2016 Australian Science Olympiad Exam: Chemistry - Sections A & B

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2016 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM

CHEMISTRY – SECTIONS A & B
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Page 1 of 28
2016 Australian Science Olympiad Exam - Chemistry
©Australian Science Innovations ABN 81731558309
CHEMISTRY
2016 Australian Science Olympiad Exam
Time Allowed:
Reading Time: 10 minutes
Examination Time: 120 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
• Attempt ALL questions in ALL sections of this paper.
• Permitted materials: Non-programmable non-graphical calculator, pens, pencils, erasers and a ruler.
• Answer SECTION A on the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided. Use a pencil.
• Answer SECTION B in the spaces provided in this paper. Write in pen and use a pencil only for graphs.
• Ensure that your diagrams are clear and labelled.
• All numerical answers must have correct units.
• Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers.
• Rough working must be done only on pages 26 to 28 of this booklet.
• Relevant data that may be required for a question will be found on page 3.
• Do not staple the multiple choice answer sheet to this booklet.
MARKS
SECTION A 15 multiple choice questions 30 marks
SECTION B 3 short answer questions 30 marks each
Total marks for the paper 120 marks
Page 2 of 28
Avogadro constant (N) = 6.022  1023 mol–1 Velocity of light (c) = 2.998  108 m s–1
1 faraday = 96 485 coulombs Density of water at 25 °C = 0.9971 g cm–3
1 coulomb = 1 A s–1 Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m s–2
Universal gas constant (R) 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m s–2
8.314 J K–1 mol–1
8.206  10–2 L atm K–1 mol–1
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626  10–34 J s 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N m–2
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) pH = log10[H+]
273 K and 100 kPa pH + pOH = 14.00 at 25°C
0°C and 100 kPa Ka = {[H+] [A–]} / [HA]
0°C and 1 bar pH = pKa + log10{[A–] / [HA]}
0°C and 750 mm Hg PV = nRT
E = h
Molar volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.71 L c = 
1 bar = 100 kPa Surface area of sphere A = 4r2
Page 3 of 28
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE
USE THE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED
1. The combustion of propane (C3H8) in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of oxygen (O2) results
in the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). If 2.2 kg of propane fully reacted, how
many moles of oxygen were used?
C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O
(a) 0.020
(b) 0.10
(c) 0.25
(d) 50
(e) 250
2. 2.00 g of a mixture containing NaNO3 and NaCl was dissolved in 250 mL of water. This solution
was then titrated against 0.050 mol L–1 AgNO3, requiring 20.00 mL to fully precipitate the chloride
ions as silver chloride. What was the percentage by mass of NaCl in the sample?
(a) 1.77%
(b) 2.92%
(c) 5.84%
(d) 7.17%
(e) 11.7%
3. For the following reaction in a closed vessel, which of the following changes would cause an
increase in the rate of the forward reaction?
𝑃𝑑
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O(g)
(a) Decreasing the pressure of H2 (g)

(b) Increasing the pressure of H2O (g)
(c) Increasing the pressure of O2 (g)
(d) Decreasing the pressure of H2O (g)
(e) Decreasing the surface area of the palladium catalyst
4. Which of the following covalent bonds is most polar?
(a) C–F
(b) N–F
(c) O–F
(d) N–O
(e) F–F
Page 4 of 28
5. A solid sample of calcium carbonate was placed into a solution of hydrochloric acid. Which of the
following options shows the correct change in concentration of each species over time, as the
reaction proceeds?
CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  H2O(l) + CO2 (g) + CaCl2 (aq)
[H+] [Ca2+] [Cl–]

(a) decreases increases increases
(b) decreases increases no change
(c) decreases no change increases
(d) no change increases increases
(e) no change no change no change
6. An element has the first five successive ionisation energies as shown on the graph below.
Which one of the following could this element be?

(a) aluminium
(b) boron
(c) carbon
(d) calcium
(e) sodium
Page 5 of 28
7. A chemist wishes to make a fertiliser solution containing ions that will act as a source of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. Which one of the following mixtures of solids will completely dissolve
to give such a solution?
(a) NaNO3 Ca3(PO4)2 KCl

(b) K2CO3 Na3PO4 AgNO3
(c) NH4NO3 Na3PO4 KCl
(d) NH4Cl K3PO4 CaCl2
(e) KNO3 Ca(NO3)2 Na3PO4
8. A sample of water from a stream was analysed for the presence of metal ions. The results of some
tests on the water are recorded in the table.
Test Result
Add dilute HCl No reaction
Add Na2CO3 solution White precipitate formed
Add Na2SO4 solution No reaction
Which metal is most likely to be present in the water?
(a) Ba2+
(b) Mg2+
(c) Cu2+
(d) Fe3+
(e) Li+
9. Which of the following best describes the most likely pathway for the K– ion to achieve a noble gas
electron configuration?
(a) lose two electrons

(b) gain two electrons
(c) lose one electron
(d) gain one electron
(e) nothing is required, it already has a noble gas electron configuration
10. The relative atomic mass of thallium, which consists of the isotopes 203Tl and 205Tl, is 204.4. What is
the percentage of 203Tl atoms in the isotopic mixture?
(a) 3.3%
(b) 7.0%
(c) 30%
(d) 70%
(e) 81%
Page 6 of 28
11. Each of the following species is composed of molecules in the gas phase. Which of the following
molecules does not have eight electrons around the central atom?
(a) CCl4
(b) CS2
(c) H2S
(d) F2O
(e) AlF3
12. Which of the following compounds have the same molecular geometry?
I. NH3 II. BF3 III. SCl2 IV. H2O V. CO2 VI. CH4
(a) I and II
(b) I and VI
(c) III, IV and V
(d) III and IV
(e) III and V
13. Why is the boiling point of methane (CH4) greater than that of neon (Ne)?
(a) The covalent bonds within CH4 are stronger than the dispersion forces between Ne atoms.
(b) The dispersion forces between CH4 molecules are stronger than those between Ne atoms.
(c) A molecule of CH4 has more electrons than an atom of Ne.
(d) Molecules of CH4 form hydrogen bonds, but atoms of Ne do not.
(e) Methane is a compound whereas neon is an element.
14. The atomic number for four different nuclei are given in the table below. Which two have the same
number of neutrons?
Atomic Number Mass Number

I. 101 258
II. 102 258
III. 102 260
IV. 103 259
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) II and III
(d) II and IV
(e) III and IV
Page 7 of 28
15. Which pair of substances is listed in increasing order of the property given?
(a) First ionisation energy: O, S

(b) Radius: Mg, Mg2+
(c) Boiling point: I2, Br2
(d) Covalent character: HI, HBr
(e) Electronegativity: O, F
END OF SECTION A
SECTION B COMMENCES OVERLEAF
Page 8 of 28
SECTION B
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Question 16
In 1809, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published “Memoir on the Combination of Gaseous Substances with
Each Other”, in which he presented evidence that gaseous substances react with each other in simple ratios
by volume (when measured at the same temperature and pressure). For example, one volume of ammonia
reacts with an identical volume of hydrogen chloride to give ammonium chloride, or with an identical
volume of hydrogen cyanide to give ammonium cyanide.
Such ratios were not always 1:1 however, for example:

• decomposing 2 volumes of ammonia gave one volume of azote (nitrogen) and three of hydrogen
• two volumes of steam can be produced from the reaction of two volumes of hydrogen and one of
oxygen.
(a) If 100 mL of ammonia is decomposed, what volume of hydrogen gas is produced (both of these volumes
are measured at 20 °C and 101.3 kPa)?
(b) This volume of hydrogen has its temperature raised to 100 °C, which increases its volume at 101.3 kPa to
191 mL. If it is then combusted with excess oxygen, what volume of water vapour is produced (when
measured at 100 °C and 101.3 kPa)?
(c) When 191 mL of hydrogen gas reacts 191 mL of oxygen gas, what volume of oxygen gas remains (all of
these gas volumes being measured at the same temperature and pressure)?
Page 9 of 28
Many reactions of hydrogen and oxygen with other gases were investigated thoroughly during this period of
history. The change in gas volume, if any, in such reactions was of some academic curiosity and could be
investigated by comparing gas volumes before and after a chemical reaction.
Gay-Lussac reported the combination of “sulphurous gas” with oxygen to form “sulfuric acid” (the quotation
marks are used because these do not correspond to the current names for these compounds). Data from an
experiment investigating this reaction is plotted below. The gas volumes are expressed in demiards, an old
French unit of volume approximately equal to 238 mL, and all volumes are measured at the same
temperature and pressure.
In each reaction, 5.00 demiards of sulphurous gas were mixed with a different volume of oxygen gas and
allowed to react. The change in total gas volume was then calculated by subtracting the total gas volume
after reaction from the total gas volume before the reaction. This is plotted below, against the original
volume of oxygen gas.
Gas volume changes in "sulfuric acid" production

0
Change in total gas volume (demiards)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Original volume of oxygen gas (demiards)
(d) Predict the change in total gas volume if the experiment was repeated with 5.00 demiards of sulphurous
gas and 6.00 demiards of oxygen gas.
(e) Predict the change in total gas volume if the experiment was repeated with 5.00 demiards of sulphurous
Page 10 of 28
(f) In what ratio by volume does sulphurous gas combine with oxygen gas? Express your answer in terms of
volume(s) of sulphurous gas to volume(s) of oxygen gas.
___________ volume(s) of sulphurous gas to ___________ volume(s) of oxygen gas
(g) Predict the change in total gas volume if the experiment was repeated with 10.00 demiards of sulphurous
(h) Predict the change in total gas volume if the experiment was repeated with 8.00 demiards of sulphurous
We now know (as Avogadro correctly hypothesised) that Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes holds
because identical volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain identical numbers of
molecules (or atoms in the case of monatomic gases) and that atoms combine with each other in simple
integer ratios.
(i) If “sulfuric acid” in the previous reaction is now known as sulfur trioxide, what is “sulphurous gas”
known as?
Page 11 of 28
In 1815, William Prout published experimental data concerning the densities of gases and their composition.
He expressed the “specific gravity” of gases relative to the specific gravity of atmospheric air, being 1.000
(these days we would call this “relative density”), for example he quoted the specific gravity of nitrogen gas
as 0.9722.
Prout also stated that air consists of 80.00% nitrogen gas and 20.00% oxygen gas by volume.
(j) Assuming (as Prout did) that air is composed only of nitrogen and oxygen, calculate the relative density
of oxygen gas (relative to atmospheric air being 1.000).
(k) As we saw previously, two volumes of ammonia decompose to give one volume of nitrogen gas and
three volumes of hydrogen gas. If the relative density of ammonia gas is 0.5902 (relative to atmospheric air
being 1.000), calculate the relative density of hydrogen gas.
In 1858, Stanislao Cannizzaro proposed that “hydrogen being the lightest gas, we may take it as the unit to
which we refer the densities of other gaseous bodies”.
(l) From Prout’s data, calculate the density of oxygen gas (relative to hydrogen gas being 1.000).
Page 12 of 28
Prout hypothesised that the atomic weights of all elements were multiples of that of hydrogen, which
although not exactly correct was tremendously influential. This led to efforts to investigate the mass ratios in
which substances combined.
For example:
• 1 part by mass of hydrogen reacts with 8 parts by mass of oxygen to give water
• 1 part by mass of hydrogen reacts 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine to give hydrogen chloride
The mass of a substance that combined with or displaced 1 part by mass of hydrogen was called the
equivalent weight of that element or compound.
Therefore, oxygen has an equivalent weight of 8 and chlorine has an equivalent weight of 35.5. The mass of
a substance that combined with or displaced 8 parts of oxygen or 35.5 parts of chlorine by mass is therefore
an alternative definition for equivalent weight.
(m) A common oxide of osmium, containing 74.8% osmium by mass, can be prepared by the reaction of
osmium metal with excess oxygen. Calculate the equivalent weight of osmium in this compound.
A problem with equivalent weights quickly emerged, which was that it seemed possible for the same element
to have multiple different equivalent weights depending on reaction conditions.
(n) Treating osmium metal with excess nitric oxide at 600 °C gives of an oxide of osmium that weighs
16.8% more than the original osmium metal. Calculate the equivalent weight of osmium in this compound.
(o) Explain why the equivalent weight of osmium is different in these two compounds.
Page 13 of 28
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis state that the mass of a substance liberated at one electrode is proportional to
the total electric charge passed through the electrolytic cell and to the equivalent weight of the substance
produced. These two relationships can be written mathematically as follows:
𝑄
𝑚= 𝐸
𝐹
Where:
• m is the mass of the substance produced in grams (g)
• Q is the total electric charge passed through the electrolytic cell in coulombs (C)
• E is the equivalent weight of the substance
• F is Faraday’s constant, with a value of 96 485 C mol-1
Michael wishes to use electrolysis to clean the rust from his iron antique peach peeler, and sets up an
electrolytic cell as in the following diagram:
BATTERY
Steel Electrode Rusted Peach
Peeler
As current is applied to the cell, bubbles of oxygen gas form at the steel electrode, while the rust on the
peach peeler is converted into a loose layer of a dark solid that Michael identifies as iron metal. By weighing
the cell before and after the electrolysis is complete, Michael finds that 6.82 g of oxygen were evolved
(recall that oxygen has an equivalent weight of 8).
(p) Use Faraday’s law to determine the total charge passed through the cell.
Page 14 of 28
Michael then wonders whether he can use his cell to work out the equivalent weight of iron. He brushes the
black solid from the peach peeler, and finds that it has a mass of 19.06 g.
(q) Calculate the equivalent weight of iron based on Michael’s experiment.
Michael decides to compare this value to a table of equivalent weights. He discovers that iron actually has an
equivalent weight of 18.6. Curious to work out where he went wrong, Michael researches the chemistry of
electrolytic rust removal. He finds that the black solid is in fact a mixture of iron and magnetite (an oxide of
iron). Looking it up in his table of equivalent weights, Michael finds that magnetite has an equivalent weight
of 232.
(r) Using the correct values for the relevant equivalent weights, calculate the masses of magnetite and iron
metal in the black solid. (Hint: the total charge passed through the cell will be equal to the sum of the charge
passed through the magnetite and the charge passed through the iron)
Page 15 of 28
Question 17
Acids and bases are ubiquitous in chemistry. Familiar to many are the acids which donate a hydrogen ion to
water when they are present in aqueous solution, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. These acids are
called Brønsted-Lowry acids. A species which can accept a hydrogen ion is called a Brønsted-Lowry base.
One example of this is ammonia.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrochloric acid.
(b) Draw a Lewis dot diagram (or electron dot structure) for ammonia.
Ammonia, like many compounds, obeys the octet rule. Ammonia is a Brønsted-Lowry base because it can
readily react with a hydrogen ion to form the ammonium ion. Another more general theory of acids and
bases is Lewis theory. A Lewis base can donate a lone pair and a Lewis acid can accept a lone pair. Thinking
about ammonia as Lewis base, it can donate a lone pair to a hydrogen ion, which makes ammonia both a
Lewis and a Brønsted-Lowry base.
The product of a Lewis acid-base reaction is called a Lewis adduct. In this question, Lewis adducts will be
drawn with an arrow, which represents the bond formed by the donation of a pair of electrons, as in the
structure of the ammonium ion below.
(c) Draw the missing bond(s) in the following structures of Lewis adducts.
Page 16 of 28
For a closer examination of Lewis acids, we’ll examine borane (BH3). The boron in borane does not obey the
octet rule.
(d) Draw a Lewis dot diagram (or electron dot structure) for borane (BH3).
At standard conditions, BH3 exists as a dimer called diborane, B2H6. It is unusual as it has what are called
3-centre-2-electron bonds over the B-H-B bonds, which have two electrons shared over three atoms rather
than two. The curved bonds in the structure are used to represent these bonds.
(e) Do the borons of diborane obey the octet rule? Explain your answer.
Boron trifluoride (BF3) is a much stronger Lewis acid than BH3, but is only found in the monomeric form.
(f) Draw a Lewis dot diagram (or electron dot structure) for BF3.
Page 17 of 28
(g) Explain why BF3 is a stronger Lewis acid than BH3.
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a weak Brønsted-Lowry acid in solution, meaning that it does not completely
dissociate into ions in water. HF reacts with boron trifluoride to form another Brønsted-Lowry acid which is
a strong acid, meaning it does completely dissociate into ions in water.
(h) What is the formula of this acid?
(i) Draw a Lewis dot diagram (or electron dot structure) for the anion present in this acid.
In practice however, boron trifluoride is an extremely toxic colourless gas. When a Lewis acid is required for
a reaction a common choice is aluminium chloride (AlCl3), which is a white solid.
(j) With which molecule previously mentioned in this question does aluminium chloride (AlCl 3) share a
similar Lewis dot diagram? Explain your answer.
Page 18 of 28
When sodium chloride melts at 801 ºC, the resulting liquid is highly conductive as the sodium and chloride
ions can move freely. Aluminium chloride melts at 192.4 ºC and the resulting liquid is only poorly
conductive.
(k) What does this indicate about the type of bonding in molten aluminium chloride?
Aluminium chloride forms a dimer (Al2Cl6) in the liquid phase with a structure similar to diborane. Unlike
diborane however, the dimer of aluminium chloride has no 3-centre-2-electron bonds.
(l) Draw the structure of the dimer of aluminium chloride (Al2Cl6), indicating the correct type of bonding.
When boron trifluoride and boron trichloride are mixed as gases, a mixture of four gases forms, including
some boron trifluoride and boron trichloride. The resultant mixture cannot be purified back to boron
trifluoride and boron trichloride.
(m) Predict the identities of the other two gases and write a balanced chemical equation for their formation
from boron trifluoride and boron trichloride.
Page 19 of 28
The reaction proceeds through an intermediate with a similar structure to Al2Cl6.
(n) Draw the structure of this intermediate.
Passing BF3 over crystalline boron at high temperature and low pressure gives rise to a mixture of products,
amongst them a yellow solid with molecular formula B8F12 that has a structure similar to B2H6 and AlCl3.
(o) Draw the structure of B8F12.
One molecule of B8F12 can react with two PCl3 molecules to give two molecules of a single product.
(p) Draw the structure of this product.
Page 20 of 28
Question 18
An unknown salt was known to have a formula of the type MxAy.zH2O, where Mn+ is a metal cation, Ab– is a
polyatomic anion and x, y and z are all unknown integers.
Mn+ reacts with I– to form M(n-1)+ and I2, according to the following balanced chemical equation:
2 Mn+ + 2 I– → 2 M(n-1)+ + I2
(a) Write the oxidation and reduction half equations for this reaction.
Oxidation half-equation:
Reduction half-equation:
This can be used to determine the amount of Mn+ present, by iodometry. A sample of the unknown salt
(0.2642 g) is dissolved in a conical flask and excess KI is added. The solution is immediately titrated with
0.03064 mol L–1 Na2S2O3, which reacts with the liberated iodine, generating iodide ions and S4O62- ions
according to the equation:
2 S2O32– + I2 → S4O62– + 2 I–
The endpoint is detected by addition of vitex indicator close to endpoint, with completion when the dark blue
colour has completely faded. This requires 24.65 mL of Na2S2O3.
(b) Calculate the chemical amount (in mol or mmol) of Mn+ present in 0.2642 g of solid MxAy.zH2O.
(c) Determine the molar mass of the unknown salt (MxAy.zH2O) in terms of x.
Page 21 of 28
The polyatomic anion Ab– can be determined through an acid-base titration. 1.4130 g of the unknown salt is
dissolved in a 250.0 mL volumetric flask and made up to the mark. 25.00 mL aliquots are taken and titrated
with a 0.07432 mol L–1 HCl solution, requiring an average titre of 21.74 mL. The reaction can be considered
as:
b HCl + Ab–  HbA + b Cl–
(d) Calculate the chemical amount (in mol or mmol) of Ab– in a 25.00 mL aliquot, in terms of b.
(e) Determine the molar mass of the unknown salt (MxAy.zH2O) in terms of y and b.
Ab– can also be titrated with base. A 25.00 mL aliquot of the same unknown solution requires
26.98 mL of 0.02994 mol L–1 NaOH solution, with which Ab– reacts in a 1:1 ratio.
(f) What does this tell us about what the anion must contain? What is the value of b?
Page 22 of 28
The original unknown salt (MxAy.zH2O) is heated to 300 ºC leading to a loss of mass; heating is stopped
when there is no further mass change. 0.9638 g of this new solid is dissolved and made up to the mark in a
250.0 mL volumetric flask; 25.00 mL aliquots of this solution now require 24.79 mL of the previously used
0.02994 mol L–1 NaOH .
(g) (i) What can you attribute the loss in mass to?
(ii) Calculate the mass of the original unknown salt (MxAy.zH2O) required to produce 0.9638 g of the new
solid and hence calculate the mass lost when 0.9638 g of the new solid is produced.
(h) Determine the molar mass of the original unknown salt (MxAy.zH2O) in terms of z.
Page 23 of 28
(i) Determine the values of x, y, z and the molar mass of the original unknown salt (MxAy.zH2O).
To determine the total amount of oxygen present in the sample, 1.2341 g of the original unknown salt
(MxAy.zH2O) is heated to 3000 ºC in a graphite crucible. The oxygen reacts with the carbon to form carbon
monoxide, which is collected and has a mass of 1.0870 g.
(j) Calculate the number of oxygen atoms present per formula unit of the original unknown salt
(MxAy.zH2O).
Page 24 of 28
The identity of the cation can be elucidated by adding fluoride ions to a solution of the unknown salt,
forming a precipitate of MF4·H2O. 2.2179 g of the original unknown salt is dissolved and NaF is added until
there is no further precipitation. The solid is filtered, washed and dried, and has a mass of 1.4843 g.
(k) Identify the cation present in the original unknown salt.
The polyatomic anion Ab– contains only three different elements.

l) Identify the anion and hence the formula of the unknown salt.
Formula of salt:
Page 25 of 28
BLANK WORKING PAGE
Page 26 of 28
BLANK WORKING PAGE
Page 27 of 28
Integrity of Competition
If there is evidence of collusion or other academic dishonesty, students will be

disqualified. Markers’ decisions are final.
Page 28 of 28

2016 Australian Science Olympiad Exam: Chemistry - Sections A & B

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2016 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM

Student Name: ………………...…..…………………………………………………….

Name of School: ………………………………………….………………..State: ……...

The Australian Olympiad teams in Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental

Examiners’ Use Only:

Examination Time: 120 minutes

• Attempt ALL questions in ALL sections of this paper.

• Ensure that your diagrams are clear and labelled.

• All numerical answers must have correct units.

• Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers.

• Rough working must be done only on pages 26 to 28 of this booklet.

• Do not staple the multiple choice answer sheet to this booklet.

C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O

(a) Decreasing the pressure of H2 (g)

4. Which of the following covalent bonds is most polar?

CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  H2O(l) + CO2 (g) + CaCl2 (aq)

[H+] [Ca2+] [Cl–]

Which one of the following could this element be?

(a) NaNO3 Ca3(PO4)2 KCl

Which metal is most likely to be present in the water?

(a) lose two electrons

Atomic Number Mass Number

(a) First ionisation energy: O, S

Such ratios were not always 1:1 however, for example:

Gas volume changes in "sulfuric acid" production

Original volume of oxygen gas (demiards)

___________ volume(s) of sulphurous gas to ___________ volume(s) of oxygen gas

• E is the equivalent weight of the substance

• F is Faraday’s constant, with a value of 96 485 C mol-1

(q) Calculate the equivalent weight of iron based on Michael’s experiment.

b HCl + Ab–  HbA + b Cl–

The polyatomic anion Ab– contains only three different elements.

If there is evidence of collusion or other academic dishonesty, students will be

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_ volume(s) of sulphurous gas to _ volume(s) of oxygen gas