Electrochemistry-

Electron-transfer:-oxidation-and-reduction-
미동 산화 환원
Threshold-Questions-
1- Write down the oxidation number of:
산화 수
~

a- chlorine in HCl, NaCl, MgCl2, KClO3, HOCl

b- carbon in CO, CO2, CaCO3, CH4, C2H6, CaC2, C6H12O6, C12H22O11

c- nitrogen in N2O, NO, NO2, HNO3, HNO2, NO3−, NH3, NH4+, N2H4

d- sulfur in SO2, SO3, H2S, K2S, H2SO4, HSO4−, SO42−

e- phosphorus in P4, H3PO4, PH3, P4O6, P4O10, PF5

f- iron in FeCl2, FeCl3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3

g- chromium in Cr2O3, CrCl3, CrO3, K2CrO4, Cr2O72−

h- vanadium in VCl2, V2O3, VO2, NaVO3, Na3VO4

i- manganese in MnO4−, MnO2, Mn(OH)2, MnF2, MnF3

j- copper in Cu, CuO, Cu(OH)2, CuSO4, CuCl2, Cu2O

2- Using oxidation numbers, identify which of the following reactions involve reduction and
oxidations:

a- 2H2O(l) ! 2H2(ag) + O2(g)

b- MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ! MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

c- H2O(l) + CO2(g) ! CO32–(aq) + 2H+(aq)

d- 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) ! 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

e- 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) ! Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

f- 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq) !! Ca3(PO4)2(s)

g- 2CrO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) ! Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l)

h- Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) ! Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

i- CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ! CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

j- Ca(HCO3)2(aq) ! CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

k- V2O5(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) ! 2Na3VO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)

l- FeSO4(s) ! Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

m- Fe2(SO4)3(s) ! Fe2O3(s) + 3SO3(g)

n- MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) ! MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)

o- HNO2(aq) ! HNO3(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O(l)

p- H2C2O4(s) ! CO(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Intermediate-Questions-
3- One method for determining the amount of vitamin C (C6H8O6) in a sample is to titrate it
against bromine solution. The redox reaction that occurs is:

C6H8O6 (aq) + Br2 (aq) → C6H6O6 (aq) + 2HBr (aq)

a- Determine which reactant is the oxidising agent.

b- If a 1.00 g tablet required 27.85 mL of 0.102 M bromine solution to reach the

equivalence point, determine the mass of vitamin C in the tablet.

4- The element vanadium forms four different oxides whose formulas and interconversions
are shown below. Name these oxides systematically and balance the four chemical
equations represented in the diagram.

Advanced-Questions-
5- Identify the oxidising agent (also called the oxidant) for each of the following ionic
equations and split each equation into an oxidation and a reduction half equation.

a- Mg(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) ! Mg2+(aq) + 2CH3COO−(aq) + H2(g)

b- Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ! 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

c- 2H2O2(aq) ! 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

d- Br2(aq) + 2I−(aq) ! I2(aq) + 2Br−(aq)

e- CH2O(l) + H2(g) ! CH3OH(l)

6- When heated, potassium chlorate (KClO3) changes into solid potassium chloride and
oxygen gas. A test tube containing potassium chlorate was found to weigh 21.23 grams. It
was then heated until no further change in mass occurred. The weight of the test tube and
its solid contents was then 20.75 grams.

a- Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of KClO3(s) into KCl(s) and O2(g).

b- Show that this is a redox reaction.

c- Calculate the moles of oxygen produced by the decompostion of this sample of

KClO3(s).

d- Determine the mass of the test tube.

!
Balancing-redox-equations-
Threshold-Questions-
1- Balance each of the following half–equations in acidic conditions.

a- H2S (g) ! S (s)

b- SO2 (g) ! SO42–(aq)

c- H2O2 (aq) ! O2 (g)

d- H2O2 (aq) ! OH– (aq)

e- NO3–(aq) ! NO(g)

f- NO3–(aq) ! NO2(g)

g- MnO4–(aq) ! Mn2+(aq)

2- Balance the following redox ionic equations in acidic conditions:

a- Al(s) + H+(aq) ! Al3+(aq) + H2(g)

b- Sn2+(aq) + Fe3+(aq) ! Fe2+(aq) + Sn4+(aq)

c- Cl2(g) + Br–(aq) ! Br2(aq) + Cl–(aq)

d- Cl2(g) + SO2(aq) ! SO42–(aq) + Cl–(aq)

e- O2(g) + I–(aq) ! H2O(l) + I2(s)

f- H2O2(aq) + MnO4–(aq) ! Mn2+(aq) + O2(g)

g- H2S(g) + Fe3+(aq) ! S(s) + Fe2+(aq)

h- SO42–(aq) + I–(aq) ! H2S(g) + I2(s)

i- SO2(g) + NO3–(aq) ! SO42–(aq) + NO2(g)

j- SO2(g) + Cr2O72-(aq) ! SO42–(aq) + Cr3+(aq)

k- MnO2(s) + Cl–(aq) ! Mn2+(aq) + Cl2(g)

l- MnO2(s) + H2C2O4(aq) ! Mn2+(aq) + CO2(g)

3- Unlike hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, nitric acid usually does not form hydrogen gas when
it reacts with metals. Write net ionic equations for the following reactions involving nitric
acid solution:

a- Copper + nitric acid solution ! copper nitrate + nitrogen monoxide + water

b- Silver + nitric acid solution ! silver nitrate + nitrogen monoxide + water

c- Iron + nitric acid solution ! iron(III) nitrate + nitrogen dioxide + water

d- Zinc + nitric acid solution ! zinc nitrate + ammonium nitrate + water

e- Tin + nitric acid solution ! tin(IV) oxide + nitrogen dioxide + water

!
4- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can act as an oxidising agent or a reducing agent, and works in
acidic or basic solutions. Write net ionic equations for hydrogen peroxide reacting with the
following (and state whether it is an oxidising agent or reducing agent):

a- hydriodic acid solution to form iodine and water

b- bromine to form hydrobromic acid solution and oxygen gas

c- nitric acid solution to form nitrogen dioxide, oxygen and water

d- hydrogen sulfide gas to form sulfuric acid and water

5- Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a commonly-used oxidising agent. In solutions

acidified with H2SO4 it is converted into Mn2+(aq) ions. Write net ionic equations for
potassium permanganate oxidising:

a- potassium bromide into bromine in acid solution

b- iron(II) sulfate into iron(III) sulfate in acid solution

c- sulfur dioxide into potassium sulfate in acid solution

d- oxalic acid into carbon dioxide in acid solution

Intermediate-Questions-
6- Nitrous acid (HNO2) simultaneously oxidises itself (to nitrate ions) and reduces itself (to
nitrogen monoxide gas) in acid solution.

a- Write a balanced half-equation for the oxidation of nitrous acid.

b- Write a balanced half-equation for the reduction of nitrous acid.

c- Write a net ionic equation for the overall self-decomposition of nitrous acid.

7- Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with iodine solution forming a mixture of sulfuric acid and
hydriodic acid.

a- Write a net ionic equation to represent this reaction.

b- What volume of SO2 gas at R.T.P. would react completely with 70.0 mL of 0.0250 M
iodine solution?

c- What volume of 0.100 M potassium hydroxide solution would be required to completely

neutralise all the acids produced by the reaction in (b)?

8- Metallic zinc reduces iron(III) chloride to iron(II) chloride.

Zn(s) + 2FeCl3(aq) ! ZnCl2(s) + 2FeCl2(aq) (First reaction)

When all the Fe3+(aq) ions have reacted any remaining zinc reduces Fe2+(aq) to metallic iron.

Zn(s) + FeCl2(aq) ! ZnCl2(s) + Fe(s) (Second

reaction)

The second reaction does not occur until the first is complete.
How many moles of: each of the following ions are present following these reactions
if 0.15 mole of zinc is mixed with 0.200 moles of FeCl3

a- Fe3+ (aq)

b- Fe2+ (aq)
 c- Fe (s)

d- Zn2+ (aq)

e- Zn (s)

f- Cl– (aq)

9- In a "breath analysis" test the presence of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) on a motorist’s breath is

determined from its reaction with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) acidified with sulfuric
acid. In this reaction ethanol is converted into acetic acid (CH3COOH).

a- Write a balanced half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid.

b- Write a balanced half-equation for the reduction of dichromate ions to Cr3+(aq) ions.

c- Using the two half-equations above, write the overall net ionic equation for the "breath
analysis" reaction.

10- In Benedict’s test, glucose (C6H12O6) reacts with copper(II) ions in alkaline solution forming
carbonate ions and a red precipitate of copper(I) oxide. The two half equations, balanced
in basic conditions, for Benedict’s test are:

2Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + 2e– ! Cu2O(s) + H2O(l)

C6H12O6 (aq) + 36OH–(aq) ! 6CO32–(aq) + 24H2O(l) + 24e–

a- Write a balanced ionic equation for the oxidation, using copper(II) ions, of glucose to
carbonate ions in alkaline solution.

b- Sugars are given a RCu value which is the number of milligrams of Cu2+(aq) which are
reduced by one gram of the sugar. Calculate the RCu value of glucose.

Advanced-Questions-
11- It requires 30.00 mL of 0.800 M Ce(NO3)4 to titrate 20.00 mL of 0.600 M Sn2+(aq)
to Sn4+(aq). What is the oxidation state of cerium in the reaction product?

12- A 2.00 g sample of steel was dissolved in acid so that all the iron present was converted to
Fe2+(aq) ions. The solution was then diluted to a total volume of 250.0 mL and 25.00 mL
portions were titrated using 0.0200 M potassium permanganate solution.
The average titration figure was 27.50 mL.

a- Write a net ionic equation for the titration reaction in which the products were Fe3+(aq)
and Mn2+(aq) ions.

b- Explain why no indicator was needed for the titration.

c- Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in the steel sample.

13- Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) reacts with potassium permanganate in acid solution forming carbon
dioxide and Mn2+(aq) ions. Calculate the percentage (by mass) of oxalic acid in the sample
if 1.70 g of an impure sample of oxalic acid (mixed with sand) reacts with 43.40 mL of
0.1200 M potassium permanganate solution,

14- A mirror may be made by depositing a thin film of silver metal onto a clean glass surface.
The solution used contains silver nitrate and methanal (H2CO) which is oxidised to carbon
dioxide.

a- Write a balanced equation, under acid conditions, for the mirror-making reaction.
 b- (b) What mass of methanal is consumed in depositing a film of silver that is 1.00 ×
10 cm thick on 1.00 m2 of glass? (Density of silver = 10.5 g/mL).
–3

15- The determination of the active agent in bleach is possible by a redox titration. The most
common active agent in bleach is sodium hypochlorite (NaClO).

a- The titration involves an initial reaction between hypochlorite ion (ClO−(aq)) and iodide
ion to give chloride ion and a solution containing the triodide ion (I3−(aq)). Write a
balanced ionic equation to represent this reaction.

b- The second step in the titration involves the triodide ion reacting with sodium
thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3(aq)) to yield sodium tetrathionate (Na2S4O6(aq)) and
sodium iodide solution. Write a balanced ionic eqaution to represent this reaction.

c- In one titration, a dilute solution of bleach was prepared by pipetting 10.00 mL of

bleach solution into a 100.00 mL standard flask and making to volume with distilled
water.
A 25.00 mL pipette was rinsed with the diluted bleach solution and used to
transfer a 25.00 mL sample of the diluted bleach solution to a clean conical flask.
Excess acidified sodium iodide solution was added to the diluted bleach solution to
yield a brown solution of triodide ion.
A standard solution of 0.192 M sodium thiosulfate was prepared. A burette was
rinsed with the standard thiosulfate solution and than filled, the initial burette
reading was recorded as 1.05 mL. The diluted bleach solution was titrated until the
brown colour due to iodine had faded to pale yello. A few drops of starch indicator was
added. A blue starch-iodine complex formed. The titration was continued until the
blue colour disappears. The final burette reading was 11.25 mL.
Determine the mass of sodium hypochlorite contained within one litre of the original
(undiluted) bleach solution.

!
Electrolytic-cells-
Threshold-Questions-
1- Consider the electrode reaction: Cu(s) ! Cu2+(aq) + 2e−

a- At which electrode (anode or cathode) would this reaction take place?

b- Is this an example of an oxidation or a reduction?

c- Does the weight of the copper electrode increase or decrease when this electrode
reaction takes place?

d- A total of 12.71 g of copper reacts according to this electrode reaction. How many
moles of electrons must move through this electrolysis cell?

2- A solution contains sodium ions (Na+), iron(II) ions(Fe2+) and copper(II) ions (Cu2+). The
volume of the solution was 500.0 mL and the concentration of each metal ion in the
solution was 0.100 M.

a- Will these metal ions move towards the anode or the cathode during electrolysis?

b- Which of these metal ions will the first to be discharged during the electrolysis of this
solution? Provide a brief explanation to justify your choice.

c- What mass of metal will be produced when 0.0200 mole of electrons are passed
through this electrolysis cell?

3- Complete this diagram of the electrolysis of molten copper(II) chloride shown below by:

a- labelling the anode, the cathode

b- indicating the direction of electron movement through the wire

c- indicating the direction of movement of anions and cations through the solution

d- the reaction that occurs at the anode

e- the reaction that occurs at the cathode

!
4- Name the substances from the following list which, if dissolved in water, would cause the
light bulb to glow;

a- sucrose

b- copper(II) sulfate
!
c- nickel(II) bromide

d- silver nitrate

e- potassium hydroxide

f- sodium carbonate

g- lead nitrate

h- table salt

i- alcohol (CH3CH2OH)

j- ammonium chloride

5- The concentration of a saturated sodium chloride solution at 25 oC is 6.15 M. Calculate the

concentration, in this solution, of:

a- sodium ions;

b- chloride ions,

6- Calculate the molar concentration of each ion present in:

a- 1.0 M silver nitrate solution

b- 0.50 M copper chloride solution

c- 2.0 M ammonium carbonate solution

d- 0.78 M potassium phosphate solution

e- 0.25 M aluminium sulfate solution

7- The compound known as chrome alum has formula KCr(SO4)2.12H2O. Calculate the
concentration of each ion present in 1.00 litre of a solution in which 4.99 g of the solid
compound is dissolved.

!
Intermediate-Questions-
8- Solutions of silver nitrate and nickel sulfate were electrolysed in series using graphite
electrodes (A, B, C and D). Silver metal was deposited in the left–hand cell and nickel
metal formed in the right hand cell.

a- Do electrons travel from B to C, or C to B, during the electrolysis?

b- At which electrode (A, B, C or D) was the silver deposited?

c- At which electrode (A, B, C or D) was nickel deposited?

d- The nickel sulfate solution was originally green but became paler and paler as the
electrolysis progressed. Explain this colour change.

e- Calculate the mass of nickel that would form if 10.8 grams of silver were produced
(assuming complete efficiency).

9- In 1808 H. Davy discovered the metallic element strontium by electrolysing melted

strontium chloride in equipment similar to that shown below.

!
Graphite!
electrodes!
+" −!

SrCl2(l)!

−! +"
Off!

On!

a- Explain why there was no change until the strontium chloride was melted.

b- At which electrode (left or right) did the strontium metal form?

c- Identify the gas that formed at the other electrode.

d- Write a balanced equation to represent the overall change.

e- If 0.010 mol of strontium was produced, how many moles of gas were formed during
the electrolysis (assuming complete efficiency)?

f- Explain why strontium metal cannot be obtained if strontium chloride solution is

electrolysed.
10- In the electrolysis cell shown, electrons leave the negative terminal of the battery then
travel through the wire to the right hand electrode.

a- What ions are attracted to the right hand platinum electrode?

b- Write a half equation to represent the reaction which occurs when these ions meet the
electrons at the right hand electrode.

c- Why does the right hand electrode become heavier during the electrolysis?

d- Why does the solution, originally deep blue, become paler in colour during the
electrolysis?

e- Which ions are attracted to the left– hand electrode?

f- Write a half equation to represent the reaction that occurs when these ions come into
contact with the left– hand electrode.

g- Why does the solution around the positive electrode become brown during the
electrolysis?

h- Why doesn’t the left hand electrode change in mass during the electrolysis?

i- Write an ionic equation to represent the overall reaction in the cell.

j- Would the same changes occur if zinc electrodes were used instead of platinum?

!
11- Consider the electrolysis cell shown below, in which aluminium oxide is electrolysed to
produce aluminium metal.
! Carbon!lining!
Carbon!anodes!
as!cathode!
+!
−!

Molten!aluminium!collects! Molten!Al2O3!
at!the!bottom!of!the!cell! (in!molten!AlF3)!
!
a- Write a half equation to represent the reaction that occurs at the cathode in this
electrolysis cell.

b- Write a half equation to represent the opxidation that occurs at the anode in this
electrolysis cell.

c- What volume of gas (at 298 K and 101.3 kPa) will be produced when 108 g of
aluminium metal is formed?

Advanced-Questions-
12- Some ionic compounds absorb water molecules into their solid lattices when they
crystallise. Each contains a definite number of water molecules (called “water of
crystallisation”) in its formula and these can often be removed by heating.

a- Calculate the percentage by mass of water in hydrated magnesium sulfate

MgSO4·7H2O and hydrated barium chloride BaCl2·2H2O.

b- Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulfate. When heated to 163 oC, gypsum loses 20.9 % of
its mass and changes into anhydrous calcium sulfate. Determine the formula of
gypsum.

c- “Washing soda” is hydrated sodium carbonate. When heated it loses its water of
crystallisation in stages (instead of all at once) forming two intermediate hydrated
compounds (A and B) and anhydrous sodium carbonate:
washing soda (1.43 g) → A (1.16 g) → B (0.62 g) → anhydrous Na2CO3 (0.53 g).

Determine the formulas of washing soda, A and B

13- Solutions of silver nitrate and nickel sulfate were electrolysed in series using graphite
electrodes (A, B, C and D). Silver metal was deposited in the left–hand cell and nickel
metal formed in the right hand cell.

!
− Battery' +

A B C D

AgNO3(aq)' NiSO4(aq)'

a- Do electrons travel from B to C, or C to B, during the electrolysis?

b- At which electrode (A, B, C or D) was the silver deposited?

c- At which electrode (A, B, C or D) was nickel deposited?

d- The nickel sulfate solution was originally green but became paler and paler as the
electrolysis progressed. Explain this colour change.

e- Write the half equation that represents the reaction that occurs at the anode of the
nickel(II) sulfate cell.

f- Write the half equation that represents the reaction that occurs at the cathode of the
nickel(II) sulfate cell

Calculate the mass of nickel that would form if 10.8 grams of silver were produced (assuming
complete efficiency).

!
Galvanic-cells-
Threshold-Questions-
1- Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

a- The anode in a galvanic cell is the positive electrode.

b- Electrons flow through the external circuit from the positive electrode of an electrolysis
cell to the negative electrode of the electrolysis cell.

c- Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode of an electrolysis cell.

d- Reduction occurs at the positive electrode of a galvanic cell.

e- Anions flow (through the solution or salt bridge) towards the positive electrode of a
galvanic cell.

f- Cations flow (through the solution or salt bridge) towards the negative electrode of an
electrolysis cell.

g- Oxidation occurs at the anode of a galvanic cell and the cathode of an electrolysis cell.

h- Reduction occurs at the anode of a galvanic cell and the anode of an electrolysis cell.

i- The cell voltage for a galvanic cell is always a positive value.

j- Galvanic cells convert chemical potential energy into electrical potential energy

2- The diagram shows a simple voltaic cell. As the cell operates the copper(II) sulfate
solution, originally deep blue, becomes lighter in colour.

! Voltmeter&

Copper& Manganese&

Salt&bridge&

Copper(II)&sulfate&
Manganese(II)&sulfate&
solution&
solution&

a- Write a half-equation to represent the process occurring at the cathode.

b- Write a half-equation to represent the process occurring at the anode.

c- In which direction (Cu to Mn, or Mn to Cu) do electrons move in the wire?

d- Write a net ionic equation to represent the overall process in the cell.

e- The salt bridge contains NaNO3 solution. In which direction (left or right) do Na+(aq)
ions move as the cell operates?
3- As the cell shown in the diagram operates the nickel electrode becomes visibly larger
where it is submerged in the solution.

a- Explain, using a half-equation, why the nickel increases in

mass.

b- Is the nickel the anode or cathode of this cell?

c- Nickel ions Ni2+(aq) are green. Does the solution around

the nickel electrode become a brighter or paler green
colour as the cell operates?

d- As the cell operates does the zinc electrode increase or

decrease in mass?

e- In which direction (Zn to Ni, or Ni to Zn) do electrons

move in the wire?

f- Which ions, Zn2+(aq) or Ni2+(aq), have the stronger attraction for electrons?

g- Write a net ionic equation to represent the overall process in the cell.

h- Write a conventional line notation to represent this cell.

4- The diagram shows two versions of the Daniell cell. Both cells shown will produce a steady
voltage which causes electrons to travel through the wire from the zinc electrode to the
copper electrode.

a- The salt bridge in Cell 1 is a roll of cotton wool soaked in KNO3 solution. In which

! V" V"

Zinc" Salt"bridge" Copper" Zinc" Porous"" Copper"

disc"

Zinc"sulfate" Copper(II)"sulfate" Zinc"sulfate" Copper(II)"sulfate"

solution" solution" solution" solution"
directions do the K+ and NO3– ions move as the cell operates?

b- Explain why Cell 1 will not produce an electric current if the salt bridge is removed.

c- The porous disk in Cell 2 is a plug of cotton wool soaked in water. In which directions
do ions move through the porous disk as the cell operates?

d- Explain why Cell 2 will not operate properly if the porous disk is removed thus allowing
the two electrolytes to mix together.

!
5- Researchers at Murdoch University, W.A. are developing a zinc/bromine cell. A simplified
diagram of this cell is shown.

a- In operation the zinc electrode gradually loses mass. Write a half equation to explain

Zinc% Graphite%
Porous%
electrode%
separator%

ZnBr2%solution% Bromine%
dissolved%in%
ZnBr2%solution%
this and nominate this electrode as anode or cathode.

b- Write a half equation for the process occurring at the graphite electrode.

c- Write a net ionic equation for the overall reaction in the zinc-bromine cell.

d- Represent the zinc-bromine cell using conventional cell notation.

! !
Intermediate-Questions-
6- The following standard reduction potentials are provided:
Eo(Zn2+/Zn) = −0.76 volt, Eo(Cu2+/Cu) = +0.34!volt,!!Eo(Au3+/Au) = +1.34!volt.!
Eo(Sn2+/Sn) = −0.16 volt, Eo(H+/H2) = +0.00!volt

Determine the standard cell voltage for the galvanic cell shown below:

! !V!

Hydrogen!gas!
(1!atm)! Salt!Bridge!
Zn!electrode!

Copper!
electrode!
1.0!M!H+(aq)! 1.0!M!Zn2+(aq)!
a- Determine the standard cell voltage for the galvanic cell shown below:

! !V!

Hydrogen!gas!
(1!atm)! Salt!Bridge!
Zn!electrode!

Gold!
electrode!
1.0!M!H+(aq)! 1.0!M!Zn2+(aq)!
b- Determine the standard cell voltage for the galvanic cell shown below:

! !

! !V!

Hydrogen!gas!
(1!atm)! Salt!Bridge!
Sn!electrode!

Gold!
electrode!
1.0!M!H+(aq)! 1.0!M!Sn2+(aq)!
7- The standard potentials of several metal couples are provided:

Eo(Zn2+|Zn) = −0.76 volt, Eo(Cu2+|Cu) = +0.34 volt,

Eo(Au3+|Au) = +1.42 volt, Eo(H+|H2) = 0.00 volt

a- Identify the oxidant and reductant for each reaction given below, and

b- Calculate the cell voltage for each reaction and predict if the reaction will
spontaneously occur.

i- Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) ! Cu2+(aq) + H2(g)

ii- 3Cu(s) + 2Au3+(aq) ! 3Cu2+(aq) + 2Au(s)

iii- Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) ! Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)

iv- 3H2(g) + 2Au3+(aq) ! 6H+(aq) + 2Au(s)

8- A galvanic cell is contructed from Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s) and Cd2+(aq)|Cd(s) couples

The Eo for Cd2+(aq)|Cd(s) couple is −0.40 volt, the Eo for Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s) couple is 0.34!volt.

a- Identify the cathode and calculate the standard E.M.F for this galvanic cell.

b- What is the mass change for the Cd electrode when the Cu electrode changes its mass
by 4.24 g?

c- Does the copper electrode inrease or decrease in mass during operation of this cell?

d- Does the Cu2+(aq) concentration increase or decrease during the operation of this cell?

e- How many moles of electrons pass through the cell when the Cu electrode changes its
mass by 4.24 g?

9- A C(s)|Ce4+(aq)|Ce3+(aq) half cell is connected to a C(s)|Fe3+(aq)|Fe2+(aq) half cell

(Eo[Fe3+|Fe2+] = +0.77 V). The overall cell voltage is 0.84 volts and Fe2+(aq) is oxidised.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction and calculate the standard reduction potential for
the Ce4+(aq)|Ce3+(aq) couple.

10- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be oxidised to oxygen or reduced to water.

O2(g)!!+!!2H+(aq)!!+2e−!!!!!!!!!H2O2(aq)! ! ! ! Eo!!=!!+0.68!V!
H2O2(aq)!!+!!2H+(aq)!!+2e−!!!!!!!2H2O(l)! ! ! ! Eo!!=!!+1.77!V!!
I2(aq)!!+!!+2e−!!!!!!!2I−(aq)! ! ! ! ! !
o
! E !!=!!+0.54!V!
a- Write an overall equation for the decomposition reaction of
hydrogen peroxide producing oxygen and water as the only products.

b- Determine the E.M.F. for the decomposition reaction of hydrogen

peroxide.

c- A 100.0 mL bottle of hydrogen peroxide contains 60.0 mL of

0.100 M H2O2(aq), leaving a volume of 40.0 mL of gas above the liquid in the 100.0
mL bottle. The gas volume initially contained air at a pressure of 1.00 atm.
Determine the final pressure, at 298 K, in the sealed container when all the hydrogen
peroxide in solution has decomposed.

d- Why are bottles of hydrogen peroxide labelled “Open With Care”?

e- Would H2O2(aq) solution act as an oxidant or a reductant towards a mixture of I2(s)|

and I−(aq)!(i.e.!would!the!H2O2!solution!covert!I2!to!I−,!or!would!it!convert!I−!to!I2)?!
Advanced-Questions-
11- n 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed the first voltaic cell. It consisted of a disc of zinc
separated from a disc of copper by filter paper soaked in hydrochloric acid solution.

Briefly!explain!the!following!observations!he!made!about!this!cell:!
a- After a period of operation the zinc plate was consumed i.e. decreased in mass.

b- Unlike the zinc, the copper plate appeared unaffected after a period of operation.

c- The power output of the cell was reduced if the zinc disc was replaced by a tin disc.
!

d- The power output of the cell was unchanged if the copper disc was replaced by a gold
disc.
!

!
e- The cell would not operate (zero power output) if the paper was soaked in pure water
instead of acid.!
!
Zinc&
disc&
Filter&paper&soaked&&
with&pure&water&
Copper&
disc&
12- Copper(I) sulfate and copper(II) sulfate both exist. The reduction potentials are :
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− ! Cu(s) Eo =
+0.34 V
Cu2+(aq) + e− ! Cu+(aq) Eo =
+0.15 V
Cu+(aq) + e− ! Cu(s) Eo
= +0.52 V

a- Explain why copper(I) sulfate immediately changes by a self–redox reaction into

copper(II) sulfate and metallic copper when added to water.

b- Explain why a similar reaction does not occur with iron(II) sulfate.
i.e.Why 3Fe2+(aq) ! 2Fe3+(aq) + Fe(s) does not occur by itself?
The relevant reduction potentials are:
Fe2+(aq) + 2e− ! Fe(s) Eo =
+0.34 V
Fe3+(aq) + e− ! Fe2+(aq) Eo =
+0.77 V
Fe3+(aq) + 3e− ! Fe(s) Eo =
−0.04 V

13- a Will copper react with 1.0 M sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas?
(i.e. Would: Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) ! Cu2+(aq) + H2(g) occur spontaneously?)

b- Will copper react with 1.0 M nitric acid to produce nitrogen monoxide gas?
(i.e. Would: 3Cu(s) + 8H+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) ! 3Cu2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2NO(g)

occur spontaneously?)

Eo(H+|H2) = 0.00 volt, Eo(Cu2+|Cu) = +0.34 volt, Eo(NO3−,H+|NO) = +0.96 volt