Answers''

Electrochemistry'
Electron'Transfer'
1' The oxidation numbers of each nominated element in each compound are given below:
a' HCl, –1; NaCl, –1; MgCl2, –1; KClO3, +5; HOCl, +1.
b' CO, +2; CO2, +4; CaCO3, +4; CH4, –4; C2H6, –3; CaC2, –1;
C6H12O6, 0; C12H22O11, 0.

c' N2O, +1; NO, +2; NO2, +4; HNO3, +5; HNO2, +3; NO3–, +5; NH3, –3;
NH4+, –3; N2H4, –2.

d' SO2, +4; SO3, +6; H2S, –2; K2S, –2; H2SO4, +6; HSO4–, +6; SO42–, +6.

e' P4, zero; H3PO4, +5; PH3, –3; P4O6, +3; P4O10, +5; PF5, +5.

f' FeCl2, +2; FeCl3, +3; FeSO4, +2; Fe2(SO4)3, +3; Fe(OH)3, +3; Fe2O3, +3.

g' Cr2O3, +3; CrCl3, +3; CrO3, +6; K2CrO4, +6; Cr2O72– +6.

h' VCl2, +2; V2O3, +3; VO2, +4; NaVO3, +5; Na3VO4, +5.

i' MnO4–, +7; MnO2, +4; Mn(OH)2, +2; MnF2, +2; MnF3, +3.

j' Cu, 0; CuO, +2; Cu(OH)2, +2; CuSO4, +2; CuCl2, +2; Cu2O, +1.

2' (a), (d), (h), (i), (l), (n), (o) and (p) are redox reactions
(some oxidation numbers increase, some decrease)

a' Oxidation Number of H in H2O = +1, in H2 = 0,

Oxidation Number of O in H2O = −2, in O2 = 0.

b' No change in any oxidation numbers

c' No change in any oxidation numbers

d' Oxidation Number of K in the element = 0, in KOH = +1,

Oxidation Number of H in H2O = +1, in H2O = +1.

e' No change in any oxidation numbers

f' No change in any oxidation numbers

g' No change in any oxidation numbers

h' Oxidation Number of Mg in the element = 0, in Mg2+ = +2,

Oxidation Number of H in H+ = +1, in H2 = 0.

i' Oxidation Number of C in CH4 = −4, in CO2 = +4,

Oxidation Number of O in O2 = 0, in CO2 and H2O = −2.

j' No change in any oxidation numbers

k' No change in any oxidation numbers

l' Oxidation Number of Fe in FeSO4 = +2, in Fe2O3 = +3,

Oxidation Number of S in FeSO4 = +6, in SO2 = +4.
 m' No change in any oxidation numbers.

n' Oxidation Number of Mn in MnO2 = +4, in MnCl2 = +2,

Oxidation Number of Cl in HCl = −1, in Cl2 = 0.

o' Oxidation Number of N in HNO2 = +3, in HNO3 = +5, in NO = +2

Oxidation Number of Cl in HCl = −1, in Cl2 = 0.

p' Oxidation Number of C in H2C2O4 = +3, in CO = +2, in CO2 = +4

3' The oxidising agent is the chemical species in which an atom is reduced (as it causes the
oxidation of something else). The reducing agent is the chemical species in which an atom
is oxidised (as it causes the reduction of something else).

a' Oxidation Number of Br in Br2 = 0, in HBr = −1 ! Br2 is the oxidising agent.

b' 0.500 g

4' V2O5 is vanadium(V) Oxide; VO2 is vanadium(IV) Oxide;

V2O3 is vanadium(III) Oxide; VO is vanadium(II) Oxide
V2O5 + SO2 → 2VO2 + SO3
V2O5 + 2H2 → V2O3 + 2H2O
V2O3 + V → 3VO
3VO + 2Al → 3V + Al2O

5' a Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e– (oxidation half

equation)
CH3COOH + e– → CH3COO–(aq) + ½ H2(g) (reduction half equation)
! CH3COOH is the oxident

b' Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e– (reduction half

equation)
Ag+(aq) + e– → CH3COO–(aq) + ½ H2(g) (oxidation half equation)
!Ag+ is the oxidant

c' H2O2(aq) → 2H+(aq) + O2(l) + 2e– (oxidation half

equation)
H2O2(aq) +2H+(aq) + 2e– → 2H2O(l) (reduction half equation)
! H2O2 is the oxidant (This self decomposition reaction is a disproportionan reaction
as a single reactant acts as both the oxidant and reductant.)

d' 2I−(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e– (oxidation half

equation)
Br2(aq) + 2e– → I−(aq) (reduction half
equation)

e' H2(aq) → 2H+(aq) + 2e– (oxidation half equation)

CH2O(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2e– → CH3OH(aq) (reduction half equation)
! CH2O is the oxidant

6' a 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

b' The oxidation number of Cl changes from +5 in KClO3 to −1 in KCl (Cl is reduced) and
the oxidation O changes from −2 in KClO3 to 0 in O2 (O is oxidised).

c' Mass of oxygen = 21.23 – 20.75 = 0.48 g

d' Mass KCl = 2

/3 × 0.48/32.0 = 0.746 g ! mass of test-tube = 20.75 – 0.745 = 20.0 g
Balancing'Redox'Equations'
1' a H2S (g) → S (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e–

b' SO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) → SO42– (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e–

c' H2O2 (aq) → O2(g) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e–

d' H2O2 (aq) + 2e– → 2OH– (aq)

e' NO3– (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 3e– → NO (g) + 2H2O (l)

f' NO3– (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + e– → NO2 (g) + H2O (l)

g' MnO4– (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O(l)

2' a 2Al (s) + 6H+ (aq) → 2Al3+ (aq) + 3H2 (g)

b' Sn2+ (aq) + 2Fe3+ (aq) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + Sn4+ (aq)

c' Cl2 (g) + 2Br– (aq) → 2Cl– (aq) + Br2 (aq)

d' Cl2 (g) + SO2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) → 2Cl– (aq) + SO42– (aq) + 4H+ (aq)

e' O2 (g) + 4I– (aq) + 4H+ (aq) → 2H2O (l) + 2I2 (s)

f' 5H2O2 (aq) + 2 MnO4– (aq) + 6H+ (aq) → 2Mn2+ (aq) + 5O2 (g) + 8H2O (l)

g' H2S (g) + 2Fe3+ (aq) → S (s) + 2Fe2+ (aq) + 2H+ (aq)

h' SO42− (aq) + 8I− (aq) + 10H+ (aq) → H2S (g) + 4I2 (aq) + 4H2O (l)

i' SO2 (g) + 2NO3– (aq) → SO42– (aq) + 2NO2 (g)

j' 3SO2 (g) + Cr2O72– (aq) + 2H+ (aq) → 3SO42– (aq) + 2Cr3+ (aq) + H2O (l)

k' MnO2 (s) + 2Cl– (aq) + 4H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

l' MnO2 (s) + H2C2O4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) → 2CO2 (g) + Mn2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)

3' a 3Cu (s) + 8H+ (aq) + 2NO3– (aq) → 3Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H2O (l)

b' 3Ag (s) + 4H+ (aq) + NO3– (aq) → 3Ag+ (aq) + NO (g) + 2H2O (l)

c' Fe (s) + 6H+ (aq) + 3NO3– (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + 3NO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

d' 4Zn (s) + 10H+ (aq) + NO3– (aq) → 4Zn2+ (aq) + NH4+ (aq) + 3H2O (l)

e' Sn (s) + 4H+ (aq) + 4NO3– (aq) → SnO2 (s) + 4NO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

4' a H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) → I2 (s) + 2H2O (l); oxidising agent

b' H2O2 (aq) + Br2 (aq) → 2H+ (aq) + 2Br – (aq) + O2 (g); reducing agent

c' H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2NO3– (aq) → 2NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l); reducing agent

d' 4H2O2 (aq) + H2S (g) → SO42– (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 4H2O (l); oxidising agent

5' a 2MnO4– (aq) + 10Br– (aq) + 16H+ (aq) → 2Mn2+ (aq) + 5Br2 (aq) + 8H2O (l)

b' MnO4– (aq) + 5Fe2+ (aq) + 8H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 5Fe3+ (aq) + 4H2O (l)

c' 2MnO4– (aq) + 5SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → 2Mn2+ (aq) + 5 SO42– (aq) + 4H+ (aq)

d' 2MnO4– (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 6H+ (aq) → 2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l)

6' a HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) → NO3– (aq) + 3H+ (aq) + 2e–
 b' HNO2 (aq) + H+ (aq) + e– → NO (g) + H2O (l)

c' 3HNO2 (aq) → H+ (aq) + NO3– (aq) + 2NO (g) + H2O (l)
(This type of self decomposition is called a “disproportionation reaction”)

7' a S O 2 (g) + I 2 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l ) → S O 4 (aq) + 2 I (aq) + 4 H (aq)

2– – +

b' 4 2 .8 mL

c' 7 0 .0 mL

8' a Fe3+ = 0 mol

b' Fe2+ = 0.15 mol

c' Fe = 0.05 mol

d' Zn2+ = 0.15 mol

e' Zn = 0 mol

f' Cl– = 0.60 mol

9' a C2H6O (aq) + H2O (l) → C2H4O2 (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e–

b' Cr2O72– (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6e– → 2Cr3+ (aq) + 7H2O (l)

c' 3C2H6O (aq) + 2Cr2O72– (aq) + 16H+ (aq) → 3C2H4O2 (aq) + 4Cr3+ (aq) + 11H2O (l)

10' a C6H12O6 (aq) + 24Cu2+ (aq) + 60×OH– (aq) → 6CO32– (aq) + 36H2O (l) + 12Cu2O (s)

b' Moles Cu2+ = 24 × moles C6H12O6 = 24 × 1.00/(6 × 12 + 12 + 6 × 16) = 0.133 mol

Mass Cu2+ = 0.133 × 63.5 = 8.4667 g = 8467 mg (8.47 × 103 mg to 3 sig. figs.)

11' Ceri u m h as an o xi dat i on st at e o f +3 i n th e f in al pro du ct , Ce .

3+

12' a 5Fe2+ (aq) + MnO4– (aq) + 8H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + 5Fe3+ (aq) + 4H2O (l)

b' It is self–Indicating i.e. purple MnO4–(aq) ions change to colourless Mn2+ (aq) ions;
Note: The colour change at the equivalence point is from colourless to faint pink: the
appearance of the pink colour indicates the first excess of permanganate ion!

c' 76.9 %

13' 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 2MnO4– (aq) + 6H+ (aq) → 2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l)
Moles H2C2O4 = 5/2 moles MnO4− = 5/2 × 0.1200 × 0.04340 = 0.01302 mol
Mass H2C2O4 = 0.01302 × 90.0 = 1.172 g
! % H2C2O4 = 1.172/1.170 × 100 = 68.9%

14' a H2CO(aq) + H2O(l) + 4Ag+(aq) → 4Ag(s) + CO2(g) + 4H+(aq)

b' Volume Ag = 1.00 m2 = 1.00 (100 cm)2 = 10,000 cm2

Volume Ag = area × thickness = 10,000 cm2 × 1.00 × 10−3 cm = 10.0 cm3
Mass Ag = 10.0 × 10.5 = 105 g
Moles CH2O = ¼ moles Ag = ¼ × 105/107.9 = 0.243 moles
mass CH2O = 0.243 × 30.0 = 7.30 g

15' a ClO−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 3I−(aq) → I3−(aq) + Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)

b' I3−(aq) + 2S2O32−(aq) → 3I−(aq) + S4O62−(aq)

c' 28.6 g
Electrolytic'Cells'
1' a anode

b' oxidation

c' Decrease

d' Moles Cu = 12.71/63.5 =0.200 mol ! Moles e− = 2 × 0.200 = 0.400 mol

2' a All three metal ions (Na+, Fe2+ and Cu2+) will move to the cathode (cations move to
the cathode.

b' Copper is the least active metal on the activity series and will be the first of these
metals to deposited during electrolysis. (Another argument that might be presented is
that copper has the most positive reduction potential and will be the first metal to be
deposited during electrolysis).

c' Moles Cu = ½ × moles e− = 0.0100 ! mass Cu = 0.0100 × 63.5 = 0.635 g

3' The completed diagram is shown below. Acceptable answers must clearly show the
direction of electron movement through the external circuit (the wire), direction of
movement of ions through solution, label anode and cathode and the relevant electrode
reactions.

4' a Sucrose is a non-electrolyte and its aqueous solution will not conduct electrical
current as there are no mobile charge carriers present in the solution.

b' CuSO4 is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain Cu2+ and SO42− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

c' NiBr2 is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain Ni2+ and Br− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

d' AgNO3 is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain Ag+ and NO3− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

e' KOH is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain K+ and OH− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

f' Na2SO4 is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain Na+ and SO42− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

g' Pb(NO3)2 is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain Pb2+ and NO3− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

h' Table salt is NaCl, a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its
solutions contain Na+ and Cl− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

i' Alcohol is a non-electrolyte and its aqueous solution will not conduct electrical current as
there are no mobile charge carriers present in the solution.
 j' NH4Br is a strong electrolyte (ionic compounds are strong electrolytes), its solutions
contain NH4+ and Cl− ions that move between electrodes and conduct electricity.

5' a. [Na+] = 6.15 M M,

b' [Cl−] = 6.15 M

6' a [Ag+] = 1.0 M, [NO3−] = 1.0 M

b' [Cu2+] = 0.50 M, [Cl−] = 1.0 M

c' [NH4+] = 4.0 M, [CO32−] = 2.0 M

d' [K+] = 2.3 M, [PO43−] = 0.78 M

e' [Al3+] = 0.50 M, [SO42−] = 0.75 M

7' Moles KCr(SO4)2.12H2O) = 0.0099(8) mol (in 1.00 L)

! [K+] = 0.0100 M, [Cr3+] = 0.0100 M, [SO42−] = 0.0200 M

8' a. Electrons move from electrode B to electrode C.

b' Silver was deposited at electrode A (the cathode is the negative electrode in
electrolysis cells).

c' Silver was deposited at electrode C (the cathode is the negative electrode in
electrolysis cells)

d' Nickel was deposited at electrode D (the cathode is the negative electrode in
electrolysis cells)

e' Nickel ions move towards the cathode (the negative electrode in electrolysis cells) and
are reduced to nickel metal. The green colour is due to Ni2+(aq) ions and since the
concentration of Ni2+(aq) decreases as the electrolysis proceeds resulting in the green
colour fading.

f' 2.94 g of nickel are deposited on the nickel cathode.

9' a. Solid strontium chloride is made up of a lattice of ions. The ions in the lattice (the
solid) vibrate and are trapped in their lattice position. They cannot move towards the
electrodes, hence no current is possible. When the solid is melted the lattice is
destroyed. Ions can move through the liquic ionic compound, anions to the anode and
cations to the cathode, hence charge is transferred between the electrodes and an
electric current results.

b' Strontium cations move towards the cathode, the negative electrode in an electrolysis
cell. The cathode (the negative electrode) is the right hand electrode of the
electrolysis cell.

c' Chlorine gass (Cl2).

d' SrCl2(l) → Sr(l) + Cl2(g) [or Sr2+(l) + 2Cl−(l) → Sr(l) + Cl2(g)]

e' 0.010 mol

f' Cations always move towards the cathode. The cathode will be deposited at the
cathode if the cation is more reactive than water. Water is more reactive than group 1
cations and the very reactive group 2 cations Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+. Hence water would
react at the cathode before Sr2+ ions.
An alternative explanation is that any strontium metal formed would immediately react
with the water in the solution forming strontium hydroxide and hydrogen
10' a. The right hand Pt electrode is the negative electrode and this will be the cathode of
this electrolysis cell. Cu2+ (aq) (cations) will move towards this electrode (the
cathode).

b' Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− → Cu (s)

c' Solid copper forms on the surface of the electrode – the right hand electrode is an
active electrode.

d' The blue colour is due to Cu2+(aq) ions and since the concentration of Cu2+(aq)
decreases the blue colour fades.

e' Br– (aq)

f' 2Br– (aq) → 2e− + Br2 (l)

g' Bromine is formed at the left hand electrode and the brown colour is due to bromine.

h' The bromine that forms at the left hand electrode stays in the solution, therefore the
mass of the electrode is not changed by this process (the left hand electrode is an inert
electrode).

i' Cu2+ (aq) + 2Br−'(aq) → Cu (s) + Br2 (l)

j' Zinc is not an inert metal, and being more active a metal than copper, would displace
copper from solution directly. Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq)

11' a Cations move to the cathode, and in this case are reduced at the cathode:
Al3+ (l) +3e− → Al (s)

b' Anions move to the anode, and in this case are oxidised at the anode;
2O2− (l) → O2 (g) +4e−

c' 6O2− (l) + 4Al3+ (l) → 3O2 (g) +4Al (s)

d' Mole Al = 108/27.0 = 4.00 mol ! moles O2 = ¾ × 4.00 = 3.00 mol

Volume gas = 3.00 × 24.46 = 73.4 L (at 298 K and 101.3 kPa)

12' a MgSO4·7H2O = 51.1% water, BaCl2·2H2O = 14.7% water

b' CaSO4·2H2O

c' Washing soda = Na2CO3·10H2O, A = Na2CO3·7H2O, B = Na2CO3·H2O,

(anhydrous sodium carbonate is Na2CO3).

13' a Electrons move from electrode B to electrode C.

b' Electrode A is the cathode of the silver nitrate cell and silver metal will be deposited on
this electrode.

c' Electrode C is the cathode of the nickel sulfate cell and nickel metal will be deposited
on this electrode.

d' The green colour is due to the presence of Ni2+ (aq) ions in solution. The solution loses
green Ni2+ (aq) ions during the electrolysis and the green colour fades as the
concentration of Ni2+ (aq) decreases.

e' Anions (SO42−) move to the anode, however SO42− ions cannot be oxidised and instead
water is oxidised to produce oxygen gas: 2H2O (l) → O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e−

f' Cations (Ni2+ (aq)) move to the cathode and in this case are reduced to nickel:
Ni2+ (aq) + 2e− → Ni (s)
 g' Moles e− = moles Ag = 10.8 / 107.9 = 0.0100 mol
Moles Ni2+ = ½ × 0.0100 = mass Ni/58.7 !mass Ni = 2.94 g

' '
Galvanic'Cells'
1' a True

b' True

c' True

d' True

e' False

f' True

g' False

h' False

i' True

j' True

2' a Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− → Cu (s)

b' Mn (s) → Mn2+ (aq) + 2e−

c' Mn to Cu

d' Mn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

e' Left (Na+ cations move to the cathode, and the copper cathode is on the left hand side
of the diagram).

3' a. Ni2+(aq) + 2e– → Ni(s).

Nickel ions in the solution change into nickel atoms which stick to the electrode.

b' Cathode

c' paler green colour

d' decrease

e' Zn to Ni

f' Ni2+(aq) ions

g' Ni2+(aq) + Zn(s) → Ni(s) + Zn2+(aq)

h' Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Ni2+(aq) | Ni(s)

4' a Cations, K+, move towards the copper cathode and anions, NO3−, move towards
the zinc anode.

b' The salt bridge is neccesary to enable cations to move towards the cathode and
anions towards the anode to ensure electrical neutrality is maintained within the
solutions in each cell compartment. If the salt bridge is removed, ions cannot move
between the half–cells and electrically neutrality cannot be maintained. The cathode
will become polarised negative and the anode polarised positive. The polarised cell
stops electrons moving between the electrodes and the cell stops working.

c' Cations, K+, move towards the copper cathode and anions, NO3−, move towards the
zinc anode.
 d' When the solutions in each compartment freely mix the copper(II) sulfate solution
diffuses into the zinc compartment and can react directly at the surface of the zinc
electrode therefore electrons do not have to travel through the external circuit as the
short circuit (direct reaction across the electrode surface) is the path of least electrical
resistance.

5' a Zinc is the anode, and oxidation will result in a decrease in mass of the zinc anode:
Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e−

b' 2Br− (aq) → Br2 (aq) + 2e−

c' Zn(s) + Br2(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 Br –(aq)

d' Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) | | Br –(aq), Br2(aq) | C(s)

6' a Copper is an inert electrode: Zn (s) + 2H+ (aq) → H2 (g) + Zn2+ (aq)
Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0 − (−0.76) = 0.76 Volt

b' Gold is an inert electrode: Zn (s) + 2H+ (aq) → H2 (g) + Zn2+ (aq)
Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0 − (−0.76) = 0.76 Volt

c' Gold is an inert electrode: Sn (s) + 2H+ (aq) → H2 (g) + Sn2+ (aq)
Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0 − (−0.16) = 0.16 Volt

7' ai Cu is the reductant and H+ is the oxidant

ii Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0 − 0.34 = −0.34 Volt ! not spontaneous

b' i Cu is the reductant and Au3+ is the oxidant

ii Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 1.42 − 0.34 = +1.08 Volt ! spontaneous

c' i Zn is the reductant and H+ is the oxidant

ii Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0 − (−0.76) = +0.76 Volt ! spontaneous

d' i H2 is the reductant and Au3+ is the oxidant

ii Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 1.42 − 0 = +1.42 Volt ! spontaneous

8' a A galvanic cell results when these electrode systems are connected. The more positive
electrode (Cu in this case) is the cathode.
Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0.34 − (−0.40) = +0.74 Volt

b' 7.51 g Cd (loss)

c' Increases in mass.

d' [Cu2+] decreases

9' Ce4+ (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) → Ce3+ (aq) + Fe3+ (aq)

Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode ! 0.84 = EoCathode - 0.77 EoCathode = Eo(Ce4+/Ce3+) =+1.61 Volt

10' a 2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

b' Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 1.77 − 0.68 = 1.09 Volt

c' Moles O2 = ½ × Moles H2O2 = ½ × 0.100 × 0.0600 = 0.00300 mole

Poxygen = nRT/V = (0.00300 × 8.3141 × 298)/0.0400 = 186 kPa

d' The total pressure inside the bottle is the initial air pressure (101.3 kPa) and the
pressure due to the oxygen produced (185 kPa). The pressure inside the
bottle (286 kPa) is so much larger than the pressure outside the bottle (101 kPa) that
the contents of the bottle will be ejected with considerable force.
 e' The more positive reduction potential identifies the reduction that occurs at the
cathode. The reduction of hydrogen peroxide has has a reduction potential of 1.77 V,
the reduction of iodine has a reduction potential of 0.54 V. Hydrogen peroxided is
reduced and iodide ion is oxidised
2I− (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2H2O2 (aq) → I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 1.77 − 0.54 = 1.23 Volt

Note: The other possible reaction between hydrogen peroxide and an iodide/iodine mixture is:
I2 (aq) + 2H2O2 (aq) → 2HI (aq) + O2 (l)
Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0.54 − 0.68 = −0.14 Volt (not a spontaneous reaction).

11' a Zinc is a reactive metal and will react with hydrochloric acid. Zn will be oxidised at the
anode: Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e−

b' Copper is acting as an inert electrode. Hydrogen ion is reduced to hydrogen gas at the
inert copper cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2 (g)

c' Gold is even less reactive a metal than copper, and like copper will act as an inert
cathode where hydrogen ion is reduced to hydrogen gas.

d' Zinc is not sufficiently active a metal to react with pure water.

12' a 2 Cu+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0.52 − 0.15 = +0.37 Volt (positive ! spontaneous)

b' 3 Fe2+ (aq) → 2Fe3+ (aq) + Fe (s)

Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0.34 − 0.77 = −0.43 Volt (negative ! not spontaneous)

13' a Cu (s) + 2H+ (aq) → H2 (g) + Cu2+ (aq)

Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0.00 − 0.34 = −0.34 Volt (negative ! not spontaneous)

b' 3Cu(s) + 8H+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) " 3Cu2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2NO(g)

Eocell = EoCathode - Eoanode = 0.96 − 0.34 = +0.62 Volt (positive ! spontaneous)