Atomic & Physical Properties Silicates Carbon Monoxide (CO) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Carbondioxide (CO2)

. Basic Unit is SiO4– . Preparation

4
. Preparation: . Covalent, three dimensional
Electronic configuration: [Noble gas] ns2np3 . They exist in different structures like network solid. CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + CO2 + H2O
chain, ring, sheet or 3-D structure. C + 2H 2 O → CO + H 2
 . Almost non-reactive due to
. Zeolites are 3-D silicates in which some Watergas . It is consumed during photosynthesis
high Si—O bond enthalpy.
Oxidation state: +1 & +3 of the Si atoms are replaced by Al+3 ions. 6CO 2 + 12H 2O 
hv
→ C6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2O
They are used in water softening. 123 K
. 2C + O 2 + 4N 2 → 2CO + 4N 2
 Silicons
Metalliccharacter : 
B 
Al Ge I Tl Pr oducergas
. Contains repeated R2 SiO
Metalloid Metals
Anomalous Behaviour of Boron units held by Si - O - Si linkage.
Chemical
Atomic radii, ionic radii, density & stability . Highly poisnous due to formation of a Properties
. Difference in behaviour of B is due to complex with haemoglobin. . They are water repelling
of +1 oxidation state: Generally increase due to non-polar alkyl groups.
small size high ionisation energy & absence
down the group.
of d-orbital.
. B has high M.P. & B.P. . Reactivity towards air: They form
Boiling point & stability of +3 oxidation state: . B exhibits allotrpy. Important Compounds oxides of the formula EO and EO 2
Decreases down the group. . B forms only covalent compounds. of C & Si on heating with air.
. Acidic strength of their oxides dec. down
Electronegativity: First decreases from B to the group.
A1 & increases from A1 to Ga & then dec. CO 2 , SiO 2 GeO 2 SnO 2 , PbO 2
marginally down the group.   
Acidic LessAcidic Amphoteric

Melting point: Dec. from B to Ga then increases. . Reactivity towards water: only S
can decompose.
Al Ga Si Ge ∆

Ionisation Energy: B > Tl > Ga > Al > I

THE P-BLOCK water → Sn + 2H 2 O → SnO 2 + 2H 2

GROUP 13 GROUP 14
B
BORON FAMILY
I
ELEMENTS C
CARBON FAMILY
Pb . Reactivity towards halogen: Except C,
all reacts directly with halogens.
Lewis Acid: BCl3, AlCl3 etc behaves as Lewis
Acid due to incomplete octet. Tl S
Atomic and Physical
Complex formation: Due to small size, high Properties
Anomalous Behaviour

charge density & availability of vacant

d-orbitals.

. Due to small size, high ionisation energy & absence of d-orbitals. . Electronic configuration: [Noble
gas] ns 2 np 2
of C

Chemical Properties . C is hardest having m pt & b pt amont the elements of 9-14.

. Oxidation state: +2 & +4
. Shows maximum covalency of 4 while rest show maximum of 6.
Reactivity towards Air → 4E + 3O 2 → ∆
2E2 O3 . Atomic radii, metallic
. C has maximum tendency for catenation & multiple bonding (pπ-pπ) & show allotropy. character & stability of +2
B
 2 O3 Al2 O3 Ga 2O3 I
  2 O 
3 Ti2 O3
 O.S: Generally increase down
Acidi Amphoteri Basic the group.
Important Compounds of Boron
∆ . Catenation: Decreases down
2E + N 2 → 2En {Except + Ga, In, Tl} the group.

Borax Diborane Orthoboric Acid (H3BO3) . Allotropy: Except Pb, all other show
Reactivity towards alkalies: allotropy.
773 K
2B + 6KOH → 2K 3 BO 3 + 3H 2 Na2B4O7.10H2O B2H6 H3BO3 . Complex compounds formed by
all except C due to presence of
Reactivity towards halogens: White crystalline solid with soapy touch vacant d-orbital.
Whtie Crystalline Solid Colourless, highly toxic gas
2E + 3X 2 → 2EX 3 (Except7lI 3 ) preparation preparation preparation
456 K
2BF3 + 6NaH → B 2 H 6 + 6NaF Na 2 B 4 O 7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O → 2NaCl + 4H3 BO3
4H 3 BO 3 + Na 2 CO 3 → Na 2 B 4 O 7 + 6H 2 O + CO 2
Reactivity towards Acids reaction reaction
reaction
Con.H 2 SO 4 370 K
B + 3HNO 3 → H 3 BO 3 + 3NO 2 B 2 H 6 + 3O 2 → B 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O H 3 BO 3 → HBO 2 + H 2 O
∆ Na 2 B 4 O 7 + 7H 2 O → 2NaOH + 4H 3 BO 3 Monoboric acid