. Basic Unit is SiO44– . Preparation: . Preparation
. Covalent, three dimensional Electronic configuration: [Noble gas] ns2np1 . They exist in different structures like C + 2H2 O → CO + H 2 network solid. CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O chain, ring, sheet or 3-D structure. Watergas CH4 + 2O2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) . Almost non-reactive due to . Zeolites are 3-D silicates in which some high Si—O bond enthalpy. of the Si atoms are replaced by Al+3 ions. 123 K . 2C + O2 + 4N 2 → 2CO + 4N2 . It is consumed during photosynthesis Oxidation state: +1 & +3 They are used in water softening. . Acidic in nature. 6CO3 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Pr oducergas SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O . Highly poisnous due to formation of a Metalliccharacter : B Al Ge In Tl complex with haemoglobin. NonMetal Metals Silicones . acts as reducing agent Chemical ZnO(s) + CO(g) Zn(s) + CO2(g) Properties . Contains repeated R 2Si(OH)2units held Atomic radii, ionic radii, density & stability of +1 oxidation state: Generally increase by Si - O - Si linkage. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) Cu powder down the group. 2RQ + Si R2SiCl2 . Reactivity towards air: They form R2SiCl2 + 2H2O R2Si(OH)2 + 2HCL Important Compounds oxides of the formula EO and EO2 of C & Si on heating with air. Boiling point & stability of +3 oxidation state: n[R2Si(OH)2 ] Polymerise Silicone Decreases down the group. . Acidic strength of their oxides dec. down . They are water repelling due to non-polar the group. alkyl group. CO2, SiO2 GeO2 SnO PbO 2, 2
Electronegativity: B > Tl > In > Ga > Al Acidic Less Acidic Amphoteric
. Reactivity towards water: only Sn
reacts with steam. Al Ga Si Ge Melting point: Dec. from B to Ga then increases. B > Al > Ga > In > Tl THE P-BLOCK B GROUP 13 I ELEMENTS C GROUP 14 Pb . Reactivity towards halogen: They form halide of formula EX2 and EX4 most of BORON FAMILY CARBON FAMILY the EX4 are covalent in nature. Ionisation Energy: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In Tl S . Except CCl4 , Other halides are easily Hydrolysed by water Lewis Acid: BCl3, AlCl3 etc behaves as Lewis SiCl4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4HCl Acid due to incomplete octet. Silicic acid Important Compounds of Boron
Atomic and Physical
Chemical Properties Borax Diborane Properties Orthoboric Acid Na2B4O7.10H2O B2H6 H3BO3 ∆ Reactivity towards Air→ 4E + 3O 2 → 2E2 O3 White Crystalline Solid Preparation . Electronic configuration: Colourless, highly toxic gas White crystalline solid, Non protic acid [Noble gas] ns2 np2 B 2 O3 Al 2O3 Ga 2O3 In 2O3 Tl 2 O3 4H3 BO3 + Na 2 CO3 → Na 2 B 4O7 + 6H2O + CO2 preparation preparation Acidi Amphoteri Basic 456 K . Oxidation state: +2 & +4 Reactions 2BF3 + 6NaH → B 2 H6 + 6NaF Na2 B 4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O → 2NaCl + 4H3 BO3 . Atomic radii, metallic ∆ Na 2 B 4O7 + 7H 2O → 2NaOH + 4H3 BO3 2E + N2 → 2En{ Excep Ga, In, Tl } 2NaBH4 + I2 B2H6 + 2NaI + H2 reaction character & stability of +2 Oxidation state generally increase Heating 370K H3 BO3 → HBO2 + H 2 O down the group. Reactivity towards halogens: Na2B4O7 → 2NaBO2 + B2O3 reaction Monoboric acid C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
2E + 3X 2 → 2EX 3 (Except TlI3) B 2H6 + 3O2 → B2 O 3 + 3H2 O HBO2 B2O3 H
O . Catenation: Decreases down 3B2H6 + 6NH3 3[BH2 (NH3)2]+[BH4]- the group. ( X = F, Cl, Br, I ) Sp2 hybridized HO Sp3 hybridized H B B ∆ O O Pb does not show catenation. Boron Atom Boron Atom 2B3N3H6 + 12H2 O O H H C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn Reactivity towards Acids and alkalies HO B O OH 2Na+ . 8H2O B H H O O . Ionization enthalpy H H H 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq.) 2Al3+ + 6Cl-(aq.) + 3H2(q) H B O (aq.) O O O C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn B B O H O B O H B B H O O . Elutronegativity 2Na+[Al(OH)4]-(aq) + 3H2(q) HO 2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq.) + 6H2O H H H H H C > Pb > Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn