IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REACTIONS

 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

• Zn + H2SO4→ ZnSO4 + H2

• 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

• CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca (OH)2 (aq)

(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)

• C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

• 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)

• CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

• C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6 CO2 (aq) + 6 H2O (l) + energy

(Glucose) (Oxygen)

• 2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)

(Ferrous sulphate) (Ferric oxide)

• CaCO3(s) + Heat → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

(Limestone) (Quick lime)

• 2Pb (NO3)2 (s) + Heat → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

(Lead nitrate) (Lead oxide) (Nitrogen dioxide)

• Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

• ZnO + C →Zn + CO

• MnO2 + HCl →MnCl 2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts

• Reaction of acids and bases with metals:

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Example:

2 NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2

(Sodium zincate)

• Reaction of base and acid to give salt (neutralisation reaction):

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Other reactions:

Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals

• Chemical properties of metals:

Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

Example:

• 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

• 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

Aluminium oxide reacts in the following manner with acids and bases:

• Al2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O

• Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaAlO2 + H2O

Sodium oxide and potassium oxide dissolve in water to produce alkalis:

• Na2O(s) + H2O (l) → 2 NaOH (aq)

• K2O(s) + H2O (l) → 2 KOH (aq)

Reactions of Metal with water

Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide

Example:

• 2K(s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g) + heat energy

• 2Na(s) + 2H2O (l) → 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) + heat energy

• Ca(s) + 2 H2O (l) → Ca (OH)2 (aq) + H2(g)

• 2 Al (s) + 3H2O (g) → Al2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g)

• 3 Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2 (g)

Chemical reactions related to extraction of metal are also important for CBSE 10th Science Board
Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds

Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

Combustion of carbon and its compounds:

(i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light

(ii) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat and light

(iii) CH3CH2OH + 2O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O + heat and light

Oxidation of carbon compounds:

Conversion of alcohol to carboxylic acid

Addition Reaction:
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst:

Properties of Ethanol:

Reactions of Ethanol with sodium –

2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2 CH3CH2O–Na+ + H2

(Sodium ethoxide)

Heating of ethanol:

Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in the dehydration of
ethanol to give ethene –

Esterification reaction:

Esters (sweet-smelling substances used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents) are most
commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol
in the presence of an acid catalyst to give an ester –

Saponification:

Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid. This
reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.