH3


1.
Dark room temperature CH3
CuX/HX r s Step II
Sandmeyer reaction C + OH (CH3)3C  OH
C6H5 X H 3C CH3


X = Cl, Br)
Cu/HX Haloarene
2. C6H5N2Cl
Chemical Properties of Haloarenes

3. C6H5OH

Physical Properties of Haloalkanes

Gattermann reaction
KX, (X= I)
Warm
PX5
N A As compared to haloalkanes, haloarenes are less
reactive towards nucleophilic substitution
reactions, due to resonance, C—X single bond
attains partial double bond character.
Haloarenes generally give electrophilic reactions
(i) Melting point and freezing point As compared to and halogen atoms are ortho and para-directing.
RA
original alkanes, the melting point and freezing points of X X
haloalkanes are higher. (i) X2, FeCl3 X′
+
Melting and boiling points of straight chain compounds is Halogenation

higher than branched chain compounds. (Minor product)

X′
(ii) Solubility Although alkyl halides are polar but they can (Major product)
X X
not form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, hence
IN

they are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. NO2

(ii) Conc. HNO3 + Conc. H2SO4
+
(iii) Density Alkyl bromide and iodide are heavier than water, Nitration
X X
whereas alkyl chloride and fluorides are lighter. NO2
(iii) Conc. H2SO4 ∆
SO3H
Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes Sulphonation
+
CH

KOH(aq) R—OH SO3H

X X
NaNO2/ CH3
R  O  NO Aryl halide (iv) CH3Cl, Anhyd. AlCl3
KNO2 +
Friedel-Craft alkylation

Alkyl halide AgNO2 RNO2

SA

CH3
(R—X) Nucleophilic
AgCN R  N ≡≡ C X X
ONE DAY REVISION

substitution
reactions CH3COCl, Anhyd. AlCl3 COCH3
NaCN +
/KCN RCN Friedel-Craft acylation
Na + Dry ether
R—R
Wurtz reaction KSH RSH (v) CH3 X + Na, ether COCH3
Toluene + Na X
Wurtz-Fittig reaction
Zn – Cu salt + Alcohol NaOR´ R—OR´
R—H (vi) Na, ether
Reduction Elimination + Na X
Alc. KOH Alkene Fittig reaction
reaction Biphenyl
Zn H
R—R Reaction Mg Cl
RMgX (vii) Cl3C
with Cl3C—C
Frankland reaction metals + Dry ether
(Grignard reagent) Conc. H2SO4
Cl

(DDT)
 10 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

● Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols
These are mono alkyl derivative of water or hydroxide
derivative of hydrocarbons, which are represented by
R  OH formula (where, R =  CH 3 ,  C2 H 5, etc).
Classification of Alcohols
(i) On the basis of number of OH groups They are
Nomenclature
Common name These are derived from common
name of alkyl group and adding the word alcohol to it.
IUPAC name Alkane −(e ) + (ol) = alkanol.
e.g. C2 H 5OH → ethanol
Structure of functional group Alcohol having

]
classified into monohydric [one —OH, e.g. sp3 -hybrid carbon atom, attached to OH group show
CH 3CH2 OH], dihydric [two —OH, e.g.

TB
the following structure. (e.g. methanol)
CH2 (OH )CH2 (OH )] and trihydric [three —OH,
142 pm 96 pm
e.g. CH2 OHCHOHCH2 OH]. H :O:
H
(ii) Nature of carbon atom [On which —OH group is C 108.9°
H
attached] They are classified as 1° primary
[C2 H 5OH], secondary 2 ° [(CH 3 )2 CHOH] and tertiary H

[II
3° [(CH 3 )3 C  OH]. Methanol

Methods of Preparation and their Chemical Reactions

CrO3 or PCC
Cu+573K
Aldehyde/Ketone
1. Haloalkane (R—X)
2. Aldehyde or ketone

3. Carboxylic acid

4. 1° amine
(aq) KOH

RMg X ,
H 2O
N
LiAlH4
H 2O
HNO2, H2O
CH2—CH2/H3O+
A Alcohol or
CnH2n+1.OH
Na metal
CH3CHO

CH2N2

HI or red P, ∆
RONa
–+

H3C—CH

RO—CH3
R—H
OR
OR

CH3Mg X
RA
O
5. CH3MgBr CH4
HX or PX3 or PX5 or KI + H3PO4

6. Industrial preparation RX
Zymase NH3
Diastase
(C6H10O5)n (nC12H22O11..H2O) 2nC6H12O6 Amine
H 2O H 2O
Starch Maltose Glucose Conc. H2SO4
140°C ether, (CH3OCH3)
H2O/H+
7. Alkene RCOOH/(RCO2)2O 170°C alkene (CH 2 == CH2)
B2H6/H2O2⋅THF Ester
IN

or RCOCl

Properties of Alcohols ● tertiary (3°) alcohols, develop haziness immediately.

● Due to strong hydrogen bonding between ● secondary (2°) alcohols, develop haziness in 5
molecules of alcohol, they have higher boiling point minutes.
CH

as compared to molecules of alkane having same ● primary (1°) alcohols do not show haziness at
molecular mass.
normal temperature, but on heating they show
● Ethyl alcohol reacts with dehydrated CaCl2 to form haziness.
crystalline solid compound CaCl2 ⋅ 4C2 H 5OH
(alcoholate). Hence, for dry ethyl alcohol, Phenol (C 6H5OH)
dehydrated CaCl2 is not used.
These are hydroxide derivatives of aromatic
SA

● As molecular weight increases surface area also hydrocarbons and in this one or more than one —OH
ONE DAY REVISION

increases and there is increase in van der Waals’ groups are joined to aromatic ring.
force. As a result melting point increases. Phenol act as antiseptic (0.2%) and disinfectant
Classification of Primary (1°), Secondary (1% solution) both.
(2°) and Tertiary (3°) Alcohols Structure of Phenol
Mixture of dehydrated ZnCl2 and conc. HCl in 1:1 ratio 109°
is known as Lucas reagent. It is used for identification H
: :

of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. O

Unidentified alcohol is treated with Lucas reagent and 136 pm
following results are used to identify the alcohol : Phenol
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 11

The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol. It is its common name and also an accepted IUPAC name.
OH CH3 CH3 CH3
OH

OH
OH
Common name Phenol o-cresol m-cresol p-cresol
IUPAC name Phenol 2-methyl 3-methyl 4-methyl phenol
phenol phenol

]
Nature

TB
Due to presence of polar —OH group and permanent resonance of phenoxide ion, phenol gives electron easily,
that means it shows acidic nature. Electron attracting groups (like —NO2 , — X , — CHO, —COOH, etc.) increases
its acidic nature, whereas electron donating groups (like — R ,—OR, etc.) decreases its acidic nature.

Methods of Preparation and Chemical Reactions

[II
NaOH/ Na – +
C6H5ONa
PCl5
(C6H5)3PO4
O2/H2O (Main product)
1. C6H5MgBr
Ether NH3
(Grignard reagent) C6H5NH2
2. C6H5SO3Na

3. C6H5N2Cl

4. Salicylic acid
NaOH/HCl
200 - 300°C
H2O/∆

Soda lime/∆
N OH A
ZnCl2, 300°C

Nitration
Conc. HNO3 + Conc. H2SO4
Conc. H2SO4, 20°C

CH3Cl/AlCl3
Friedel-Crafts reaction
2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)

ortho/para hydroxy benzene sulphonic acid

ortho/para methyl phenol
O2
Phenol
RA
5. C6H6 V2 O5 /315°C OH
(aq) NaOH COOH
6. C6H5Cl 340°C, 150 atm pressure CO2 /400K /6-7 atm pressure
+ (Salicylic acid)
O2/H +H2O Kolbe-Schmidt reaction
7. C6H5CH(CH3)2
CHCl3
KOH Salicylaldehyde
Reimer-Tiemann-reaction
CCl4/KOH
IN

Salicylic acid
nHCHO (formaldehyde)
Bakelite
Zn dust Na2Cr2O7
C6H6 C6H4O2
(Benzoquinone)
Physical Properties of Phenol
CH

● The boiling points of phenol increase with increase in number of C-atoms.

● The solubility of alcohols in water is due to their ability to form H-bonds with water molecules. Solubility
decreases with increase in size of aryl groups.

Liebermann's Test of Phenol

In this test phenol is heated with mixture of nitrite (NaNO2 ) and conc. H2 SO 4 , then a typical blue-green colour is
SA

obtained. On diluting the mixture with water it turns red in colour and then mixing sodium hydroxide solution it
ONE DAY REVISION

agains turns blue.

NaNO2
Phenol + conc. H2 SO 4 → Blue-Green
Water
NaOH
Red colour → Blue colour

Ether
Carbon compounds whose general formula is R  O  R′ are known as ether. These can be simple and
symmetrical like CH 3  O  CH 3 or can be mixed or unsymmetrical, e.g. CH 3 — O — C2 H 5.
 12 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

Nomenclature
● Common name Derived from alkyl or aryl groups (in alphabetical order) and adding the word ’ether’, e.g. ethyl
methyl ether.
● IUPAC name Larger (or any one, if same) R as alkane with smaller R/Ar written as alkoxy, prefix, e.g.
C2 H 5OCH 3 = methoxy ethane, i.e. ROR′ (R > R′ ), i.e. alkoxy alkane.
141pm
:O:
Structure of Functional Group
H H
In ether, oxygen atom contain 2 bond pair and 2 lone pair of electrons, its structure is as H C 111.7° C H
follows (e.g. methoxy methane). H H

]
Methoxymethane
Nature

TB
Ether act as weak Lewis base as oxygen atom of ether has lone pair of electron on it. Thus it gets mixed with cold
strong acid (e.g. conc. HCl or conc. H2 SO 4 ) to form oxonium salt.

Methods of Preparation and Reactions

PCl5
2C2H5Cl + POCl3

[II
Dry Ag2O Cl2, 20°C,
1. C2H5I (CH3CHCl)2O
Dark, ∆
Conc. H2SO4 α, α′-dichlorodiethyl ether
2. 2C2H5OH HCl
[C2H5OC2H5]+ Cl−
140°C
Cold
Al2O3 
3. C2H5OH H
(Excess)

4. CH3MgBr

5. C2H5Cl
N250°C

ClCH2OC2H5

C2H5ONa
Williamson’s
synthesis
A
C2H5—O—C2H5 H2SO4
Cold

Al2O3
380°C

HI
[C2H5  O  C2H5]+ HSO4–

CH2==CH2

H

Ethene
Cold
C2H5l + C2H5OH
RA
Hot
2C2H5l + H2O

Difference between Alcohol and Ether

Due to presence of strong hydrogen bonding in alcohols its boiling point is higher than ethers with same atoms
(e.g. C2 H 5OH and CH 3OCH 3 ) and they exist in liquid state whereas in ethers, hydrogen bonds are not formed thus
their boiling points are low and they exist in gaseous state.
IN

● Biomolecules
Major components of balanced food are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and mineral salts. These are
basic constituents of the structure of a living body. So, these are also called biomolecules. Hormones and nucleic
acids also included under biomolecules.
CH

Carbohydrates
These are macro-polymer molecules. Chemically, these polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone and the
substances which give hydroxy aldehyde and hydroxy ketone on water-hydrolysis are called carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are consolidated by carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
SA

Classification of Carbohydrates
ONE DAY REVISION

On the basis of On the basis of On the basis of

hydrolysis taste reduction

Monosaccharides Reducing sugars

Sugar (all mono and
(glucose, galactose) (glucose, disaccharides
fructose) excluding sucrose)
Oligosaccharides
Non-sugars
(sucrose, lactose
(starch, Non-reducing
or milk sugar)
cellulose) sugars (sucrose)
Polysaccharides
(starch, cellulose)
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 13

Note Sugar are colourless, crystalline and water soluble (v) Reduction of glucose
solid carbohydrates, whose taste is sweet. e.g. glucose, H 2 /Ni
fructose, maltose, etc. (a) Glucose → Sorbitol
HI + Red P
Molisch’s Test (b) Glucose→ 2-iodohexane
100°C HI+ Red P
In the sample solution (2 mL), add 2 mL of Molisch’s → n-hexane
100°C
reagent (10% solution of α-naphthol in ethyl alcohol)
Formation of these two compounds indicate
and pouring H2 SO 4 along the wall of the test-tube,
the presence of straight chain of 6-carbon
without moving the test-tube, a ring of red or brown

]
atoms in the glucose molecule.
colour is formed in between the two substances, which
(vi) Fermentation

TB
becomes violet after sometime, which determine the
presence of carbohydrates in the sample. Zymase
Glucose → Ethyl alcohol
Glucose D, L-configuration
Glucose is the most important member of
‘D’ or ‘L’ letter before the name of any compound
monosaccharide category. It is formed by hydrolysis of

[II
indicates the relative configuration of particular
sucrose [C12 H22 O11 ] and starch [C 6H10O 5 ]n .
stereoisomer in relation to two enantiomeric forms of
Major Reactions of Glucose glyceraldehyde.
(i) Reaction with hydroxyl (—OH) group D-means
— OH on right
CHO CHO
(a) Glucose + Acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride
→ Glucose pentaacetate
(b) Glucose + PCl 5 → Pentachloroglucose
–POCl 3

(ii) Reaction with carbonyl (‚

NH OH
N
ƒ C == O ) group
A H
CH2OH
OH

D-glyceraldehyde
L-means
HO

—OH on left

The monosaccharides having configuration identical to

D-glyceraldehyde are assigned D-configuration
CH2OH
H

L-glyceraldehyde

2 HCN
RA
(a) Gluco-oxime ← Glucose → whereas those having configuration identical to
Glucose cyanohydrin L-glyceraldehyde are assigned L-configuration.
(b) Glucose + Phenylhydrazine → Glucose Fructose
phenyl hydrazine
It is present in sweet fruits and honey along with
NH2 NHC 6 H5 glucose. Fructose is prepared by hydrolysis of dilute
→ Intermediate compound
C 6 H5 NHNH2
hydrochloric acid of inulin, at industrial level.
→ Glucosazone Dil. HCl
IN

Inulin → Fructose

Heat
(iii) Reactions with aldehyde (—CHO) group
(a) Glucose + CuO [Fehling solution] → Reaction of Fructose with Phenyl Hydrazine
Gluconic acid + Cu2 O NH2NHC 6H5
Fructose → Fructose phenyl hydrazine
CH

Red ppt.
(b) Glucose + Tollen’s reagent→Gluconic acid NH2NHC 6H5 NH2NHC 6H5
→ Intermediate compound →
+ Ag Fructosazone
Black ppt.
Cyclic Structure of Glucose and Fructose
(Both reactions are oxidation reactions of
glucose). Six membered cyclic structure of glucose is called
SA

pyranose structure (α and β) in analogy with pyran and

(iv) Oxidation of glucose
ONE DAY REVISION

represented by Haworth structure whereas, fructose is

Br2 water ketohexose sugar and has five membered cyclic structure
(a) Glucose → Gluconic acid furanose ring analogy to compound furan.
[O] Br2
→ Saccharic acid CH2OH
Water
O CH2OH O
Only —CHO group is oxidised in this reaction. OH
H H OH
3HNO
(b) Glucose → Gluconic acid H CH2OH
3[O] OH OH H H H OH
In this reaction, both —CHO and —CH2 OH
groups oxidise into —COOH. H OH OH H
Glucopyranose Fructofuranose
 14 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

Amino Acids (iii) Tertiary structure This structure

● Molecules, which contain both —NH2 and —COOH, groups
called amino acids. Proteins are polymers of amino acids,
connected through peptide bonds (—CO—NH—).
● Classification of amino acids These are classified as acidic,
basic or neutral depending on relative number of —NH2 and
—COOH part to —NH2 part, these also exist as Zwitter ions.
Proteins
represents the overall folding of the
polypeptide chains.
(iv) Quaternary structure Some proteins are
made of two or more polypeptide chain
and have different spatial arrangements.
Such structure of proteins is known as
quaternary structure.

]
Functions of Protein
These are high molecular weight nitrogen containing complex
Various functions of protein are as follows

TB
organic compounds. Amino acids are basic units of protein.
● Formation of muscles
Structure of proteins On the basis of their molecular shape, ● Repair of damaged cells and tissues of the
these are of two types :
body and growth of the bodies.
(a) Fibrous protein When polypeptide chains run parallel and ● Synthesis of enzymes and hormones.
are held together with hydrogen and disulphide bonds, we

[II
call them fibrous protein, e.g. myosin, keratin etc.
● Regulation of pH of blood and other fluids.
● Protein of the body in the form of
(b) Globular protein When polypeptide chains coil around to
anti-bodies.
give a spherical shape we call them globular protein e.g.
● Control of the developed of hereditary
insulin, albumin.
characters and movement.
On the basis of structure, proteins have (four) main structures :
(i) Primary structure When each polypeptide in a protein

primary structure.
N A
linked in a specific sequence of amino acids, we call them

(ii) Secondary structure Secondary structure of protein refers

with its shape e.g.
(a) α-helix When a polypeptide chain forms all possible
RA
hydrogen bonds by twisting into a right handed helix
(screw). It is called α-helix structure.
(b) β-pleated sheet When all peptide chains are laid
side by side and held together with intermolecular
hydrogen bonds, it is known as β-pleated sheet.
IN
Protein Test
(i) On heating protein with concentrated
nitric acid, it gives yellow colour,
(xanthoprotic test).
(ii) Red or violet colour is produced on
adding dil. solution of copper sulphate
in amide binded (peptide binded)
compound.
Nucleic Acids
● Nucleic acids are molecular weight
macro-polymers. These are of mainly
deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribose

N N N nucleic acid.
RCH RCH RCH These are also called polynucleotides,
C C C C because these are polymers of long chains
H  O H  O H  O
O
C
of nucleotides. Both types of nucleic acids
C N N N have three main components pentose
CH

H
O HCR HCR HCR
O sugar, nitrogeneous base and phosphate
C C C C
HC
H group.
N O  O  H O  H
O ● RNA molecules have ribose sugar, while
OC N N N
H
C RCH RCH RCH DNA molecules have deoxyribose sugars.
H O DNA have four bases – adenine (A),
NO C C C
SA

H  O H  O H  O guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thyamine (T).

N H
H First three bases of RNA are same but
ONE DAY REVISION

N N N
N HCR HCR HCR fourth base is uracil.
N
C C C ● Nucleic acids are present in the nucleus of
β-pleated sheet
living cells. Genetic information of the living
α-helix structure
structure of protein organisms is stored in nucleic acids.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 15

THE
QUALIFIERS

]
Chapterwise Set of MCQs to Check Preparation
Level of Each Chapter

TB
[II
1. Solid State
Direction (Q. Nos. 1-15) Each of the question has four options out of which only one is correct. Select the
correct option as your answer.
1. Which of the following solids have highest melting point?
(a) Pseudo solids
(c) Ionic solids
N A (b) Covalent solids
(d) Molecular solids
2. What is the number of atoms per unit cell present in simple cubic, face-centered cubic
and body centered cubic respectively?
RA
(a) 4, 2, 1 (b) 2, 4, 1 (c) 4, 1, 2 (d) 1, 4, 2
3. A compound is formed by two elements A and B. The atoms A are at the corners of the
cube and atoms B are at the centre of the body. The simplest formula of the compound
is
(a) AB2 (b) AB4 (c) AB (d) A2 B
4. What will be the interionic distance for CsCl ?
IN

a 3a 2a
(a) a (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3
5. Some of the physical properties of crystalline solids like refractive index show different
CH

values on measuring along different directions in the same crystals. This property is
called
(a) isotropy (b) cleavage property (c) anisotropy (d) None of these
6. In a compound, atoms of element B form ccp lattice and those of element A occupy
2/3rd of tetrahedral voids. The formula of the compound will be
SA

(a) AB3 (b) A2 B (c) A3 B4 (d) A4 B3

7. Which of the following statements is true ?
THE QUALIFIERS

(a) The arrangement of ABC ABC ABC .... is referred as cubic close packing
(b) The arrangement of ABC ABC ABC .... is referred as hexagonal close packing
(c) The arrangement of ABC ABC ABC .... is referred as tetragonal close packing
(d) The arrangement of ABC ABC ABC .... is referred as octahedral close packing
8. Complete the following analogy :
Coordination number in a square close packed structure : A : : Coordination number in
hexagonal close packed structure : B
(a) A : 6 B: 4 (b) A : 3 B: 6 (c) A : 4 B: 6 (d) A : 2 B: 6
 16 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

9. Identify the crystal from the following, whose alternate tetrahedral voids are occupied ?
(a) CaF2 (b) NaCl (c) MgO (d) ZnS

10. How many unit cells are present in a cube shaped ideal crystal of NaCl of mass 2.00 g?
(a) 2.57 ´ 10 21 (b) 5.14 ´ 10 21
(c) 1.28 ´ 10 21 (d) 1.81 ´ 10 21

11. The coordination number of cations and anions in calcium fluoride structure are

]
respectively
(a) 4, 4 (b) 6, 6 (c) 4, 8 (d) 8, 4

TB
12. Identify the coordination number if the radius ratio is in the range of 0.414 - 0.732.
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

13. Identify the non-stoichiometric compound.

[II
(a) NiO 2 (b) Al 2 O 3 (c) PbO (d) Fe 3 O 4

14. The correct statement(s) regarding defects in solids is/are :

I. Frenkel defect is caused due to shift of positive ion from its normal lattice site to
interstitial site.
II. Frenkel defect is not a dislocation defect.

(a) I and II
N A
III. Schottky defects have no effect on the physical properties of solid.
IV. Trapping of e - in lattice leads to the formation of F-centre.
(b) II and III
(c) III and IV (d) I and IV
RA

15. What type of crystal defect is indicated in the diagram below?

A+ B- A+ £ A+ B-

B- £ B- A+ £ A+

A+ B- B- A+ B-
IN

(a) Schottky defect

(b) Frenkel defect
(c) Interstitial defect
CH

(d) Both Frenkel and Schottky defect

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) For Detailed Solutions

SA

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b) Scan the code

11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a)
THE QUALIFIERS

2. Solutions
Direction (Q. Nos. 1-15) Each of the question has four options out of which only one is correct. Select the
correct option as your answer.
1. An ‘A’ molal solution of a compound in benzene has mole fraction of solute = 0.2. The
value of A is
(a) 1.4 (b) 14.0 (c) 3.2 (d) 2.0
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 17

M
2. What will be the normality of resulting solution in which 5 mL of M HCl, 20 mL of
M 2
H 2 SO 4 and 30 mL of HNO 3 are mixed together and volume made to 1 L ?
3
M M M M
(a) (b) (c) (d)
40 10 20 5

3. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest concentration of sodium ion?
(a) Solution having 15.4 mg Na + /mL

]
(b) Solution having 2.07 g NaCl/100 mL

TB
(c) 0.208 M Na 2 SO 4
(d) All of these have equal concentration of Na +
4. When bottles A and B have 2 M and 2 m aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid
respectively, then

[II
(a) A is more concentrated than B
(b) B is more concentrated than A
(c) The concentration of both A and B are equal
(d) It is not possible to compare the concentrations

(a) surface area of the container

(c) temperature
N A
5. The vapour pressure of a liquid in a closed container depends upon
(b) amount of liquid
(d) None of these
6. H 2 S gas is used in qualitative analysis of inorganic cations. Its solubility in water at STP
is 0.195 mol kg - 1 . Thus, Henry’s law constant (in atm molal - 1 ) for H 2 S is
RA
(a) 3.826 ´ 10 3 (b) 5.128 (c) 1.80 ´ 10 2 (d) 2.628 ´ 10 - 4

7. A solid dissolves in water when ...... is ...... than hydration energy.

(a) lattice energy, more (b) ionisation energy, less
(c) lattice energy, less (d) ionisation energy, more

8. At higher altitudes the boiling point of water is low because

IN

(a) temperature is low (b) atmospheric pressure is low

(c) atmospheric pressure is high (d) temperature is high

9. When two liquids A and B form an ideal solution, then

CH

(a) the Gibbs free energy is zero

(b) the entropy of mixing is zero
(c) the Gibbs free energy and entropy of mixing both are zero
(d) the enthalpy of mixing is zero
SA

10. The statement ‘‘The partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in the solution
is directly proportional to its mole function’’ is
(a) Henry’s law (b) Raoult’s law
THE QUALIFIERS

(c) Dalton’s law (d) None of these

11. What will the value of DVmix if a solution of CHCl 3 is mixed with a solution of acetone?
(a) DVmix = + ve (b) DVmix = - ve
(c) DV = 0 (d) Cannot be predicted

12. Identify the substance which exerts lowest vapour pressure.

(a) Kerosene (b) Water (c) Mercury (d) Ethanol
 18 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

13. What will be the mole fraction of the solute when the vapour pressure of a dilute
aqueous solution of glucose is 750 mm Hg at 373 K?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7.6 76 46 38

14. Osmosis is involved in processes given below:

I. Interchange of nutrients and waste products between tissue cells and their
surroundings.

]
II. Reverse osmosis

TB
III. Excretion of urine
IV. Evaporation
Select the correct processes.
(a) I and III (b) I, II and III (c) I, II and IV (d) All of these

[II
15. The increasing order of osmotic pressure of equimolar solutions of BaCl 2 , NaCl and
glucose will be
(a) NaCl > BaCl 2 > glucose (b) Glucose > BaCl 2 > NaCl
(c) BaCl 2 > NaCl > Glucose (d) NaCl > Glucose > BaCl 2

1. (c)
6. (b)
11. (b)
2. (a)
N
7. (c)
12. (c)
Answers
3. (a)
8. (b)
13. (b)
A
4. (a)
9. (d)
14. (b)
5. (c)
10. (b)
15. (c)
For Detailed Solutions
Scan the code
RA

3. p-block Elements
Direction (Q. Nos. 1-15) Each of the question has four options out of which only one is correct. Select the
correct option as your answer.
IN

1. Which of the following will show highest solubility in water?

(a) NH 3 (b) PH 3 (c) AsH 3 (d) SbH 3

2. Pure nitrogen is obtained from

CH

(a) NH 3 + NaNO 3 (b) N 2 O + Cu

(c) NH 4 Cl + NaNO 2 (d) (NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O7

3. Which of the following products will be obtained on heating ammonium dichromate?

(a) Chromium oxide and ammonia (b) Chromic acid and ammonia
(c) Chromic acid and nitrogen (d) Chromium oxide and nitrogen
SA

4. Large scale manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald process takes place using the
reaction
THE QUALIFIERS

(a) 2 NaNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 ¾® Na 2 SO 4 + 2HNO 2

(b) 4NH 3 + 5O 2 ¾® 4NO + 6H 2 O
(c) NO+2 + NO 3- + H 2 O ¾® 2 HNO 3
(d) 2NO + O 2 + H 2 O ¾® HNO 3 + HNO 2
5. Which among the following metals when treated with dil. HNO 3 , will produce nitrous
oxide?
(a) Fe (b) Zn (c) Cu (d) Ag
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 19

6. Production of nitrogen (I) oxide takes place by

(a) thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate
(b) interaction of hydroxyl amine and nitric acid
(c) disproportionation of N 2 O 4
(d) substitution of ammonium sulphate

7. Nitric oxide can be synthesised in the laboratory by

(a) treating Zn with cold and dilute HNO 3

]
(b) treating Zn with concentrated HNO 3

TB
(c) treating copper with cold and dilute HNO 3
(d) heating NH 4 NO 3

8. Which among the following products is obtained when oxygen is passed through a
solution of Na 2 SO 3 ?

[II
(a) Na 2 SO 4 (b) Na 2 S
(c) NaHSO 4 (d) NaH

9. Which of the following will not yield oxygen on reaction with ozone?
(a) H 2 O 2 (b) SO 2
(c) KI

product obtained?
(a) KCl
N A(d) Hg

10. Ozone (O 3 ) reacts with potassium iodide in a neutral medium. What will be the

(b) KOH
(c) KIO 3 (d) KO 2
RA

11. What change is observed if SO 2 is passed through acidified K 2 Cr2 O 7 solution?

(a) The solution turns blue (b) The solution gets decolourised
(c) SO 2 is reduced (d) Green Cr2 (SO 4 ) 3 is formed

12. Complete the following analogy.

IN

Powerful oxidising agent : A : : Least active halogen : B

(a) A : Fluorine, B : Iodine (b) A : Chlorine, B : Fluorine
(c) A : Iodine, B : Bromine (d) A : Bromine, B: Chlorine
CH

13. On hydrolysis of ClF, it forms

(a) HCl + HOF (b) Cl 2 O + HF
(c) HOCl + HF (d) None of these

14. Which of the following is correct order of bond angles?

(a) H 2 O>OF2 > Cl 2 O>ClO 2 (b) OF2 > OCl 2 > H 2 O>ClO 2
SA

(c) ClO 2 > Cl 2 O> H 2 O>OF2 (d) OF2 > H 2 O > Cl 2 O>ClO 2

15. The oxidation number of xenon is .......

THE QUALIFIERS

(a) zero (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1

Answers
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) For Detailed Solutions
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) Scan the code
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)
 20 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

4. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Direction (Q. Nos. 1-15) Each of the question has four options out of which only one is correct. Select the
correct option as your answer.
1. Select the correct order of dipole moment of alkyl halides.
(a) RI > RBr > RCl > RF (b) RCl > RF > RBr > RI

]
(c) RF > RCl > RBr > RI (d) None of the above

TB
2. Which among the following properties makes tertiary alkyl halides practically inert to
S N 2 mechanism?
(a) Insolubility (b) Instability
(c) Steric hindrance (d) Inductive effect

[II
3. Product obtained on reacting ethyl chloride with aq. KOH is
(a) CH 3 CH 2 OH (b) CH 3 ¾ CH 3
(c) CH 2 == CH 2 (d) CH 3 CH 2 OK

4. Which of the following is responsible for iodoform reaction?

(a) Formalin
(c) Ethanal
N A (b) Acetic acid
(d) Methanol

5. 2-bromobutane on dehydrobromination gives CH 3 CH == CHCH 3 which is also called

(a) Hoffmann product (b) Saytzeff product
(c) Hoffmann-Saytzeff product (d) Markownikoff product
RA

6. Which of the following is incorrect with respect to chloroform?

(a) Colourless, sweet smelling liquid
(b) Insoluble in water
(c) Highly inflammable
(d) Can be used as inhalational anaesthetic agent
IN

7. 1-chlorobutane on reaction with alc. KOH forms

(a) 1-butene (b) 2-butane (c) 1-butanol (d) 2-butanol

8. Which of the following is known as freon that makes its use as a refrigerant?
CH

(a) CCl 2 F2 (b) CHCl 3 (c) CH 2 F2 (d) CF4

9. Alkyl halides react with dialkyl lithium cuprate to give

(a) alkanes (b) alkenes
(c) alkyl copper halide (d) alkenyl halide
SA

10. Reactivity of chlorobenzene is

(a) less than benzyl chloride (b) more than ethyl bromide
THE QUALIFIERS

(c) equal to methyl chloride (d) more than isopropyl chloride

11. Aryl halide is less reactive than alkyl halide towards nucleophilic substitution
(a) because it is a less stable carbonium ion
(b) due to large C ¾ Cl bond energy
(c) due to inductive effect
(d) because of resonance stabilisation and sp2 -hybridisation of C-attached to halide
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 21

12. The formula for gem-dibromide is

(a) CH 3 CH(Br)OH(Br)CH 3 (b) CH 2 ( Br)CH 2 CH 2
(c) CH 3 CBr2 CH 3 (d) CH 2 BrCH 2 Br

13. Study the following reaction.

C 2 H 5 OH + SOCl 2 ¾Pyridine
¾¾® C 2 H 5 Cl + SO 2 + HCl
The above reaction is also known as

]
(a) Kharasch effect

TB
(b) Darzen’s process
(c) Williamson’s synthesis
(d) Hunsdieker synthesis reaction

14. The reaction shown below undergoes formation of carbocation. The major product of

[II
this will be
Br

HBr
(P)

(a) trans-1, 3-dibromocyclohexane

(b) cis-1, 2-dibromocyclohexane
(c) cis-1, 3-dibromocyclohexane
N
(d) trans-1, 2-dibromocyclohexane
A
15. Decreasing order of reactivity of HX in the following reaction
RA
ROH + HX¾® RX + H 2 O
(a) HI > HBr > HCl > HF (b) HBr > HCl > HI > HF
(c) HCl > HBr > HI > HF (d) HF > HBr > HCl > HI

Answers
IN

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) For Detailed Solutions

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
Scan the code
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a)
CH

5. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Direction (Q. Nos. 1-15) Each of the question has four options out of which only one is correct. Select the
correct option as your answer.
SA

1. Alcohols have higher boiling point than parent hydrocarbons because of

(a) higher molecular mass
THE QUALIFIERS

(b) presence of hydrogen bonding

(c) presence of carbon chain
(d) None of the above
X
2. C6 H 5 ¾ CH == CHCHO ¾¾¾® C6 H 5CH == CHCH 2OH
In the above sequence X can be
(a) K 2 Cr2 O7 /H+ (b) NaBH4
(c) N2 /Ni (d) Both (b) and (c)
 22 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

3. Which of the following is a tertiary alcohol?

CH2 ¾ OH CH2
½ ½
(a) CH ¾ OH (b) CH3 ¾ C¾ CH2 OH
½ ½
CH2 ¾ OH CH2
½
CH3

]
C H3
½

TB
(c) CH 3 ¾ CH 2 ¾ OH (d) CH3 ¾ C ¾ OH
½
CH3
4. Which enzyme converts glucose and fructose both into ethanol?

[II
(a) Maltase (b) Diastase
(c) Invertase (d) Zymase

5. The reagent which easily reacts with ethanol and propanol is

(a) Grignard reagent
(b) Fehling reagent
(c) aqua-regia
(d) Tollen’s reagent

6. A ¬¾
Cu
¾ CH 3CH 2OH ¾ ¾¾
D
N
Al 2O3
®B
D
A
RA
A and B respectively are
(a) alkene, alkyne (b) alkanal, alkene
(c) alkyne, alkanal (d) alkene, alkanal

7. The order of reactivity of the following alcohols towards conc. HCl is

CH3
IN

I. II. CH3
F OH F
OH
CH

III. CH3 CH3 IV.

Ph OH

OH
SA

(a) IV > III > II > I (b) I > II > III > IV
(c) IV > III > I > II (d) I > III > II > IV
THE QUALIFIERS

8. 1-propanal and 2-propanal can differentiated by

(a) oxidation with acidic K 2 Cr2 O7 followed by reaction with Fehling solution
(b) oxidation with KMnO4 followed by reaction with Fehling solution
(c) oxidation with conc. H2 SO4 followed by reaction with Fehling solution
(d) oxidation by heating with copper followed by reaction with Fehling solution
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 23

9. Which of the following in correct regarding the change in compound given below?
OH O

(a) Former is more stable then latter due to more resonance

]
(b) Former is enol form, latter is keto form
(c) Two compounds exhibits keto-enol isomerism

TB
(d) All of the above

10. Identify the reagent(s) needed to carry out the following reaction.
OH O

[II
?

OH O

(a) LiAlH4
(c) Na 2 Cr2 O7 , H2 SO4 /H2 O
N A(b) NaOH
(d) Na

11. In the following compound given below the correct order of decreasing acidic
strength is
RA
OH OH OH OH

NO2
CH3 NO2
IN

I II III IV

(a) IV > III > I > II (b) II > I > III > IV
(c) I > IV > III > II (d) III > IV > I > III
CH

12. A compound that easily undergoes bromination is

(a) benzene (b) toluene
(c) phenol (d) benzoic acid

13. The reagent used for dehydration of an alcohol is

SA

(a) phosphorus pentachloride (b) aluminium oxide

(c) calcium chloride (d) sodium chloride
THE QUALIFIERS

14. Complete the analogy regarding type of reaction.

Williamson ether synthesis : A : Aryl ether : B
(a) A : Nucleophilic substitution, B : Electrophilic substitution
(b) A : Electrophilic substitution, B : Electrophilic substitution
(c) A : Nucleophilic addition, B : Nucleophilic substitution
(d) A : Electrophilic substitution, B : Nucleophilic addition
 24 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

15. Complete the reaction by identifying

CF CO H
(CH 3 ) 3 CCl ¾Alc.
¾ ¾¾ KOH
® X ¾ ¾3 ¾¾
2 ®Y

CH3 O
(a) CH2 == CH ¾ CH2 OH (b) C CH2
CH3
(c) CH3 COCH2 CH3 (d) (CH3 ) 2 CHCH2 OH

]
Answers

TB
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) For Detailed Solutions
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
Scan the code
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b)

[II
6. Biomolecules
Direction (Q. Nos. 1-15) Each of the question has four options out of which only one is correct. Select the
correct option as your answer.

(a) OH(1), CHO(2), CH2 OH(3) and H(4)

(c) CH2 OH(1), CHO(2), OH(3) and H(4)
A
1. Which of the following is the correct order of priority of group in D-glyceraldehyde?
N
(b) OH(1), CH2 OH(2), CHO(3) and H(4)
(d) CHO(1), OH(2), CH2 OH(3) and H(4)
RA
2. Glucose on reaction with Fehling’s solution gives
(a) cupric oxide (b) cuprous oxide
(c) saccharic acid (d) Both (b) and (c)

3. Glucose + Tollen’s reagent ¾® Silver mirror,

the above process shows
(a) presence of ¾ COOH group (b) presence of keto group
IN

(c) presence of ¾ CHO group (d) presence of ¾ CONH2 group

4. In the following structure, anomeric carbon is

CH

CH2OH
O OH
4 OH 1
2
HO 3
OH
SA

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

THE QUALIFIERS

5. Glucose has difference from fructose in that it

(a) does not undergo hydrolysis
(b) gives silver mirror with Tollen’s reagent
(c) monosaccharide
(d) None of the above

6. In a protein molecule various amino acids are linked together by

(a) b-glycosidic bond (b) peptide bond
(c) dative bond (d) a-glycosidic bond
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 25

7. Which of the following compounds can form a Zwitter ion?

(a) Benzoic acid (b) Acetanilide (c) Aniline (d) Glycine

8. Which structure(s) of proteins remains(s) intact during denaturation process?

(a) Both secondary and tertiary structures (b) Primary structure only
(c) Secondary structure only (d) Tertiary structure only

9. The correct statement regarding RNA and DNA, respectively is

]
(a) The sugar component in RNA is ribose and the sugar component in DNA is
2 ¢-deoxyribose

TB
(b) The sugar component in RNA is arabinose and the sugar component in DNA is ribose
(c) The sugar component in RNA is 2 ¢-deoxyribose and the sugar component in DNA is
arabinose
(d) The sugar component in RNA is arabinose and the sugar component in DNA is
2 ¢-deoxyribose

[II
10. A codon has a sequence of …A… and specifies a particular …B… that is to be
incorporated into …C… . What are A, B, C ?
A B C
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3 bases
3 acids
3 bases
3 bases
Amino acid
Carbohydrate
N
Protein
Amino acid
Carbohydrate
Protein
Amino acid
Protein
A
11. Which is not the correct statement about RNA and DNA?
RA

(a) DNA is active in virus whereas RNA never appears in virus

(b) DNA exists as dimer while RNA is usually single-stranded
(c) DNA contains deoxyribose as its sugar and RNA contains ribose
(d) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine (found in DNA) as a base

12. The phenomenon of mutation is

IN

(a) chemical change in DNA molecule (b) production of macromolecules

(c) synthesis of micromolecules (d) invasion of foreign microorganism

13. Which of the following is incorrect?

CH

H H H H
½ ½ Conc. H SO
2 4 ½ ½
(a) H— C—C— H ¾¾¾¾® H— C == C—H + H2 O
½ ½
H OH
(b) Functional isomerism is shown by CH3 —CH2 —OH and CH3 —O —CH3
SA

(c) Fructose is a disaccharide sugar

(d) Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar
THE QUALIFIERS
 26 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

14. Match the following structure given in the Column I with their names specified in
Column II and select the option from the codes given below.

Column I Column II

1. Primary structure

]
A.

TB
B. 2. Secondary structure

[II
C. 3. Tertiary structure

D.
N A4. Quaternary structure
RA

Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 2 1 3 4

15. The spatial arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains with respect to each other
IN

is known as
(a) primary structure (b) secondary structure
(c) tertiary structure (d) quaternary structure
CH

Answers
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) For Detailed Solutions
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) Scan the code
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d)
SA
THE QUALIFIERS
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 27

CBSE
QUESTION BANK
Case Study Based Questions

]
TB
1. (Read the passage given below and answer (iv) Xe is a ………… ligand.
the following questions) (a) ambidentate (b) bidantate
(c) unidentate (d) hexadentate
In spite of the predictions of stable noble gas

[II
compounds since at least 1902, unsuccessful Sol.
attempts at their synthesis gave rise to the (i) (b) In the complex ion [AuXe 4 ]2+, Xe acts as ligand.
widely held opinion that noble gases are not Tetraxenonogold (II) is a cationic complex with a
only noble but also inert. It was not until square planar geometry.
1962 that this dogma was shattered when Xe Xe
Bartlett in Canada published the first stable
noble gas compound XePtF6. This discovery
triggered a worldwide frenzy in this area,
N
and within a short time span many new
xenon, radon, and krypton compounds were
prepared and characterised. The recent
A Xe
+2
Au
Xe

(ii) (b) Hybridisation shown by Au in [AuXe 4 ]2+ is sp3d.

Here, 4 Xe ligands are attached to a single Au(II)
center in a square planar arrangement and lone pair
RA
present on Au.
discoveries show the ability of xenon to act
(iii) (c) Compounds of noble gases like krypton, radon
as a ligand . The discovery by Seppelt’s
and xenon are known whereas, compounds of
group that more than one xenon atom can helium are not known.
attach itself to a metal center which in the Compound of krypton → Kr(OTeF5 )2
case of gold leads to surprisingly stable Au-
Compound of radon → RnF2
Xe bonds.
Compound of xenon → XeOF2, XeF4
The bonding in [AuXe4 ]2+ involves 4 Xe
IN

(iv) (c) Xenon is a unidentate ligand. It is act as a

ligands attached by relatively strong bonds unidentate ligand only in [AuXe 4 ]2+ .
to a single Au(II) center in a square planar Xe Xe
arrangement with a Xe-Au bond length of +2
Au
about 274 pm. This discovery provides not
CH

Xe Xe
only the first example of multiple xenon
ligands but also represents the first strong
metal-xenon bond. 2. (Read the passage given below and answer
the following questions)
(Source: Christe, K. O. (2001). A renaissance in
Boiling point or freezing point of liquid
noble gas chemistry. Angewandte Chemie
CBSE QUESTION BANK

solution would be affected by the dissolved

SA

International Edition, 40(8), 1419-1421.) solids in the liquid phase. A soluble solid in
(i) In the complex ion [AuXe4 ]2+ , Xe acts as solution has the effect of raising its boiling
(a) central atom (b) ligand point and depressing its freezing point.
(c) chelating agent (d) electrophile The addition of non-volatile substances to a
2+ solvent decreases the vapour pressure and
(ii) Hybridisation shown by Au in [AuXe4 ] is the added solute particles affect the
(a) sp3 (b) sp3 d (c) sp3 d 2 (d) sp2 formation of pure solvent crystals. According
to many researches the decrease in freezing
(iii) Compounds of noble gases except ……… point directly correlated to the concentration
are known. of solutes dissolved in the solvent. This
(a) krypton (b) radon phenomenon is expressed as freezing point
(c) helium (d) xenon depression and it is useful for several
 28
applications such as freeze concentration of
liquid food and to find the molar mass of an
unknown solute in the solution. Freeze
concentration is a high quality liquid food
concentration method where water is
removed by forming ice crystals. This is
done by cooling the liquid food below the
freezing point of the solution’s identity.
The freezing point depression is referred as
a colligative property and it is proportional
to the molar concentration of the solution
(m), along with vapour pressure lowering,
boiling point elevation, and osmotic
pressure. These are physical characteristics
of solutions that depend only on the identity
of the solvent and the concentration of the
solute. The characters are not depending on
the solute’s identity.
(Jayawardena, J. A. E. C., Vanniarachchi,
M.P. G., and Wansapala, M. A. J. (2017).
solutions and
coconut water.)
water it will
N
(i) When a non-volatile solid is added to pure
(a) boil above 100°C and freeze above 0°C
A
Freezing point depression of different sucrose
RA
(b) boil below 100°C and freeze above 0°C
(c) boil above 100°C and freeze below 0°C
(d) boil below 100°C and freeze below 0°C
(ii) Colligative properties are
(a) dependent only on the concentration of the
solute and independent of the solvent’s and
IN
solute’s identity.
(b) dependent only on the identity of the
solute and the concentration of the solute
and independent of the solvent’s identity.
(c) dependent on the identity of the solvent
CH
and solute and thus on the concentration of
the solute.
(d) dependent only on the identity of the
solvent and the concentration of the solute
and independent of the solute’s identity.
CBSE QUESTION BANK
(iii) Assume three samples of juices A, B and C
SA
have glucose as the only sugar present in
them. The concentration of sample A, B and
C are 0.1 M, .5 M and 0.2 M respectively.
Freezing point will be highest for the fruit
juice
(a) A (b) B
(c) C
(d) All have same freezing point
(iv) Identify which of the following is a colligative
property
(a) freezing point (b) boiling point
(c) osmotic pressure (d) All of these
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
Sol.
(i) (b) When a non-volatile solid is added to a solvent
then vapour presence of solution found to be lower
than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent at the
same temperature. It means, water boils below 100°C
and freeze above 0°C.
(ii) (d) Colligative properties are proportional to the
molar concentration of the solution, along with
vapour pressure lowering, boiling point elevation,
freezing point depression and osmotic pressure.
]
These are dependent only on the identity of the
TB
solvent and the concentration of the solute.
(iii) (a) Freezing point of solution is inversely proportional
to concentration.
More is the concentration, lower will be freezing point.
So, Juice A has highest freezing point as it has lowest
concentration.
[II
(iv) (d) Colligative properties are vapour pressure
lowering, boiling point elevation depression in
freezing point and osmotic pressure. Hence, all
options are colligative properties.
3. (Read the passage given below and answer
the following questions)
Nucleophilic substitution reaction of
haloalkane can be conducted according to
both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. However,
which mechanism it is based on is related to
such factors as the structure of haloalkane,
and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic
reagent and solvent.
Influences of halogen No matter which
mechanism the nucleophilic substitution
reaction is based on, the leaving group
always leave the central carbon atom with
electron pair. This is just the opposite of the
situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks
the central carbon atom with electron pair.
Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of
leaving group is , the more stable the anion
formed is and it will be more easier for the
leaving group to leave the central carbon
atom; that is to say, the reactant is more
easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order
of halogen ion is I− < Br− < Cl− < F − and the
order of their leaving tendency should be
I− > Br− > Cl− > F − . Therefore, in four halides
with the same alkyl and different halogens,
the order of substitution reaction rate is RI >
RBr > RCl > RF . In addition, if the leaving
group is very easy to leave, many
carbocation intermediates are generated in
the reaction and the reaction is based on SN1
mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy
to leave, the reaction is based on SN2
mechanism.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
Influences of solvent polarity In SN1
reaction, the polarity of the system increases
from the reactant to the transition state,
because polar solvent has a greater stabilising
effect on the transition state than the
reactant, thereby reduce activation energy
and accelerate the reaction. In SN2 eaction,
the polarity of the system generally does not
change from the reactant to the transition
state and only charge dispersion occurs.
At this time, polar solvent has a great
stabilising effect on Nu than the transition
state, thereby increasing activation energy
and slow down the reaction rate. For
example, the decomposition rate (SN1) of
tertiary chlorobutane in 25°C water
(dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times
faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant
24). The reaction rate (SN2) of
2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol
containing 40% water is twice slower than
in absolute ethanol.
In a word, the level of solvent polarity has
N
influence on both SN1 and SN2 reactions, but
with different results. Generally speaking,
weak polar solvent is favorable for SN2
RA
reaction, while strong polar solvent is
favorable for SN1 reaction, because only
under the action of polar solvent can
halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into
carbocation and halogen ion and solvents
with a strong polarity is favorable for
solvation of carbocation, increasing its
IN
stability. Generally speaking, the
substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane
is based on SN1 mechanism in solvents with
a strong polarity (for example, ethanol
CH
containing water).
(Ding, Y. (2013). A Brief Discussion on
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction on
Saturated Carbon Atom. In Applied
Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 312, pp.
433-437). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.)
SA
(i) SN1 mechanism is favoured in which of the
following solvents
(a) benzene
(b) carbon tetrachloride
(c) acetic acid
(d) carbon disulphide
(ii) Nucleophilic substitution will be fastest in
the case of
(a) 1-chloro-2,2-dimethyl propane
(b) 1-iodo-2,2-dimethyl propane
(c) 1-bromo-2,2-dimethyl propane
(d) 1-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl propane
29
(iii) SN1 reaction will be fastest in which of the
following solvents?
(a) Acetone (dielectric constant 21)
(b) Ethanol (dielectric constant 24)
(c) Methanol (dielectric constant 32)
(d) Chloroform (dielectric constant 5)
(iv) Polar solvents make the reaction faster as they
(a) destabilise transition state and decrease
the activation energy
]
(b) destabilise transition state and increase the
TB
activation energy
(c) stabilise transition state and increase the
activation energy
(d) stabilise transition state and decrease the
activation energy
(v) SN1 reaction will be fastest in the case of:
[II
(a) 1-chloro-2-methyl propane
(b) 1-iodo-2-methyl propane
(c) 1-chlorobutane
(d) 1-iodobutane
Sol.
A
(i) (c) A polar protic solvent like acetic acid favour SN1
mechanism. Higher the polarity of the solvent,
stronger is the solvent ineteraction and thus faster is
the ionisation of RX and consequently faster is the
SN1 reaction.
(ii) (b) Weaker the alkalinity of leaving group, more stable
is the anion formed. It will be more easier for leaving
groups to leave the central carbon atom.
The relative reactivity order of substitution reaction
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
So, 1-iodo-2, 2-dimethyl propane will give fastest
nucleophilic substitution reaction.
(iii) (c) Solvent which have highest dielectric constant,
will give fastest SN1 reaction. In the given solvents
methanol has highest dielectric constant, so it will
give fastest SN1 reaction.
(iv) (d) Polar solvent have large dipole moments. They
are lower in energy of both reactant and transition
state. Due to lower activation energy, reaction goes
faster.
(v) (b) The order of substitution reaction rate is
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
Reaction will be fastest in case of 1-iodo-2-methyl
CBSE QUESTION BANK
propane. In 1-iodo-2-methyl propane, 1° carbocation
formed in the reaction rearranges itself to
2° carbocation.
4. (Read the passage given below and answer
the following questions)
Biopolymers are polymers that are generated
from renewable natural sources, are often
biodegradable and nontoxic. They can be
produced by biological systems (i.e.
microorganisms, plants and animals), or
chemically synthesised from biological
materials (e.g. sugars, starch, natural fats
or oils, etc.).
 30
Two strategies are applied in converting
these raw materials into biodegradable
polymers: extraction of the native polymer
from a plant or animal tissue, and a
chemical or biotechnological route of
monomer polymerisation. Biodegradable
biopolymers (BDP) are an alternative to
petroleum-based polymers (traditional
plastics). Some BDP degrade in only a few
weeks, while the degradation of others takes
several months.
In principle the properties relevant for
application as well as biodegradability are
determined by the molecular structure.
According to the American Society for
Testing and Materials, biopolymers are
degradable polymers in which degradation
results from the action of naturally
occurring microorganisms such as bacteria,
fungi and algae.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is an example of
N A
biopolymer. It is a thermoplastic polyester.
Generally, there are two major routes to
produce polylactic acid from the lactic acid
(CH3 CH(OH)-COOH) monomer. The first
route involves condensation-water removal
RA
by the use of solvent under high vacuum
and temperature. This approach produces a
low to intermediate molar mass polymer. An
alternative method is to remove water under
milder conditions, without solvent, to
produce a cyclic intermediate dimer,
referred to as lactide. This intermediate is
IN
readily purified by vacuum distillation. Ring
opening polymerisation of the dimer is
accomplished under heat, again without the
need for solvent. By controlling the purity of
the dimer it is possible to produce a wide
CH
range of molar masses. PLA is a good
material for production of clothing, carpet
tiles, interior and outdoor furnishing,
geotextiles, bags, filtration systems, etc.
The primary biodegradability of PLA was
CBSE QUESTION BANK
SA
tested using hydrolysis tests at various
composting temperatures and pH. It was
demonstrated that composting is a useful
method for PLA biodegradation. The
degradation rate is very slow in ambient
temperatures. A 2017 study found that at
25°C in sea water, PLA showed no
degradation over a year. As a result, it is
poorly degraded in landfills and household
composts, but is effectively digested in
hotter industrial composts.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
(Source: Flieger, M., Kantorová, M., Prell, A.,
Rezanka, T., and Votruba, J. (2003).
Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources.
Folia Microbiologica, 48(1), 27–44.
doi:10.1007/bf02931273 )
In the following questions, a statement of
assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the
following choices on the basis of the above
]
passage.
TB
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation
for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
[II
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is
wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
correct statement.
(i) Assertion Biodegradable polymers degrade
in few weeks.
Reason Microorganisms bring about
degradation of biopolymers.
(ii) Assertion Lactic acid on polymerisation
forms
CH3
O—
O n
Reason PLA is used in producing geotextiles.
(iii) Assertion Lactic acid undergoes
condensation polymerisation
Reason Lactic acid is a bifunctional
monomeric unit.
(iv) Assertion The degradation of PLA is very
slow in ambient temperature.
Reason PLA is a thermoplastic.
(v) Assertion PLA is poorly degraded in
landfills.
Reason The degradation rate of PLA is very
slow in ambient temperatures.
Sol.
(i) (d) Some biodegradable polymers degrade in few
weeks, but some polymers degrade in several
months. Microorganism degradation of synthetic
biopolymers takes place through the action of an
enzyme.
(ii) (b) Lactic acid on polymerisation forms
CH3
O—
O n
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
This is structure of polylactic acid (PLA).
It is a thermoplastic ester.
PLA is good material for production of geotextiles.
(iii) (a) Lactic acid undergoes condensation
polymerisation because it is a bifunctional unit. This
type of polymerisation involves a repetitive
condensation reaction between two bifunctional
monomers.
(iv) (b) The degradation of PLA is very slow in ambient
temperature. PLA is a thermoplastic polyester. These
long chain molecules are capable of repeatedly
softening on heating and hardenining on cooling.
(v) (a) The degradation rate of PLA is very slow in
ambient temperature so, PLA is poorly degrade in
landfills.
5. (Read the passage given below and answer
the following questions)
In the last 10 years much has been learned
about the molecular structure of elemental
sulfur.
lt is now known that many different types of
rings are sufficiently metastable to exist at
room temperature for several days. It is
known that at high temperature, the
N
equilibrium composition allows for a variety
of rings and chains to exist in comparable
concentration, and it is known that at the
RA
boiling point and above, the vapour as well
as the liquid contains small species with
three, four and five atoms.
The sulphur atom has the same number of
valence electrons as oxygen. Thus, sulphur
atoms S2 and S3 have physical and chemical
IN
properties analogous to those of oxygen and
ozone. S2 has a ground state of
σ 3 s2 σ * 3 s2σ 3 pz 2π3 px 2
= π 3 py 2π * 3 px1 = π * 3 py1 S3 , thiozone has a
CH
well-known UV spectrum, and has a bent
structure, analogous to its isovalent
molecules O2 , SO2 , and S2O.
The chemistry of the two elements, sulphur
and oxygen, differs because sulphur has a
pronounced tendency for catenation. The
SA
most frequently quoted explanation is based
on the electron structure of the atom.
Sulphur has low-lying unoccupied
3d-orbitals, and it is widely believed that the
4s- and 3d-orbitals of sulphur participate in
bonding in a manner similar to the
participation of 2s and 2p-orbitals in carbon.
(Source: Meyer, B. (1976). Elemental
sulphur. Chemical Reviews, 76(3), 367-388.
doi:10.1021/cr60301a003 )
31
In the following questions, a statement of
assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the
following choices on the basis of the above
passage.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation
for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct
]
statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
TB
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is
wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
correct statement.
[II
(i) Assertion Sulphur belongs to same group in
the periodic table as oxygen.
Reason S2 has properties analogous to O2.
(ii) Assertion Thiozone has bent structure like
ozone.
A Reason Ozone has a lone pair which makes
the molecule bent.
(iii) Assertion S2 is paramagnetic in nature
Reason The electrons in π * 3 px and
π * 3 py-orbitals in S2 are unpaired.
(iv) Assertion Sulphur has a greater tendency
for catenation than oxygen.
Reason 3d and 4s-orbitals of sulphur have
same energy.
Sol.
(i) (b) Sulphur belongs 16th group in the periodic table
same as that of oxygen because they have same
number of valence electrons. The physical and
chemical properties of sulphur (S 2) are resembles or
analogous to oxygen (O 2).
(ii) (b) Thiozone has bent structure like ozone because
they are the elements of same group. They powers
similar physical and chemical properties.
S O
r
S S O O
(Thiozone) (Ozone)
CBSE QUESTION BANK
Ozone has lone pair which makes the molecule bent.
(iii) (a) The electronic configuration for S2 molecule is
(σ 3s )2 (σ* 2 s )2 (σ2 pz )2 ( π2 p2x ≡ π2 py2 )
( π*2 p1x = π*2 py1 )
The electrons in π* 3px and π* 3py-orbitals in S 2 are
unpaired. So. S 2 is paramagnetic in nature.
(iv) (c) Sulphur has a greater tendency for catenation
than oxygen because, sulphur has low-lying
unoccupied 3d-orbitals. 3d-orbital has more energy
than 4s-orbital.
 32
6. (Read the passage given below and answer
the following questions)
EVIDENCE FOR THE FIBROUS
NATURE OF DNA
The basic chemical formula of DNA is now
well established. As shown in figure it
consists of a very long chain, the backbone
of which is made up of alternate sugar and
phosphate groups, joined together in
regular 3′ 5′ phosphate di-ester linkages.
To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous
base, only four different kinds of which
are commonly found in DNA. Two of these
– adenine and guanine – are purines, and
the other two – thymine and cytosine – are
pyrimidines. A fifth base, 5-methyl
cytosine, occurs in smaller amounts in
certain organisms, and a sixth,
5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, is found
instead of cytosine in the T even phages
(Wyatt and Cohen, 1952).
It should be noted that the chain is
unbranched, a consequence of the regular
N
internucleotide ]inkage. On the other
hand the sequence of the different
nucleotides is, as far as can he
A (a) regular , regular
RA
ascertained, completely irregular.
Thus, DNA has some features which are
regular, and some which are irregular.
A similar conception of the DNA
molecule as
Aided by a Fellowship from the National
IN
Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.
Long thin fiber is obtained from
physico-chemieal analysis involving
sedimentation, diffusion, light scattering,
and viscosity measurements. These
CH
techniques indicate that DNA is a very
asymmetrical structure approximately
20 A wide and many thousands of
angstroms long.
Estimates of its molecular weight
CBSE QUESTION BANK
SA
currently center between 5 × 106 and 107
(approximately 3 × 104 nucleotides).
Surprisingly each of these measurements
tend to suggest that the DNA is relatively
rigid, a puzzling finding in view of the
large number of single bonds (5 per
nucleotide) in the phosphate-sugar back-
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)
D.N.A.
BASE—SUGER
PHOSPHATE
BASE—SUGER
PHOSPHATE
BASE—SUGER
PHOSPHATE
BASE—SUGER
PHOSPHATE
BASE—SUGER
Chemical formula (diagrammatic) of a single
]
chain of deoxyribonucleic acid.
TB
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, England
(Contribution to the Discussion of Provirus.)
(i) Purines present in DNA are
(a) adenine and thymine
(b) guanine and thymine
[II
(c) cytosine and thymine
(d) adenine and guanine
(ii) DNA molecule has ……… internucleotide
linkage and ……… sequence of the different
nucleotides.
(b) regular , irregular
(c) irregular , regular
(d) irregular , irregular
(iii) DNA has a ……… backbone.
(a) phosphate -purine (b) pyrimidines- sugar
(c) phosphate- sugar (d) purine- pyrimidine
(iv) Out of the four different kinds of nitrogenous
bases which are commonly found in DNA,
……… has been replaced in some organisms.
(a) adenine (b) guanine
(c) cytosine (d) thymine
Sol.
(i) (d) Adenine and guanine are two purine base present in
DNA. Structure as follows:
NH2 O
N
N
N NH
N N N N NH2
H H (Guanine)
(Adenine)
(ii) (b) DNA molecule has regular internucleotide linkage
and the sequence of different nulceotides as far as
ascertained and completely irregular.
(iii) (c) Backbone of DNA is made up of alternate sugar and
phosphate groups, joined together in regular 3’5’
phosphate di-ester linkages.
(iv) (c) Cytosine has been replaced in some organisms, is
commonly found in DNA. 5-methylcytosine and
5-hydroxymethylcytosine is found instead of cytosine in
the T even phasges.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 33

Latest CBSE
SAMPLE PAPER

]
Latest Sample Question Paper for Class XII (Term I)
Issued by CBSE on 2 Sept 2021

TB
Chemistry Class 12 (Term I)

[II
Instructions
(i) This question paper contains three sections.
(ii) Section A has 25 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
(iii) Section B has 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Each questions carry 0.77 mark.
N
There is NO negative marking.
A
Section C has 6 questions. Attempt any 5 questions.

Maximum Marks : 35
Roll No.
RA
Time allowed : 90 min

Section A
This section consists of 25 multiple choice questions with overall choice to attempt any 20
IN

questions. In case more than desirable number of questions are attempted, ONLY first 20 will be
considered for evaluation.
1. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) Melting point of phosphorus is less than that of nitrogen
CH

(b) N 2 is highly reactive while P4 is inert

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(c) Nitrogen shows higher tendency of catenation than P

(d) N ¾ N is weaker than P ¾ P

2. Which of the following is a non-stoichiometric defect?

SA

(a) Frenkel defect (b) Schottky defect

(c) Metal deficiency defect (d) Interstitial defect

3. Identify the law which is stated as:

“For any solution, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.”
(a) Henry’s law (b) Raoult’s law
(c) Dalton’s law (d) Gay-Lussac’s law
4. Pink colour of LiCl crystals is due to
(a) Schottky defect (b) Frenkel defect
(c) metal excess defect (d) metal deficiency defect
 34 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

5. Which of the following isomer has the highest melting point?

(a) 1, 2-dicholorbenzene
(b) 1, 3 -dichlorobenzene
(c) 1, 4-dichlorobenzene
(d) All isomers have same melting points

6. Which one of the following reactions is not explained by the open chain structure of
glucose ?

]
(a) Formation of penta-acetate of glucose with acetic anhydride

TB
(b) Formation of addition product with 2,4-DNP reagent
(c) Silver mirror formation with Tollen’s reagent
(d) Existence of alpha and beta forms of glucose

7. Williamson’s synthesis of preparing dimethyl ether is an

[II
(a) S N 1 reaction (b) elimination reaction
(c) S N 2 reaction (d) nucleophilic addition reaction

8. Chlorine water loses its yellow colour on standing because

(a) HCl gas is produced, due to the action of sunlight

A
(b) a mixture of HOCl and HCl is produced in the presence of light
(c) HOCl and hydrogen gas is produced
(d) a mixture of HCl and ClO 3 is produced, due to the action of sunlight
N
9. During dehydration of alcohols to alkenes by heating with concentrated H 2 SO 4 , the
initiation step is
RA

(a) protonation of alcohol molecule (b) formation of carbocation

(c) elimination of water (d) formation of an ester

10. Amorphous solids are

(a) isotropic (b) anisotropic (c) isotopic (d) isomeric
IN

11. Which of the following reactions is used to prepare salicylaldehyde?

(a) Kolbe’s reaction (b) Etard reaction
(c) Reimer- Tiemann reaction (d) Stephen’s reduction

12. Which of the following is an example of a solid solution?

CH

(a) Sea water (b) Sugar solution

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(c) Smoke (d) 22 carat gold

13. The boiling points of alcohols are higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable
masses due to
SA

(a) hydrogen bonding (b) ion – dipole interaction

(c) dipole- dipole interaction (d) van der Waals’ forces

14. Which of the following has the lowest boiling point?

(a) H2 O (b) H2 S (c) H2 Se (d) H2 Te

15. Which of the following statement is correct?

(a) Fibrous proteins are generally soluble in water
(b) Albumin is an example of fibrous proteins
(c) In fibrous proteins, the structure is stabilised by hydrogen bonds and disulphide bonds
(d) pH does not affect the primary structure of protein
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 35

16. Major product obtained on reaction of 3-phenyl propene with HBr in presence of
organic peroxide.
(a) 3-phenyl 1- bromopropane
(b) 1-phenyl -3- bromopropane
(c) 1-phenyl -2-bromopropane
(d) 3-phenyl -2- bromopropane

17. Which of the following is a correct statement for C 2 H 5 Br?

]
(a) It reacts with metallic Na to give ethane

TB
(b) It gives nitroethane on heating with aqueous solution of AgNO 2
(c) It gives C 2 H5 OH on boiling with alcoholic potash
(d) It forms diethylthioether on heating with alcoholic KSH
18. Covalency of nitrogen is restricted to

[II
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
19. Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature because dissolution is
an
(a) endothermic and reversible process
(b) exothermic and reversible process
(c) endothermic and irreversible process
(d) exothermic and irreversible process

(a) nitrogen
N A
20. All elements of group 15 show allotropy except
(b) arsenic
RA
(c) antimony (d) bismuth
21. Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
(a) Glucose (b) Maltose
(c) Glycogen (d) Lactose

22. Substance having the lowest boiling point.

IN

(a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen

(c) Nitrogen (d) Helium

23. Lower molecular mass alcohols are

CH

(a) miscible in limited amount of water

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(b) miscible in excess of water

(c) miscible in water in all proportions
(d) immiscible in water

24. Maximum oxidation state exhibited by chlorine is

SA

(a) + 1 (b) + 3
(c) + 5 (d) + 7
25. In which of the following cases blood cells will shrink?
(a) When placed in water containing more than 0.9% (mass/ volume) NaCl solution
(b) When placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass /volume) NaCl solution
(c) When placed in water containing 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution
(d) When placed in distilled water
 36 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

Section B
This section consists of 24 multiple choice questions with overall choice to attempt any 20
questions. In case more than desirable number of questions are attempted, ONLY first 20 will be
considered for evaluation.

26. How much ethyl alcohol must be added to 1 litre of water so that the solution will
freeze at - 14ºC? (K f for water = 1.86ºC/mol)

]
(a) 7.5 mol (b) 8.5 mol
(c) 9.5 mol (d) 10.5 mol

TB
27. Which reagents are required for one step conversion of chlorobenzene to toluene?
(a) CH3 Cl / AlCl 3 (b) CH3 Cl, Na, Dry ether
(c) CH3 Cl / Fe dark (d) NaNO 2 /HCl/0-5°C

[II
28. On partial hydrolysis, XeF 6 gives
(a) XeO 3 + 4HF (b) XeO 2 F + HF
(c) XeOF4 + H2 (d) XeO 2 F2 + 4HF

29. Which one of the following statement is correct about sucrose?

N A
(a) It can reduce Tollen’s reagent however cannot reduce Fehling’s reagent
(b) It undergoes mutarotation like glucose and fructose
(c) It undergoes inversion in the configuration on hydrolysis
(d) It is laevorotatory in nature
30. Phenol does not undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction easily due to
RA

(a) acidic nature of phenol

(b) partial double bond character of C¾OH bond
(c) partial double bond character of C¾C bond
(d) instability of phenoxide ion
31. Which of the following has highest ionisation enthalpy?
IN

(a) Nitrogen (b) Phosphorus

(c) Oxygen (d) Sulphur
32. Metal M ions form a ccp structure. Oxide ions occupy ½ octahedral and ½ tetrahedral
CH

voids. What is the formula of the oxide?

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(a) MO (b) MO 2
(c) MO 3 (d) M2 O 3
33. The reaction of toluene with Cl 2 in presence of FeCl 3 gives ‘X ’ while the reaction of
toluene with Cl 2 in presence of light gives ‘Y ’. Thus, ‘X ’ and ‘Y ’ are
SA

(a) X = benzyl chloride Y = o- and p-chlorotoluene

(b) X = m-chlorotoluene Y = p-chlorotoluene
(c) X = o- and p-chlorotoluene
Y = trichloromethylbenzene
(d) X = benzyl chloride, Y = m-chlorotoluene
34. Ozone is a / an ……… molecule and the two O ¾ O bond lengths in ozone are (i) ………
and (ii) ………
(a) linear, 110 pm ; 148 pm
(b) angular, 110 pm ; 148 pm
(c) linear, 128 pm ; 128 pm
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 37

(d) angular, 128 pm ; 128 pm

35. Water retention or puffiness due to high salt intake occurs due to
(a) diffusion
(b) vapour pressure difference
(c) osmosis
(d) reverse osmosis
36. In the following reaction, identify A

]
and B
Acetic anhydride

TB
C6H12O6 A
Conc. nitric acid
B

(a) A = COOH¾ (CH2 ) 4 ¾ COOH, B = OHC ¾ (CHOCOCH3 ) 4 ¾ CH2 OCOCH3

(b) A = COOH¾ (CH2 ) 4 ¾ CHO, B = OHC ¾ (CHOCOCH3 ) 4 ¾ CH2 OCOCH3

[II
(c) A = OHC ¾ (CHOCOCH3 ) 3 ¾ CH2 OCOCH3 , B = COOH¾ (CH2 ) 4 ¾ CHO
(d) A = OHC ¾ (CHOCOCH3 ) 4 ¾ CH2 OCOCH3 , B = COOH¾ (CH2 ) 4 ¾ COOH

37. In lake test for Al 3 + ions, there is the formation of coloured ‘floating lake’. It is due to
(a) absorption of litmus by [Al(OH) 4 ] -
(b) absorption of litmus by Al(OH) 3
(c) adsorption of litmus by [Al(OH) 4 ] -
N
(d) adsorption of litmus by Al(OH) 3
A
38. A unit cell of NaCl has 4 formula units. Its edge length is 0.50 nm. Calculate the density
if molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol.
RA

(a) 1 g/cm 3 (b) 2 g/cm 3

(c) 3 g/cm 3 (d) 4 g/cm 3

39. Which one of the following are correctly arranged on the basis of the property
indicated?
(a) I 2 < Br2 < F2 < Cl 2 (increasing bond dissociation enthalpy)
IN

(b) H2 O < H2 S < H2 Te < H2 Se (increasing acidic strength)

(c) NH3 < N 2 O < NH2 OH < N 2 O 5 (increasing oxidation state)
(d) BiH3 < SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3 < NH3 (increasing bond angle)
CH

40. What would be the reactant and reagent used to obtain 2, 4-dimethyl pentan-3-ol?
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(a) Propanal and propyl magnesium bromide

(b) 3-methylbutanal and 2-methyl magnesium iodide
(c) 2-dimethylpropanone and methyl magnesium iodide
(d) 2-methylpropanal and iso-propyl magnesium iodide
SA

41. o-hydroxy benzyl alcohol when reacted with PCl 3 given the product as (IUPAC name)
(a) o-hydroxy benzyl chloride (b) 2-chloromethylphenol
(c) o-chloromethylchlorobenzene (d) 4-hydroxymethylphenol

42. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Ammonia is the weakest reducing agent and the strongest base among group 15 hydrides
(b) Ammonia is the strongest reducing agent as well as the hydrides
(c) Ammonia is the weakest reducing agent as well as the weakest base among group
15 hydrides
(d) Ammonia is the strongest reducing agent and the weakest base among group 15 hydrides
 38 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

43. Identify the secondary alcohols from the following set:

(i) CH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3
(ii) (C 2 H 5 ) 3 COH
OH
(iii)

OH

]
(iv) CH3

TB
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)

44. Alkenes decolourise bromine water in presence of CCl 4 due to formation of

[II
(a) allyl bromide (b) vinyl bromide
(c) bromoform (d) vicinal dibromide

45. Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).

A
Assertion (A) Electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is less than that of flourine but greater
than nitrogen.
Reason (R) Ionisation enthalpies of the elements follow the order nitrogen > oxygen >
fluorine.
N
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
RA
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

46. Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
IN

Assertion (A) Alkyl halides are insoluble in water.

Reason (R) Alkyl halides have halogen attached to sp 3 hybrid carbon.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
CH

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
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(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

47. Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
SA

Assertion (A) Molarity of a solution changes with temperature.

Reason (R) Molarity is a colligative property.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 39

48. Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Assertion (A) SO 2 is reducing while TeO 2 is an oxidising agent.
Reason(R) Reducing property of dioxide decreases from SO 2 to TeO 2 .
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.

]
(d) A is false but R is true.

TB
49. Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Cryoscopic constant depends on nature of solvent.
Reason (R) : Cryoscopic constant is a universal constant.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

[II
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
N Section C
A
This section consists of 6 multiple choice questions with an overall choice to attempt any 5. In
case more than desirable number of questions are attempted, ONLY first 5 will be considered for
evaluation.

50. Match the following Columns :

RA

Column I Column II
A. Amino acids 1. Protein
B. Thymine 2. Nucleic acid
C. Insulin 3. DNA
D. Phosphodiester linkage 4. Zwitter ion
IN

E. Uracil

Which of the following is the best matched options?

CH

Codes
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A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 4 4 1 2 (d) 1 3 4 2
51. Which of the following analogies is correct?
SA

(a) Nitrogen: 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p3 :: Argon : 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p6

(b) Carbon: Maximum compounds :: Xenon: No compounds
(c) XeF2 : Linear :: ClF3 : Trigonal planar
(d) Helium: Meteorological observations:: Argon: Metallurgical processes
52. Complete the following analogy:
Same molecular formula but different structures: A :: Non-superimposable mirror
images : B
(a) A : Isomers; B : Enantiomer
(b) A : Enantiomers; B : Racemic mixture
(c) A : Stereoisomers; B : Retention
(d) A : Isomers; B : Stereoisomers
 40 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

CASE STUDY
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions (53-55)
Early crystallographers had trouble solving the structures of inorganic solids using X-ray diffraction
because some of the mathematical tools for analysing the data had not yet been developed.
Once a trial structure was proposed, it was relatively easy to calculate the diffraction pattern, but
it was difficult to go the other way (from the diffraction pattern to the structure) if nothing was
known a priori about the arrangement of atoms in the unit cell. It was important to develop some
guidelines for guessing the coordination numbers and bonding geometries of atoms in crystals.

]
The first such rules were proposed by Linus Pauling, who considered how one might pack together
oppositely charged spheres of different radii. Pauling proposed from geometric considerations that

TB
the quality of the “fit” depended on the radius ratio of the anion and the cation.
If the anion is considered as the packing atom in the crystal, then the smaller cation fills interstitial
sites (“holes”). Cations will find arrangements in which they can contact the largest number of
anions. If the cation can touch all of its nearest neighbour anions then the fit is good. If the cation is

[II
too small for a given site, that coordination number will be unstable and it will prefer a lower
coordination structure.
The table below gives the ranges of cation/anion radius ratios that give the best fit for a given
coordination geometry.
Coordination r = rcation / ranion
Geometry
N number

2
3

4
A
Linear
Triangular

Tetrahedral
0- 0.155
0.155- 0.225

0.225- 0.414
RA
4 Square planar 0.414- 0.732

6 Octahedral 0.414- 0.732

8 Cubic 0.732- 10
.

12 Cuboctahedral 1.0
IN

(Source: Ionic Radii and Radius Ratios. (2021, June 8). Retrieved June 29, 2021, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/183346)

53. The radius of Ag + ion is 126 pm and of I - ion is 216 pm. The coordination number of
Ag + ion is
CH

(a) 2 (b) 3
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(c) 6 (d) 8

54. A solid AB has square planar structure. If the radius of cation A+ is 120 pm, calculate
the maximum possible value of anion B - .
SA

(a) 240 pm (b) 270 pm

(c) 280 pm (d) 290 pm

55. A “good fit” is considered to be one where the cation can touch
(a) all of its nearest neighbour anions
(b) most of its nearest neighbour anions
(c) some of its nearest neighbour anions
(d) none of its nearest neighbour anions
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 41

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a)

]
TB
SOLUTIONS
1. Among the given statements, only, (d) is 6. a- and b- form of glucose are six membered
true whereas other statements are false. cyclic structure. Their structure are as follows

[II
Their correct statements are as follows : CH2OH CH2OH
(a) Melting point of phosphorus is higher O H O OH
than that of nitrogen. It is because of the H
OH OH H
bigger size of phosphorus. OH OH OH H
(b) P4 is highly reactive while N 2 is inert. It
is due to the presence of triple bonds
and non-availabilty of d-orbitals.
(c) Nitrogen shows lower tendency of
catenation than phosphorus.
2. Metal deficiency defect is a
N A a-glucose
OH

7. Williamson’s synthesis of preparing

dimethyl ether is bimolecular nucleophilic
substitution reaction, i.e. SN2 reaction. In this
synthesis alkoxide ion reacts with primary
alkyl halides in a single step to form ether.
H
b-glucose
OH

non-stoichiometric defect. This defect arises

RA
due to the missing of cation from its The general reaction for the production of
lattice site. ether by this synthesis is as follows :
+ +
Among the given options, all other defects RO - N a + R ¾ X ¾® R ¾ O ¾ R ¢ + N a X -
Alkoxide Alkyl halide Ether
are stoichiometric defect.
3. Given law is Raoult’s law. According to the 8. Chlorine water loses its yellow on standing
statement, p µc it due to the formation of a mixture of HOCl
and HCl is produced in the presence of
IN

p = p° c
sunlight. Reaction involved is as follows :
where, p = partial vapour pressure
Cl 2( g ) + H 2O( l ) ¾® HCl( g ) + HOCl( g )
c = mole fraction
9. During dehydration of alcohols to alkenes
p° = partial vapour pressure of
by heating with concentrated H 2SO 4, the
CH

component in pure state.

initial step is formation of carbocation. Step
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4. Pink colour of LiCl crystals is due to metal involved in the reaction is as follows:
excess defect caused by anionic vacancies
Step I Formation of protonated alcohol
(F-centres).
H H H H
5. The melting point of 1, 4 dichlorobenzene Fast +
+
(p-dichlorobenzene) is higher than ortho H C C O H + H H C C OH
SA

(1, 2-dichloropbenze) and meta isomers H H H H

(1, 3-dichlorobenzene). This is because it has Protonated alcohol
symmetrical structure and therefore fits (Ethyl oxonium ion)

better in the crystal lattice. Step II Formation of carbocation

Cl Cl Cl It is the slowest step and hence, it is the rate
Cl determining step of the reaction.
H H H H H
Slow
Cl +
H C C O H H C C+ + H2O
Cl
1, 4-dichlorobenzene 1, 2-dichlorobenzene 1, 3-dichlorobenzene H H H H
(p-dichlorobenzene) (o-dichlorobenzene) (m-dichlorobenzene)
Carbocation
 42 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

3° carbocations are more stable and Consequently, large amount of energy is

therefore they are easier to form than
secondary and primary carbocations. 3°
alcohols are the easiest to dehydrate.
Step III Formation of ethene by the
elimination of a proton
H H
H H
H C C+
required to break these bonds.
14. Boiling point of H 2S is lowest among the
given hydrides of group 16. Boiling point of
hydrides of this group increase gradually
due to increase in magnitude of van der
Waals’ forces of attraction with increase in
+
the size of the atom.
C C + H But boiling point of H 2O is exceptionally

]
H H
H H Ethene very high due to strong H-bonding. Other
elements of this group do not form

The acid used in step-I is released in step-III.
To derive the equilibrium to the right ethene
is removed as it is formed.
10. Amorphous solids are isotropic. Isotropic
substances are those that have same value of
TB
H-bonding as they are less electronegative
and their hydrides exist as gases.
15. Among the given statements only (d) is true
whereas other statements are false. Their
correct forms are as follows :

[II
physical property when measured in (a) Fibrous proteins are generally insoluble
different directions. in water.
11. Reimer-Tiemann reaction is used to (b) Albumin is an example of globular
prepare salicylaldehyde by reacting phenol protein.
with CHCl3/KOH. Reaction involved is as (c) Fibrous proteins are held together by
follows :

Phenol
OH
N
CHCl3

3KOH
CHO

Salicylaldehyde
OH A hydrogen and disulphide bonds.
16. The major product obtained in the given
reaction is 1-phenyl-3-bromopropane. The
complete reaction is as follows:
CH2CH==CH2 CH2CH2CH2Br
RA
Other reactions are as follows : H2O
+ HBH
● Etard reaction (Anti-Markownikoff addition)
O 3-phenyl propene 1-phenyl-3-bromopropane

CH3 C—H
17. C 2H 5Br gives nitroethane on heating with
+ CrO2Cl2
aqueous solution of AgNO 2.
IN

Toluene Benzaldehyde ¾AgNO

C 2H 5Br ¾Aq. ¾¾2 ® C 2H 5NO 2
Bromoethane D Nitroethane
● Stephen’s reduction
+
SnCl2 / HCl
R ¾CN ¾¾¾® [ R ¾CH == N H2 ] Cl - Other reactions are as follows :
Nitriles (a) C 2H 5Br reacts with metallic Na to give
O
CH

½½ butane.
H 2O
¾¾¾® R ¾ C ¾ H
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¾ NH 4 Cl
2C 2H 5Br + Na ¾® CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3
Aldehyde (Metallic) Butane
● Kolbe’s reaction
(c) C 2H 5Br gives ethene on boiling with
COOH
alcholic potash.
OH OH
SA

NaOH Alc. KOH

CO2, H+
C 2H 5Br ¾¾® H 2C == CH 2 + KBr + H 2O
Bromoethane Ethene
Phenol Salicylic acid
(d) C 2H 5Br forms thiol (C 2H 5SH) on heating
12. 22 carat gold is an alloy of gold and other with alcoholic KSH.
metals like zinc silver copper etc. Thus, it is Alc. KOH
an example of a solid in solid solution. C 2H 5Br ¾¾® C 2H 5SH
Bromoethane (Thiol)
13. The boiling points of alcohols are higher
than those of hydrocarbons of comparable 18. Covalency of nitrogen is restricted to four
mass due to H-bonding. Alcohols have due to the absence of d-orbitals.
hydroxyl group(s) which involve 19. Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with
intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to rise in temperature because dissolution is an
which they exist as associated molecules. exothermic and reversible process.
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 43

When a gaseous solution is heated, the DTf ´ w1

Ethyl alcohol added ( n2 ) =
molecular motion of gaseous particles K f ´ 1000
increases, as a result some molecules escape 14 ´ 1000
out of the solution. =
. ´ 1000
186
Also, the dissolution of a gas in a liquid
is an exothermic process. So, heat is evolved. = 7.52 mol
On applying Le-Chatelier’s principle the 27. CH 3Cl, Na, dry ether are the reagents that are
increase of temperature decreases the required for one step conversion of
chlorobenzene to toluene. Reaction involved

]
solubility.
is as follows :
Gas + Solvent Solution + Heat

TB
Cl CH3
(Equilibrium shift towards
backward directions)
Ether
+ Na + CH3Cl
20. Among the group 15 elements, nitrogen
Chlorobenzene Toluene
does not show allotropy due to its small size
and high electronegativity.

[II
This reaction is known as Wurtz Fittig
21. Glycogen is a polysaccharide consisting of a reaction.
highly branched polymer of glucose 28. On partial hydrolysis, XeF6 gives
occuring in animal tissues. It is also known XeO 2F2 and HF. Complete reaction is as
as animal starch. follows :
XeF6 ¾H¾ 2O
® XeO2F2 + 4 HF
22. Substance (element) having lowest atomic
mass have lowest boiling point. So, among
the given options, helium (more atomic) has
low boiling point.
Note Elemental hydrogen exists as a
diatomic molecule ( H 2 ).
N A Xenon (Partial
hexafluoride hydrolysis)
Xenon dioxydifluoride

29. Sucrose undergoes inversion in the

RA
23. Alcohols having lower molecular mass are
able to form hydrogen bonds with water.
That’s why they are miscible in water in all
proportions.
24. Maximum oxidation state exhibited by
chlorine is + 7. As it has seven unpaired
IN
configuration on hydrolysis. Although, it is
dextrorotatory but after hydrolysis, it gives
dextrorotatory glucose and laevorotatory
fructose. The mixture is laevorotatory because
laevorotation of fructose ( - 92 .4 º ) is more than
dextrorotation of glucose ( + 52 .5 º ).
Therefore, hydrolysis of sucrose brings
about a change in the sign of rotation, i.e.
from dextro ( + ) to laevo ( - ) and hence the
product is known as invert sugar. This

electron in its valence shell.

overall process is called inversion of sugar.
Electronic configuration of Cl = 1s22 s22 p63 s23 p5
30. Phenol does not undergo nucleophilic
substitution easily due to partial double
3s 1 3p 3 3d 3
bond character of C—OH bond. The —OH
CH

(7 unpaired electrons)
group attached to benzene ring activates the
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25. Blood cells will shrink due to loss of water
when placed in water containing more than
0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution
(hypertonic solution). In this situation, the
fluid inside the blood cells will flow out.
SA
benzene ring towards electrophilic
substitution.
31. Among the given elements, nitrogen has
highest ionisation enthalpy because of its

small size and completely half-filled

This process is called plasmolysis. p-subshell.
26. Given, volume of water = 1 L So, it is very difficult to remove electrons
Temperature = - 14ºC from its outermost orbitals.
K f of water = 186
. º C/mol 32. It is given that M ions form ccp structure.
Let the number of ions of M in ccp structure
As DTf = K f m
=a
K f n2 ´ 1000 Number of tetrahedral voids = 2 a
or DTf =
w1 Number of octahedral voids = a
 44 CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I)

\The number of oxide ions will be CHO CHO

1 1 3 ½ ½
= a + (2 a) = a (CHOH)4 + HNO 3 ¾® (CHO H )4
2 2 2
½ ½
Thus, the formula of oxide CH 2OH COOH
Sacch aric acid
= MaO 3 = M2O 3 Glucose (B )
a
2
So, the compound ( A) is glucose pentaacetate
33. The reaction of toluene with Cl 2 in presence of and compound ( B) is saccharic acid.
FeCl 3 is an electrophilic substitution reaction. 37. In the lake test of Al 3+ ions, there is the

]
The products obtained in this reaction are formation of coloured ‘floating lake’. It is

TB
o- and p-chlorotoluene ( X ). due to the formation of Al(OH)3 which act as
suspension and absorbs litmus colour and
CH3 CH3 CH3
appear as coloured floating.
Cl
FeCl3 38. Given, Z of given NaCl = 4
+
Edge length = 0.50 nm

[II
Toluene o-chlorotoluene Molar mass of NaCl= 58.5 g/mol
(X ) Cl Z. m
p-chlorotoluene
(X )
Density, d = 3
a NA
The reaction of toluene with Cl 2 in presence 4 ´ 58.5
= -7 3
of light give trichloromethyl benzene (Y ). (0.5 ´ 10 ) ´ 6.023 ´ 10 23
It is substitution reaction occuring via free
radical mechanism.
CH3
N
Cl2/light
Cl
CH3
Cl
A arranged.
= 3.1g / cm 3
39. Among the given option (d) is correctly

BiH 3 < SbH 3 < AsH 3 < PH 3 < NH 3

(increasing bond
angle)
RA
Toluene
Cl Correct order of other options are as follows
Trichloromethyl benzene
‘Y ’ :
(a) Cl 2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 (increasing bond
34. Ozone is an angular molecule and the two dissociation enthalpy)
O ¾ O bond lengths in ozone are of (i) same
length, i.e. 128 pm because ozone is a (b) H 2O < H 2S < H 2Se< H 2Te (increasing
resonance hybrid of two equivalent acidic strength)
IN

structures. (c) Oxidation state Compound

O+ O+
O– -3 NH3
O O– O
Resonance structures of ozone molecule +1 N 2O
CH

35. People taking a lot of salt or salty food -1 NH2OH

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experience water retention in tissue cells and

+5 N 2O 5
intercellular spaces due to osmosis.
This results in puffiness or swelling is called Thus, increasing order of oxidation state is
edema. N 2O 5< NH 2OH < N 2O < N 2O 5.
SA

36. C6H12O6 compound is a glucose molecule. CH 3

● When C 6 H12O 6 reacts with acetic anhydride, it ½
give glucose penta acetate (A). 40. 2-methylpropanal (CH 3 C H CHO) is reactant
CHO CHO and iso-propyl magnesium iodide
CH3
(CHOH)4 + 5 (CH3CH2)O (CHOCOCH3)4 CH MgCl is reagent that used to
Acetic anhydride O CH3
CH2OH
Glucose CH2O—C—CH3 prepare 2, 4-dimethylpentan-3-ol
Glucose pentaacetate
(A) OH H
+ 5CH3COOH
CH3 CH C C CH3
● When glucose react with conc. HNO 3 it gives
saccharic acid (B). CH3 H CH3
CBSE Sample Paper Chemistry Class XII (Term I) 45

Reaction involve is as follows : Thus, (i) and (iv) are the examples of
H 2º alcohols.
½ 44. Alkene decolourise bromine water in
CH 3 ¾ C H ¾ C == O + (CH 3 )2CHMgI ¾® presence of CCl 4 due to the formation of
½ Iso- propyl magnesium
iodide vicinal dibromide. This test is used to
CH 3
detect the presence of unsaturation
2-methyl propanal H
(carbon-carbon double bonds or triple
½ bonds) also.
(CH 3 )2CH ¾C ¾ OMgI
CCl4
½ e.g. CH 2 == CH 2 + Br2 ¾® BrCH 2CH 2Br

]
CH 2(CH 3 )2 Alkene Bromine
water
1, 2-dibromoethane
(saturated)

TB
(unsaturated)
OH H
45. Assertion is true but Reason is false,
H2O
CH3 CH C C CH3 correct reason is as follows :
Ionisation enthalpies of the elements
CH3 H CH3 follows the order :
2,4-dimethyl pentane-3-ol
Fluorine > Nitrogen > Oxygen

[II
41. ortho-hydroxy benzyl alcohol when reacted with 46. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but
PCl 3 gives the product 2-chloromethyl phenol. Reason is not the correct explanation
CH2OH CH2Cl Assertion. Correct Assertion is as follows :
OH OH Alkyl halides are insoluble in water
because thus are unable to form hydrogen
+ PCl3

o-hydroxy benzyl alcohol

42. Statement (a) is true whereas all other

N
statements are false. Corrected statements are
as follows :
2-chloromethyl phenol
RA
● The reducing character of hydrides of group 15
elements increases down the group. It is due to
the decrease in the thermal stability of hydrides
down the group and thus, their tendency to
liberate hydrogen increases and hence, their
reducing character increases from NH3 to BiH3.
● The basicity of hydrides of group 16 is due to
IN
A bonds with water.
47. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
Correct Reason statement is as follows :
Molarity is not a colligative property.
It is only a concentration term. It does not
depend on number of solute particles.
48. Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
49. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
Correct Reason is as follows :
Cryoscopic constant varies with type of

presence of lone pair of electrons on the central solvent.

atom. Their basic character decreases down the
It depends on the nature of solvent.
group. It is due to increase in the size of central
atom thereby leading to decrease in the electron 50. The correct match is A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2.
density on the central atom as lone pair of (A) Amino acids are monomer of proteins
CH

electrons occupy a larger volume. and exist as Zwitter ion.

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Therefore, the tendency to donate a lone pair of (B) Thymine is a nitrogenous base present
electrons decreases consequently and hence basic in DNA (not in RNA).
strength decreases. (C) Insulin is a kind of protein.
43. All the given options with their types are as (D) Phosphodiester linkage is found in
SA

follows : nucleic acid (also in DNA).

C 2H 5
51. Only option (d) is correct match analogy.
½
CH 3CH 2 C H CH 3 H 2C¾ C ¾ OH Correct analogy of other options are as
½ ½ follows :
OH C 2H 5 (a) Nitrogen : 1s22 s22 p3 : : Neon : 1s22 s22 p6
2º alcohol 3º alcohol
(i) (ii) (b) Carbon : Maximum compounds : :
OH Xenon : Forms compounds
OH (c) XeF2 : Linear : : ClF3 : T-shaped
CH3
52. ● Isomers have the same molecular formula
It is phenol not an alcohol 2° alcohol
but different structure.
(iii) (iv)