MANZIL

For JEE Aspirants

Hydrogen
ONE SHOT

Om Pandey
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. About Hydrogen and its isotopes

2. Types of Hydrides

3. H2O2 and Hard Water

 Hydrogen exhibits a dual behavior
It resembles both alkali metals and halogens.

Alkali Metal Halogens

Electronic Configuration Requires only one electron to have the

configuration of the nearest noble gas.

H+

H2
 Isotopes of Hydrogen

Protium Deuterium Tritium

Representation Ordinary hydrogen Heavy hydrogen Radioactive

Neutrons

Occurrence 99.98% 0.16% 10–15%

 The total number of isotopes of hydrogen and number of
Q. radioactive isotopes among them, respectively, are :

A 3 and 1

B 3 and 2

C 2 and 1

D 2 and 0
 Hydrogen has three isotopes (A), (B) and (C). If the number of
Q. neutron(s) in (A), (B) and (C) respectively, are (x), (y) and (z), the
sum of (x), (y) and (z) is :

A 3

B 2

C 4

D 1
 Preparation of H2
Active metals ( Na, K ) Na + H2O

Less active metals ( Ca, Zn Mg, Al ) Al + H2O

Reaction of NaOH with

NaOH(aq)
Sn, Al, Pb, Zn, B, Si
Suno Alia Pub Zaane Bhi Sikho

NaOH(aq)
Elements

M + NaOH
 Gassing Reaction : Fe + H 2O

Bosch Process : Industrial Preparation

1270 K
C + H2O Syn gas : Methanol prepn
C acts as a RA at very high temp
773 K
H2 + CO + H2O
Fe2O3.Cr2O3
Water gas shift reaction can be dissolved
At lower temp CO acts as a RA and removed
CO2 gets absorbed
CO2 gas is removed by sodium arsenite solution, and this process is called as scrubbing.

Preparation of pure hydrogen

(1) The electrolysis of a solution of Ba(OH)2 using Ni electrodes gives extra pure H2

(2) NaH + H2O

 Types of Hydrides
Non metal with non metal: covalent bond

Saline / Salt Hydride Covalent / Molecular Hydrides Interstitial Hydrides

Ionic Hydride P block ( Non-metal ) + H Metallic Hydrides
S block Metal & H HCl , H2O , CH4 , PH3 D block Metal & H

Crystalline solids Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7

High M.P. & B.P. Less M.P. & B.P. High M.P. & B.P.

Good conductor of Poor conductor of Nonstoichiometric in

electricity. electricity. nature

T.S. : LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH

Thermal stability
 H2O Vs D2O

D2O is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange reactions

for the study of reaction mechanisms.
 H2O2

Laboratory Method

BaO2 8H2O + H2SO4

Industrial Method Auto oxidation of 2-Ethyl anthraquinol

Physical Properties of H2O2

Density
Viscosity
Boiling point

Dielectric constant

Not used as solvent

Aqueous solution is stored in plastic or wax-lined glass containers

 Strength of hydrogen peroxide solution
Percentage strength :
20% aqueous solution (w/v) of H2O2 : 20g of hydrogen peroxide is present in 100 ml
of the solution

Volume strength : The volume (in ml) of oxygen liberated at N.T.P. by the
decomposition of 1 ml sample of hydrogen peroxide.

Molarity and Volume Strength : Molarity = Volume Strength / 11.2

Q. Calculate the volume strength of 8.9 M H2O2 solution at 273 K and 1 atm ?
Write the answer in nearest integer. (R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1)
 The strength of 5.6 volume hydrogen peroxide (of density 1g/mL)
Q. in terms of mass percentage and molarity (M), respectively, are :
(molar mass of H2O2 : 34g /mol )

A 1.7 and 0.5

B 0.85 and 0.25

C 1.7 and 0.25

D 0.85 and 0.5

 Hard water & Soft water
Hardness is due to presence of the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca and
Mg.

Temporary Hardness Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg

By Boiling Bicarbonates decompose in insoluble carbonates (ppt)

Ca(HCO3)2 Boil

Boil
Mg(HCO3)2

Clark’s Method It can be removed by addition of slaked lime

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
 Permanent Hardness Sulphates ,Chlorides of Ca , Mg

This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling or by the addition of slaked lime.

Water Softeners : Washing Soda

Calgon

Permutit

Ion Exchange Resins

on passing hard water through exchangers, Ca2+ and Mg2+ is

replaced by H+
 It removes both the temporary and permanent hardness
Washing Soda
by converting soluble calcium and magnesium
compounds into insoluble carbonates. temp hardness

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3

CaSO4 + Na2CO3

O O O O O O O
Permutit / Hydrated Zeolite Si Al Si Si Al Si

O OO O O O O O O O O O

Na2Al2Si2O8. xH2O + Ca2+

CaAl2Si2O8. xH2O + NaCl

 Calgon Sodium Hexametaphosphate = Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

CaSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

MgSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

Ion Exchange Resins

Cation Exchange Resin Synthetic Substance Anion Exchange Resin

Insoluble organic acid resin having giant Giant organic molecules with basic
molecules with – SO3H or – COOH groups group derived from amines

R – H + Ca2+ R – NH3OH + Cl–

 The one that is NOT suitable for the removal of permanent
Q. hardness of water is :

A Clark’s method

B Ion-exchange method

C Calgon’s method

D Treatment with sodium carbonate

Q. The temporary hardness of water is due to :

A Na2SO4

B NaCl

C Ca(HCO3)2

D CaCl2
Thank You !