Chemistry AP

Types of Reactions
1. Double Replacement reactions
a. Precipitation reactions
 For Two aqueous salts a reaction takes place if a ppt is formed Solubility RULES!!!

 For Two aqueous salts a reaction takes place if a ppt is formed or a gas formed
 Forming H2CO3 in the products automatically break into H2O + CO2
 Forming NH4OH in the products automatically break into NH3 + H2O
1. Sodium chloride solution reacts with silver nitrate solution

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

2. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium acetate.

H2SO4 (aq) + (CH3COO)2Ba (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + CH3COOH (aq)
3. Solutions of sodium phosphate and calcium chloride are mixed.
NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH4OH → NaCl + NH3 + H2O
4. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of silver nitrate
H2S (g) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq)  PbS (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq)

b. Neutralisation is an example of Double Replacement reactions

• Na2O (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
• Na2O (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
• Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O → 2NaAl(OH)4
• Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
• ZnO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
• ZnO (s) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Mr. Adham Zewin 1

Chemistry AP
To write The total ionic equation for neutralization and precipitation
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
H+ (aq) + Cl– (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl– (aq) + H2O (l)
By cancelling the spectator ions we get
H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) → H2O (l)
To write The total ionic equation for precipitation
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Ag+(aq) + NO3– (aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl– (aq) → AgCl (s) + Na+(aq) + NO3 (aq)
Cancelling the spectator ions
Ag+(aq) + Cl– (aq) → AgCl (s)

2. Decomposition reactions
The effect of heat on Group 1 and 2 Carbonates / Bicarbonates
Group 1 compounds are more stable to heat except Lithium break into metal oxide + CO2
∆
Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2
Group 2 carbonate like magnesium carbonate decomposes by heat break into metal oxide + CO2
∆
MgCO3 (s) → MgO (s) + CO2 (g)
Group 1 hydrogencarbonates
∆
2 NaHCO3 (s) → Na2CO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Group 2 hydrogencarbonates
∆ ∆
Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
The effect of heat on Group 1 and 2 Nitrate
Group 1 nitrates decomposes producing the metal nitrite and oxygen
∆
2 NaNO3 (s) → 2 NaNO2 (s) + O2 (g)
Except Lithium decomposes producing the metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen
∆
4 LiNO3 (s) → 2 liO2 (s) + 4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Group 2 nitrate decomposes producing the metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen
∆
2 Mg(NO3)2 (s) → 2 MgO (s) + 4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Reactivity series Action on OH-
Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Stable - does not decompose on heating
Zinc, Iron, Copper Decompose to metal oxide + steam
Chlorates  metal chloride + O2
∆
2 KClO3 (s) → 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)  H2O + O2

Mr. Adham Zewin 2

Chemistry AP
3. Synthesis reactions
 Two things forming only ONE product
o Element by itself + element by itself  HAVE to combine
o Metal oxide + water  metal hydroxide (base)
o Nonmetal oxide + water  acid
o Boron trifluoride (BF3) + ammonia (NH3)  BF3-NH3 (LEWIS ACID-BASE)
o P4O10 + 6CaO → 2Ca3(PO4)2

1. Calcium metal is heated strongly in the presence of oxygen.

2Ca + O2  2CaO
2. Solid calcium oxide is exposed to a stream of carbon dioxide gas.
CaO + CO2  CaCO3
3. Solid calcium oxide is added to water.
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
4. Sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled through water.
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
5. Magnesium metal is reacted with nitrogen gas at high temperatures.
3Mg + N2  Mg3N2

4. Combustion reactions
Complete combustion
 Something organic + oxygen  carbon dioxide and water
Incomplete combustion
 Something organic + oxygen  carbon Monoxide and water

5. Single replacement reactions

 Something by itself + a compound
o Metal replaces metal, nonmetal replaces nonmetal
o REDOX! But the simple kind.
 Alkali metal + H2O  metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas

1. Calcium metal is added to a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.

o Give at least one visual observation for this reaction.
2. Liquid bromine is added to a solution of potassium iodide?
o Which substance is the oxidizing agent?
3. Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron (III) chloride.
o Describe the color change that corresponds to the reaction you write.

Mr. Adham Zewin 3

Chemistry AP
4. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron (II) oxide.
o Which substance is being reduced?
5. Small chunks of sodium are added to water.
o Describe a test to confirm the gaseous product in your reaction.

6. Hydrolysis reactions
 Salt + H2O  (Bronsted-Lowry to make conjugates based on if salt is acidic or basic)
o Anion of weak acid + water  conjugate acid + OH-
o Cation of weak base + water  conjugate base + H3O+

1. A solution of sodium sulfite is added to water.

o If a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator are added to the reaction, what color is it?
2. A solution a sodium phosphate is added to water.
o Which reactant acts as a Bronsted base? Explain.
3. A solution of ammonium bromide is bubbled through water.
o List the conjugate acid-base pairs present.
4. Al4C3 + 12 H2O = 4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH4

Mr. Adham Zewin 4

Chemistry AP

7. Redox reactions
 Look for “acidified” or metals with the same cation/anion (ex: tin nitrate and silver nitrate)
 List of common things that happen:
o Typical things
 MnO4-  Mn2+ and MnO2  Mn2+
 CrO42-  Cr3+ and Cr2O72-  Cr3+
 ClO3-  Cl2 (works with bromine and iodine also)
 Cl-  Cl2 (works with halogens)
o Possibilities
 Silver goes between elemental (Ag) and Ag+ only
 Iron: will usually give you Fe2+, it can either go to neutral (Fe) or Fe3+
 Tin: will usually give you Sn2+, it can either go to neutral (Sn) or Sn4+
 Copper: will usually give you Cu+, it can either go to neutral (Cu) or Cu2+
 SO2  SO42-

1. A solution of tin (II) chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.

o Which substance is the oxidizing agent? Explain.
2. Sulfur dioxide is bubbled through an acidified solution of sodium chromate.
o Describe the color change seen in the reaction.
3. Solid manganese (IV) oxide is added to an acidified solution of sodium chloride.
o Which substance is oxidized in the reaction?
4. Solutions of potassium iodide and potassium iodate are mixed.
o Which substance is being reduced and oxidized?
5. A solution of copper (I) nitrate is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.
o Which atom or ion is most responsible for the color change seen in the reaction?
6. Solutions of iron (III) nitrate and tin (II) nitrate are mixed.
o Which is the reducing agent in the reaction? Explain.

Mr. Adham Zewin 5

Chemistry AP
8. Disproportionation reactions
Mercury(I) chloride disproportionates upon UV-irradiation:
Hg2Cl2 → Hg + HgCl2
Phosphorous acid disproportionates upon heating to give phosphoric acid and phosphine:
4 H3PO3 → 3 H3PO4 + PH3

 Chlorine gas reacts with cold dilute sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride, sodium chlorate and
water.
Cl2 + 2 NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H2O
 The reaction between hot concentrated sodium hydroxide and chlorine produces sodium chlorate (V),
sodium chloride and water.
3 Cl2 (g) + 6 NaOH (aq) NaClO3 (aq) + 5 NaCl (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

Mr. Adham Zewin 6