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Diamond Graphite
Graphite: While there are Diamond: Each carbon atom is the
strong covalent bonds between same distance to each of its
carbon atoms in each layer, there neighboring carbon atoms. In this
are only weak forces between rigid network atoms cannot move.
layers. This allows layers of This explains why diamonds are so
carbon to slide over each other hard and have such a high melting
in graphite. point.
Multiple Choice Questions
Graphite can be described as
a) hard and crystalline
b) soft and slippery
c) a dark liquid
d) made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Diamond is
a) made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
b) the hardest substance know to man
c) soft and slippery
d) clear and brittle
What makes diamond so hard?
a) diamond has a crystal structure similar to ice
b) diamond is made up of only carbon atoms
c) the C-C bonds all have different bond lengths
d) a rigid network of atoms that cannot move
Multiple Choice Questions
Which statement best describes why graphite is soft?
a) graphite is made up of only carbon atoms
b) graphite is layered
c) graphite has a low melting point
d) none of the above
Which of the following statements is not correct
a) both carbon and diamond are made of only carbon atoms
b) graphite has only weak forces between its layers
c) graphite and diamond have the same density
d) in diamond each carbon is the same distance to each of its neighboring
carbon atoms
Primary Bonding: IONIC BONDING
• Ionic bonding is always found in compounds that are composed
of both metallic and nonmetallic elements
• It is a predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
H He
2.1 CaF 2 -
Li Be O F Ne
1.0 1.5 Cs Cl 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9
column IVA
H2 F2
C(diamond)
H He
2.1
Si C - Cl 2
Li Be C O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 -
Na Mg Si Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.8 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga Ge As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr Sn I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 -
Cs Ba Pb At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9 GaAs
+ + +
+ + +
• The free electrons shield the positively charged ion cores from
mutually repulsive electrostatic forces.
• These free electrons act as a “glue” to hold the ion cores
together.
• In general, metallic bonding is found in the periodic table for
Group IA and IIA elements and, in fact, for all elemental
metals.
SECONDARY BONDING: Van der Waals bonding
• Weak bonds in comparison with other forms of bonding (~10
kJ/mol)
• Evident between all atoms, including inert gases and especially
between covalently bonded molecules (i.e. Graphite).
• Bonds are created through both atomic and molecular dipoles.
Secondary Bonding: Hydrogen bonding
• Special type of secondary bond between molecules with
permanent dipoles and hydrogen in the compound. Ex: HF, H2O,
NH3
• These secondary bonds can have strengths as high as ~50 kJ/mol
and will cause increases in melting temperature above those
normally expected.
Bonding Energies and Melting Temperatures for Various
Substances
General Characteristics of Substances with different
Interatomic Bonding
MID TERM 1
Given:
Z1 =2=Z2
R=1.25nm
e= 1.602×10-19 C
Example-1: Solution
Calculate the force of attraction between a Ca2+ and an O2- ion the
centers of which are separated by a distance of 1.25 nm.
Take attractive energy as
A A
EA = d
r dE A r A
FA = = = 2
dr dr r
Given: A
Z1e Z 2 e
Z1 =2=Z2 4πεo
R=1.25nm
e= 1.602×10-19 C
(2)( 2)1.602 x 10 19 C
2
FA = = 5.89 10 -10 N
(4)( ) 8.85 x 10 F / m) 1.25 x 10 m
12 9 2
Example 2
The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, may be
represented by A B
E N = - (n )
r r
Calculate the bonding energy in terms of the parameters A, B,
and n using the following procedure:
1. Differentiate EN with respect to r, and then set the
resulting expression equal to zero, since the curve of
versus r is a minimum at E0.
2. Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yields r0 , the
equilibrium interionic spacing.
3. Determine the expression for E0 by substitution of r0 into
given Equation (i.e. EN)
Example 2: Solution
1. Differentiation of (EN) Equation gives:
dE N A nB
= (1 + 1) (n + 1) = 0
dr r r
2. Now, solving for r (= r0)
1/(1- n)
A nB A
2
= (n + 1) ro =
ro ro nB
Calculate
• FA
• FR
• r0
• E0
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
BONDING ENERGY AND Materials
PROPERTIES
• Stiffness (E)
• Thermal Coefficient ()
PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: E
• Elastic modulus, E cross
sectional
length, Lo
area A o Elastic modulus
undeformed
L F DL
=E
Ao Lo
deformed F
• E ~ curvature at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro E is larger if Eo is larger.
r
smaller Elastic Modulus
Energy
ro
r a is larger if Eo is smaller.
larger
small er
Class Activity Problem
Draw the dependence of net energy (i.e. Potential Energy) on
interatomic separation for Material with
1. High strength
2. Moderate strength
3. Low strength
Conclusions
• The magnitude of the attractive force varies with the
inter-atomic distance.
• The net bonding energy influences the process, structure,
materials properties and performance. Accordingly,
• As E0 increases, the strength of the material increases.
• As E0 increases, the stiffness of the material increases.
• As E0 increases, the melting point of the material
increases.
What about
• Hardness
• Softness
• Compliance (inverse of stiffness)
• Toughness (i.e. the ability of a material to absorb energy and
plastically deform before fracturing)
• Abrasion/wear (A hard and wear-resistant material (commonly
a ceramic) that is used to wear, grind, or cut away other
material)
• Malleability (Malleability is a material's ability to deform
under pressure (compressive stress)
• Drilling.
Which properties from above are affected by van der wall?